Chemical Characteristics Of Water Research Articles

Chemical characteristics of size-resolved fog water at an urban site in Nanjing and the summit of Mt. Lu, East China

The chemical characteristics of fog water are closely related to the droplet size. This study used a three-stage Caltech Active Strand Cloud Collector (CASCC) to collect 170 size-resolved fog samples from eight fog events in the winter of 2013–2017 at an urban site in Nanjing and the summit of Mt. Lu. The pH, electrical conductivity (EC), and inorganic ion concentration were analyzed, and the sources of pollutants in size-dependent droplets were discussed according to the local emission source type. The pH, EC, total ion concentration (TIC), and ion composition of fog water at Nanjing were dependent on the droplet size. The TIC of fog water at Nanjing was approximately 10 times that measured at Mt. Lu. The concentration of different chemical species in the droplet was also size-dependent: Ca2+ concentration was higher in larger droplets with the diameter (D) ≥ 22 μm, whereas SO42−, NO3−, and NH4+ concentrations were higher in smaller droplets with D ranging 4–16 μm. The ion concentration of fog water at Mt. Lu first decreased then increased as the fog developed. Owing to the faster drop rate of larger droplets, coarse particles (2.5–10 μm) exhibited a faster response to fog removal, and the final mass concentration of fine particles (<2.5 μm) decreased the most due to competition between deposition and gravity. Different pollution sources exhibited different contribution rates to the chemical components of size-dependent droplets. Soil sources mainly affected the Ca2+ content of large droplets, whereas industrial sources and vehicles affected the NO3− and SO42− concentrations of medium and small droplets. Soil sources, industrial sources, and vehicles were the main sources of fog water at the urban site in Nanjing, whereas industrial sources, vehicles, soil sources, biomass combustion, and secondary aerosols were the main sources of fog water at the summit of Mt. Lu.

Physical and chemical characteristics of water from Okamini Stream, Obio/Akpor, Rivers State, Niger Delta, Nigeria

Water samples were collected from Okamini stream and analyzed for some physicochemical parameters. The values showed that electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, total suspended solids, chlorides, sulphates, nitrates and phosphates were within the range of values acceptable for domestic water use by WHO. Others such as turbidity, pH and salinity were not within acceptable range in water for human consumption. Although, the water from the stream at the time of evaluation may not be at an alarming situation, but calls for adequate surveillance and protection to avert possible decay that looks eminent.

Physical and chemical characteristics of water from Okamini Stream, Obio/Akpor, Rivers State, Niger Delta, Nigeria

Physical and chemical characteristics of water from Okamini Stream, Obio/Akpor, Rivers State, Niger Delta, Nigeria

Diverging Water Ages Inferred From Hydrodynamics, Hydrochemical and Isotopic Tracers in a Tropical Andean Volcano-Sedimentary Confined Aquifer System

Hydrogeology in the Andes cordillera reflects its complex geological history. In most cases, groundwater flows through fractures and faults that compartmentalize the volcanic material, and through the primary porosity of the volcano-sedimentary material. The volcanic mineral context and geothermal environment mark the groundwater chemistry, especially in the high concentrations of specific trace elements. This study focuses on the complex system of the Tumbaco – Cumbayá – Los Chillos aquifer, in the vicinity of the Ilaló volcano near Quito (Ecuador). Hydrodynamic, geochemical and isotopic tools were used to assess the chemical characteristics of water and its origin, identify the recharge areas, and estimate the transit time of water using simple methods and scarce data. Results revealed two distinct aquifers, one in the volcanic cone located in the center of the study area, and the other in the volcano-sedimentary series of the Tumbaco – Cumbayá – Los Chillos valley. The volcanic aquifer is characterized by a high mineralization, a recharge zone between 2400 m asl and 3100 m asl, and radiocarbon concentrations lower than 20 pmc. The volcano-sedimentary aquifer seems to behave as a partly disconnected system, between the north and the south of Ilaló volcano, and also with a great heterogeneity, maybe due to the presence of lenses of volcanic ash. It has an intermediate mineralization, a mean recharge zone between 2,300 and 2,700 m asl, and 14C activities between 45.4 and 87.4 pmc in apparent contradiction with the hydrodynamic mass balance.

Hydrogeochemical characterization of Tai’an Pumped Storage Power Station reservoir and the implications for Reservoir Water Leakage

Reservoir leakage is typically a potential risk to reservoir operation in the world. In this study, Tai’an pumped storage power station reservoir was selected as an example to analyze the chemical characteristics of various waters in detail. The results showed that silicate rock weathering was the main source of water chemical ions of reservoir water, groundwater and Bashangoue water. Hydrogeochemical analysis showed that the water samples of the right bank gallery and measuring weir behind dam came from the reservoir water leakage, measuring weir of bottom gallery, B2 branch pipe gallery and No.6 construction hole water samples did not originate from reservoir water but from groundwater. The research results are of great guiding significance for guiding the diagnosis and control of reservoir leakage.

Analyzing of water quality at Ooty for drinking purpose

Analyzing of water quality at Ooty town and to provide clean and safe water. The water quality is analyzed and tabulated in this paper. So we are able to know the quality of water available in the sample taken. The water analyzed about the chemical, physical and biological characteristics of water. It is used to measure the appearance of sample water for the need of living. Water samples are collected from the open well (Latitude and longitude coordinates are 11.410000, 76.699997). The samples were tested for parameters like pH, turbidity, total hardness, fluoride, dissolved oxygen, ammonia nitrogen, chemical oxygen demand, acidity, and alkalinity. The values which are obtained from each parameter were compared with the Indian Standards: 10500 (Drinking water specifications). During the summer season the water demand is very high hence from the result the water was found to be safe for drinking.

Ion migration process and influencