Chemical Composition Of Different Types Research Articles

Application of near-infrared hyperspectral imaging for determination of cheese chemical composition

Cheeses vary in chemical composition as they have different applications according to the technological features; some hard cheeses are consumed fresh while melting is a desirable characteristic for others. The conventional reference methods for determination of cheese composition and quality are accurate, but include physical-chemical analyses that are time-consuming and require use of chemical reagents. The objective of this work was to apply near-infrared hyperspectral imaging (NIR-HSI) as a fast method for prediction and visualization of spatial distribution of chemical composition of different types of cheeses (mozzarela, requeijão do norte, minas meia cura, coalho, prato). Moisture, fat, protein, and free oil were measured, and used as reference for prediction models, while spectral information extracted from images in the range of 928–2524 nm were used as predictors. Partial Least Squares (PLS) regression models were built with full spectra and using only few selected regions with higher importance, which were applied to the images to build chemical maps and visualize the spatial variation of the cheese composition. The regression models were able to predict moisture (R2P = 0.92, RMSEP = 1.1%); fat (R2P = 0.84, RMSEP = 1.5%); protein (R2P = 0.80, RMSEP = 1.8%); and free oil (R2P =0.64, RMSEP = 0.5%) for an external set of samples, while requiring a small number of latent variables (LVs) (between 3 and 4). The chemical maps allowed visualization of the spatial distribution for each attribute, demonstrating that the composition may vary within sample. The study demonstrated the potential of NIR-HSI for the determination of cheese composition and possible application to cheese quality control.

Differential analysis of volatiles in five types of mosquito-repellent products by chemometrics combined with headspace GC-Orbitrap HRMS nontargeted detection

This paper reports a method for the differential analysis of volatile chemical components in five novel types of mosquito-repellent products based on chemometrics combined with headspace gas chromatography-Orbitrap high-resolution mass spectrometry (HS-GC-Orbitrap HRMS) nontargeted screening. A total of 358 unknown substances were detected in 30 samples under specific headspace conditions. Through principal component analysis and orthogonal partial least-squares discriminant analysis, 36 significantly different substances with variable importance in the projection values greater than 1 were further screened, and these substances were accurately identified by GC-Orbitrap HRMS. Most substances were found for the first time in mosquito-repellent products. The clustered heat map, Venn diagram and peak area histogram showed that the mosquito-repellent products had similar volatile composition, and the volatile species and content of different types of mosquito-repellent products significantly varied. Substances, such as eucalyptol, d-limonene, α-pinene, β-pinene, dl-menthol and methyl salicylate, may be the main sources of odour in mosquito-repellent products. This work explored the characteristic volatile components in mosquito-repellent products and comparatively analysed the chemical composition of different types of products. It can be generalised to consumer products as a case study and has positive implications for promoting product quality and safety and improving production processes.

Study On the Composition of Glass Products Based on Soft Voting Model and Grey Correlation Analysis

The inspection and identification of ancient glass composition has always been an important research content, this paper on the ancient glass as a medium, for its chemical composition, weathering characteristics and classification rules and other aspects of the study, the establishment of a soft voting integrated learning model to random forest algorithm, SVM algorithms and GBDT algorithms as a base classifier, the use of soft voting on the base classifier for the classification of the results of the integration of the learning, and then to the The chemical composition of unknown artefacts is analysed and classified, and the classification accuracy of soft voting is as high as 96.6%, and the coverage rate of ROC curve reaches 99.1%, which indicates that it is reasonable and effective to solve the problem with the integrated learning model. Finally, by changing the number of decision trees, the classification accuracy rate is found to be unchanged, which verifies that the sensitivity of this model is good. In addition, this paper establishes a grey correlation analysis model to generate grey correlation coefficient matrix heat map for the chemical composition of different categories of glass artifacts, the horizontal coordinate of the heat map is the parent sequence, the vertical coordinate is the subsequence, according to the heat map of the correlation between the chemical composition of different types of glass artifacts to summarize and analyze, and in order to validate the reasonableness of the model, but also its Spearman correlation analysis, the results of the analysis of the two models are similar, so it can be judged that the application of the model is reasonable and effective. The results of the two models are similar, so it can be judged that the results of the grey correlation analysis model applied are reasonable. Finally, a detailed comparison of the chemical composition correlations of the major categories and subcategories is carried out, which is a differential analysis of the correlations of different categories of chemical compositions.

Classification of ancient glassware based on K-means and decision trees

In this paper, the relation between the chemical composition of different types of glass objects was analyzed, and the differences between the chemical compositions were used to classify the glass objects, mainly by K-means, decision tree, and Euclidean distance analysis. For the classification of glass artifacts, this article analyzed the chemical composition of different types of glass artifacts and the changes of chemical composition before and after weathering, and then obtained the differences of chemical composition of different types of glass artifacts to obtain the classification law. The model was tested for reasonableness by giving the classification criteria, and the sensitivity of the model was determined by the change in the number of classification species K.The sensitivity of the model was analyzed by calculating the Euclidean distances between the object and the cluster centers, and the variance of the model by calculating the Euclidean distances between the object and the cluster centers before and after the weathering of the glass objects.

Composition analysis and identification of Chinese glass artifacts

Ancient glass is susceptible to weathering by the burial environment, so it is important to promote the study of weathering and erosion of artifacts so as to make targeted conservation measures. In this paper, the chemical composition of ancient glass artifacts, based on logistic regression to obtain statistical patterns of chemical composition of different types of glass artifacts, and the use of hierarchical clustering method to identify unknown types of glass artifacts. Finding the chemical composition patterns of different categories of glass artifacts is an important reference for studying their raw material sources and facilitating comparative studies of artifacts.

K-Means++ Clustering Algorithm in Categorization of Glass Cultural Relics

We used statistical methods to study the classification of high-potassium glass and lead–barium glass and analyzed the correlation between the chemical composition of different types of glass samples. We investigated the categorization methodology of glass cultural relics, conducted a principal component analysis on the chemical composition data of the glass, and developed a case-specific clustering algorithm (K-Means++) to further categorize the glass cultural relics. K-Means++ was developed to reduce the sensitivity of a traditional K-Means clustering algorithm, by choosing the next clustering center with probability inversely proportional to the distance from the current clustering center. Then we verified the validity of the six subcategories we defined by inertia and silhouette score and evaluated the sensitivity of the clustering algorithm. We obtained a robustness ratio that maintained over 0.9 in the random noise test and a silhouette score of 0.525 in the clustering, which illustrated significant divergence among different clusters and showed the result is reasonable. With our proposed algorithm and classification result, a more comprehensive understanding of glass relics can be gained.

Research on glass classification based on linear regression model

This paper studies the rule of chemical composition of ancient glass products and the identification of glass types. Through Spearman correlation analysis, the establishment of multiple linear regression model and Fisher linear discriminant model, the relationship and classification rule of chemical composition of different types of glass are determined, and the linear regression model of chemical composition content before and after weathering and the identification method of glass types are obtained. The results show that the mathematical model proposed in this paper can effectively identify glass types and provide guidance for the identification of glass components.

Study of relic classification based on neural network and K mean classification

Over time, its own chemical elements will change in response to environmental changes, commonly known as weathering, which will lead to changes in the chemical composition ratios and affect the judgment of the class. This paper focuses on the chemical composition of different types of glass. By comparing the chemical indicators of each type, an identification model of the cultural relic category is established to predict the chemical content of the weathering process. To solve this, the neural network, chi-square test, and Spearman correlation analysis are used and the calculation results are given. According to the definition of sensitivity, after analysis, the accuracy was taken as the evaluation index, and the type of chemical composition was taken as the factor. K-value cluster analysis was performed for the type of chemical composition of the two glass categories in turn, and the accuracy was compared, and the accuracy of high potassium glass was close to 83%, and the accuracy of lead-barium glass was close to 69%, concluding that the type of chemical composition, which has little effect on the accuracy, has little sensitivity. In different categories, the variation of independent variables has a large impact on the accuracy and a large sensitivity. Finally, the advantages and disadvantages of the model are analyzed, and the model is extended to a larger domain.

Analysis of each components of glass samples based on the Spearman correlation coefficient model

In this paper, Spass is used to draw the scatter plot between the chemical component content, and then the Shapiro Verk test (Shapiro-Wilk test) is used to determine whether the sample follows a normal distribution. The Spearman correlation coefficient (Spearman correlation coefficient) model was then established to infer the correlation between the chemical components of the glass sample. At the same time, the chemical composition associations of different categories of glass were analyzed. This paper predicts the content of chemical composition of different types of glass based on rich data, refine, classification and use gradual regression model, establish logistic regression model and classify unknown samples; establish Spearman correlation coefficient model to obtain the correlation of different types of glass, and then analyze the difference of the correlation relations, making the results more significant and reliable.

Application of Density Measurements for Discrimination and Evaluation of Chemical Composition of Different Types of Mechanically Separated Meat (MSM).

At present, the problem of identifying and controlling different types of Mechanically Separated Meat (MSM) is a very important practical issue in the meat industry. To address this challenge, the authors propose a new, analytical method for the discrimination and characterization of MSM that uses density measurements. The method proposed by the authors, in contrast to the analytical methods existing so far, is rapid, non-destructive, relatively simple and can be computerized. The density measurements of meat samples were conducted with a modified pycnometric method. Statistically significant (p<0.01) differences were found in the evaluated mean values of density for all investigated types of meat. Subsequently, the density measurements were correlated with the physicochemical properties of meat samples. A high correlation coefficient was found between the density of meat samples and the content of protein, sodium and fat. The authors have proven that density measurements allow for rapid discrimination of various types of MSM, and can also be effectively used to determine the chemical composition of MSM samples, e.g., the content of protein, fat and sodium.

Origanum syriacum Phytochemistry and Pharmacological Properties: A Comprehensive Review.

Herbal medicine has been gaining special interest as an alternative choice of treatment for several diseases, being generally accessible, cost-effective and safe, with fewer side-effects compared to chemically synthesized medicines. Over 25% of drugs worldwide are derived from plants, and surveys have shown that, when available, herbal medicine is the preferred choice of treatment. Origanum syriacum (Lamiaceae) is a widely used medicinal plant in the Middle East, both as a home and a folk remedy, and in the food and beverage industry. Origanum syriacum contains numerous phytochemical compounds, including flavonoids, phenols, essential oils, and many others. Because of its bioactive compounds, O. syriacum possesses antioxidant, antimicrobial, and antiparasitic capacities. In addition, it can be beneficial in the treatment of various diseases such as cancer, neurodegenerative disorders, and peptic ulcers. In this review, the chemical compositions of different types of extracts and essential oils from this herb will first be specified. Then, the pharmacological uses of these extracts and essential oils in various contexts and diseases will be discussed, putting emphasis on their efficacy and safety. Finally, the cellular and molecular mechanisms of O. syriacum phytochemicals in disease treatment will be described as a basis for further investigation into the plant’s pharmacological role.

Geochemical Characteristics of Chlorite in Xiangshan Uranium Ore Field, South China and Its Exploration Implication

Chlorite is one of the most important hydrothermal minerals in many hydrothermal uranium deposits worldwide and is commonly closely associated with the uranium mineralization. Trace elements in chlorite have been extensively applied to fingerprinting the hydrothermal fluid evolution and indicating the concealed ore bodies in porphyry Cu (-Au) deposits and skarn-related Pb-Zn deposits. However, this approach was rarely attempted on hydrothermal uranium deposits to date. Xiangshan uranium ore field, located in the southeast part of Gan-Hang Metallogenic (or Volcanic) Belt (GHMB), is the largest volcanic-related ore field in the whole country. In this study, the focus was placed on the petrographic characteristics and trace elements in hydrothermal chlorite from two typical deposits (Zoujiashan and Yunji) at Xiangshan. Four types of chlorites were identified, i.e., Chl1-Y and Chl2 from Yunji deposit, and Chl1-Z and Chl3 from Zoujiashan deposit. The pre-ore Chl1-Y and Chl1-Z are formed through replacing the original magmatic biotite. Chl2 and Chl3 occur as veinlets or disseminated, and are closely associated with early-ore U mineralization and main-ore U mineralization, respectively. All the four types of chlorites are typically trioctahedral chlorite. Vein-type/disseminated Chl2 and Chl3 in ore veins were precipitated directly from the hydrothermal fluids through dissolution-migration-precipitation mechanism, whereas the replacement-type chlorite was formed by the dissolution–crystallization mechanism. Empirical geothermometry indicates that the chlorite from Yunji and Zoujiashan were crystallized at 179~277 °C, indicating a mesothermal-epithermal precipitation environment. EPMA and LA-ICP-MS results show that the replacement-type chlorite has relatively consistent compositions at Yunji and Zoujiashan. Both Chl2 and Chl3 are enriched in U, Th but depleted in Mn and Ti. Compared with the Chl2 related to early-ore U mineralization, Chl3 that formed at main-ore stage has higher concentrations of Fe, U, Th, REEs, Mn and Ti, as well as higer Fe/(Fe + Mg) ratios. Such compositional differences between Chl2 and Chl3 are mainly attributed to the formation temperatures and fluid compositions/natures. Combined with petrology and chemical compositions of different types of chlorite, we propose that the presence of vein-type/disseminated chlorite with high U and Fe/(Fe + Mg) ratio but relatively low Mn, Ti and Pb contents can be regarded as an effective vector toward the most economic (high U grade) mineralized zone, whereas the occurrence of Chl2 is likely to indicate the subeconomic U mineralization and less potential exploration for uranium at depth.

Chemical Characterization, Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Properties of Different Types of Tissue of Cedrus brevifolia Henry Extracts.

This study aimed to determine the chemical composition of different types of tissue of Cedrus brevifolia Henry (Pinaceae) methanolic extracts, namely needles, twigs, branches, and bark. Cedrus brevifolia is a narrow endemic coniferous tree species of Cyprus, growing in a sole population in the mountainous area of Paphos Forest. Chemical analysis of the extracts was performed using liquid chromatography combined with time-of-flight high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC/Q-TOF/HRMS). The majority of the 36 compounds tentatively identified belonged to the flavonoids family. The extract of needles was the richest extract in terms of secondary metabolites. The extracts were studied for their antioxidant activity using the DPPH free radical scavenging assay. Additionally, the antibacterial activity was evaluated by determining both the minimum inhibitory concentration and the minimum bactericidal concentration against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. All extracts demonstrated antioxidant property, while bark gave the highest antioxidant capacity (IC50 value of 0.011 mg/mL) compared to the other tissues. Antibacterial activity was observed against both types of bacteria, with the extract of branches presenting the strongest activity against S. aureus (MIC, 0.097 mg/mL and MBC, 0.195 mg/mL). This is the first time that extracts of needles, twigs, branches, and bark of C. brevifolia are compared regarding their chemical composition as well as their antimicrobial and antioxidant properties.

Development of meat and fish formed semi-finished products for herodietic food

To improve the health of the population, it is necessary to develop products that contain natural ingredients with antioxidant properties. The development of the technology of meat and fish molded semi-finished products of the Ayurvedic direction is relevant today. The main raw material was poultry meat. After conducting a literary review of scientific publications and comparing the chemical composition of different types of fish, we selected sea fish ‒ hake, pollock and oceanic ‒ saithe, haddock with amount of protein. The technology of molded meat and fish products allows to introduce into the composition of semi-finished products multifunctional ingredients that enrich the chemical composition of the product, increase the nutritional value, improve its taste, and expand the range of processing of raw materials without production waste. This technology makes it possible to create meat and fish semi-finished products, with a targeted change in the chemical composition, corresponding to the physiological needs of the human body, especially for children, the elderly. To identify the most optimal ratios between meat and fish raw materials, have been developed 21 samples of minced meat and fish systems. A study of the organoleptic evaluation of meat and fish semi-finished products was carried out, with the introduction of fish raw materials into the recipe from 10 to 50%. The detailed profilograms were built on the basis of the research results. The general comparative analysis allows us to state that among all the presented research samples, the best marks were obtained for sample No. 5 and No. 4 using ocean fish (haddock in the amount of 50%; saithe fish in the amount of 40%) in terms of taste, smell and consistency. As a result of studies of the physicochemical indicators of the developed minced meat and fish systems, it was found that almost all prototypes were characterized by an increased moisture content with an increase in the amount of fish raw materials. For further research, samples were selected whose recipes were the most optimal in terms of the ratio of meat and fish raw materials, namely chicken fillet and haddock fish in a ratio of 50: 50%, and chicken fillet and saithe fish ‒ 60: 40%.

Influences of different curing methods on chemical compositions in different types of tobaccos

Whether quality can be improved and style characteristics of different types of tobaccos can be changed after being cured using different methods has not been clear yet. It is necessary to explore the influences of different curing methods on chemical compositions of different types of tobaccos. For this purpose, by taking flue-cured tobacco K326, burley tobacco Yunbai 3 and oriental tobacco Basma 14 as materials, the effects of air-curing, sun-curing and flue-curing methods on chemical compositions of these three types of tobaccos were investigated by taking the freeze-dried tobacco as the control group based on the equilibrium method of matter loss. The results show that compared with freeze-dried tobacco, (1) The air-cured, flue-cured and sun-cured were displayed in a descending order in terms of the dry matter loss and dry matter loss rate of K326, burley and oriental tobaccos thereby. (2) After performing air-cured, sun-cured and flue-cured, the starch contents in the oriental and flue-cured tobaccos greatly reduce while their contents of the total sugar and reducing sugar rose; the contents of starch and reducing sugar in the burley tobacco both decreased. (3) The contents of protein, total nitrogen and nicotine in the three types of air-cured, sun-cured and flue-cured tobaccos all significantly decreased. (4) The reduction amounts of the pigment content in the sun-dried burley and flue-cured tobaccos were the largest while that in the flue-cured oriental tobacco reaches the largest. (5) The total polyphenol contents in the three types of tobaccos all significantly reduced after being air-cured, sun-cured and flue-cured. The total polyphenol contents in the flue-cured and burley tobaccos were significantly larger than those in air-cured and sun-cured ones; the total polyphenol content in the sun-cured oriental tobacco was significantly larger than those in the groups treated with other curing methods. (6) The potassium (K) and chlorine (Cl) contents in the three types of tobaccos processed by the other curing methods were relatively stable. (7) The sensory evaluation scores of flue-cured tobaccos, burley tobacco and oriental tobacco were higher after flue-cured based on Yunnan sensory evaluation method. The study clarifies the transformation law of chemical compositions in different types of tobaccos under different curing methods. A type of tobaccos is not only limited to single curing method. It is feasible to combine multiple curing methods to enrich the style characteristics of tobaccos.

Composição mineral de diferentes tipos de sais de cozinha

Introdução: Fortes evidências demonstram associação entre o alto consumo de sódio e o desenvolvimento de doenças cardiovasculares, hipertensão arterial, entre outras complicações metabólicas. A literatura é escassa, no entanto, em relação ao estudo da composição do sal de cozinha, um ingrediente amplamente utilizado pela população. Assim é de extrema importância conhecer a composição dos sais que se utilizam com frequência na culinária. Objetivo: Analisar a composição química de diferentes sais de cozinha: refinado/comum, rosa do Himalaia, marinho e light. Paralelamente, a precificação e os rótulos foram também analisados, a fim de relacioná-los com as análises químicas. Método: A determinação de minerais foi realizada pelo método 3050-B rev.02/SMEWW 3111-B e a quantificação de metais totais foi feita por espectrometria de absorção atômica com chama. Resultado: Observaram-se diferenças significativas na quantidade de minerais encontrada em sais da mesma natureza, provenientes de diferentes marcas. Os resultados mostraram ainda que o sal rosa do Himalaia apresentou maiores teores de cálcio, ferro, magnésio e sódio em comparação aos demais (p<0.05). Analisando precificação e informações de rotulagem, identificaram-se preços significativamente diferentes entre os produtos, além da ausência de informações sobre sua composição química. Conclusão: Os resultados demonstram que há diferenças na composição mineral de sais de cozinha e indicam a necessidade de identificar a composição desses nutrientes nos rótulos, possibilitando que a população possa escolher o melhor tipo de sal e/ou marca através do rótulo alimentar, levando em consideração o custo-benefício.

HPLC study of phenolic compounds in Mirabilis jalapa raw material

Mirabilis jalapa is a popular decorative plant valued for its beautiful multicolored flowers. Folk medicine in various countries applies Mirabilis jalapa as anti-microbial, anti-inflammatory, diuretic, spasmolytic drug. Chemical composition of different types of Mirabilis jalapa has not yet been adequately studied which is an obstacle for its application in medicine. The qualitative composition and quantitative content of phenolic compounds were studied by the HPLC method. The performed experiment revealed presence of hydroxycinnamic acids, flavonoids, isoflavonoids and coumarins in tested herb. The content of phenolic compounds was the highest in Mirabilis jalapa flowers, counting as much as 2977.41 ± 59.55 µg/mg. Total content of phenolic compounds in Mirabilis jalapa herb was 304.25 ± 6.08 µg/mg, in fruits – 67.92 ± 1.36 µg/mg, and in roots – 12.44 ± 0.25 µg/mg. Quantitatively neochlorogenic acid dominated in flowers, chlorogenic acid in fruits, whereas Mirabilis jalapa herb mostly contained rutin and hyperoside. The obtained results will be useful in the development of quality control methods for Mirabilis jalapa herb and manufacture of drug preparations on its basis.

СОДЕРЖАНИЕ ХИМИЧЕСКИХ ЭЛЕМЕНТОВ В ПОЧВАХ И ПОВЕРХНОСТНЫХ ВОДАХ ПЛОСКОГОРЬЯ УКОК (ЮГО-ВОСТОЧНЫЙ АЛТАЙ)

Актуальность исследования обусловлена слабой изученностью химического состава почв и поверхностных вод плоскогорья Укок, являющегося объектом всемирного наследия ЮНЕСКО. Цель: изучить уровни содержания химических элементов в почвах и поверхностных водах центральной, южной и юго-восточной части плоскогорья Укок и дать эколого-биогеохимическую оценку этой малоизученной территории. Объекты: основные типы почв (криоаридные и горные лугово-степные, горные луговые, горные тундровые) и поверхностные воды (реки Жумалы, Калгуты, Аргамжи, Ак-Алаха, Тархата и озеро Укок) плоскогорья Укок (Республика Алтай, Российская Федерация). Методы. Содержание металлов в почвах определено методом эмиссионного спектрального анализа в Институте геологии и минералогии СО РАН, общее содержание микроэлементов в природных водах – в химико-аналитическом центре ИВЭП СО РАН спектрометрическим методом с использованием электротермической атомизации. Результаты. Представлен химический состав различных типов почв и поверхностных вод высокогорного плоскогорья Укок. Уровни содержания химических элементов в почвах плоскогорья не превышают их кларков в почвенном покрове и соответствуют их концентрациям в горно-тундровых почвах Алтая. Исключением являются почвы и почвообразующие породы над Калгутинским W-Mo-V-Cu месторождением, где отмечается аномально высокое содержание вольфрама – до 30–60 мг/кг. С ореолами рассеяния и воздействием отвалов штольни и хвостохранилища обогатительной фабрики этого месторождения мы связываем повышенное содержание Cu в водах реки Калгуты – 16 мкг/дм3 и в почвах бассейна. Почвы плоскогорья отличаются невысоким валовым содержанием P и Са, но обогащены калием – его содержание превышает 2 % в большинстве образцов. Концентрация фосфора в почвах плоскогорья Укок возрастает с запада на восток, от выровненной (центральной) части к горным окаймлениям, что обусловлено фосфоритоносностью коренных пород Алтае-Саянской горной страны. Низкие значения элювиально-аккумулятивных коэффициентов большинства металлов в изученных почвах плоскогорья могут служить показателем отсутствия на данный момент здесь выраженного антропогенного загрязнения. Содержание большинства элементов в почвах увеличивается c глубиной. В горно-тундровых торфянистых почвах под ерником обнаружена биогенная аккумуляция Mn. Для степных почв отмечено некоторое накопление в поверхностных горизонтах Zn, Cr, V и Ni. Наиболее равномерным распределением отличается Pb и Zn. Исходная неоднородность моренных и озерно-ледниковых отложений определяет разнообразие внутрипрофильного распределения металлов в почвах, на них сформированных. Не выявлено четкой зависимости содержания большинства макро- и микроэлементов в поверхностных водах от уровня их концентраций в почвах. Тем не менее отмечено повышение интенсивность водной миграции железа в заболоченных ландшафтах Бертекской части бассейна реки Ак-Алаха, в водах которой обнаружено его наиболее высокое содержание.

Characteristics of Different Types of Basic Oxygen Furnace Slag Filler and its Influence on Properties of Asphalt Mastic.

The fillers of ordinary and pyrolytic basic oxygen furnace (BOF) slag were selected to investigate the properties of their asphalt mastic. XRF (X-Ray Fluorescence) was used to analyze chemical composition of fillers. Meanwhile, SEM (Scanning Electron Microscope) and AIMS (Aggregate Image Measurement System) were utilized to explore meso-morphology, angularity and sphericity. Penetration, softening point and viscosity of asphalt mastic were discussed, while the rheological properties of asphalt mastic were studied by means of DSR (dynamic shear rheometer) and BBR (bending beam rheometer) tests. The experimental results show that chemical composition of different types of BOF slag is similar. The grinding energy consumption of pyrolytic BOF slag is higher than that of limestone and ordinary BOF slag. It is not recommended that pyrolytic BOF slag filler is produced by grinding process. The micro-texture structure of ordinary BOF slag filler is more abundant and their angularity index is about 15% higher than that of limestone filler. The stiffness modulus and rutting factor of asphalt mastic with ordinary BOF slag filler is higher than that of limestone filler. Meanwhile the incorporation of BOF slag filler will further reduce the low-temperature flow performance of asphalt mastic. The effect of pyrolytic BOF slag filler on the performance of asphalt mastic is less than that of ordinary BOF slag. Ordinary BOF slag filler can effectively improve high temperature anti-rutting stability of asphalt mixture. Ordinary BOF slag has a useful application prospect as filler in asphalt mixture.

A review on tobacco and its effect on health

Tobacco is an important agricultural product that is consumed all over the world. More than 8000 chemicals are reported to be present in tobacco, and a large number of these chemicals are known carcinogens, and hence is known to be one of the most significant contributors to the development of cancer of different body parts. These chemicals have been reported to alter both the genetic and epigenetic constituents of cells. Such changes involve point mutation, deletion, insertion, recombination, transversion, transition, and chromosomal aberrations including aneuploidy and polyploidy. The chemical composition of different types of tobacco has been reported to be different. In this article, brief information about tobacco plants; history, types and popularity of tobacco; its chemical composition; relation to cancer and other diseases and its effects on the molecular, epigenetic and genetic compositions have been highlighted.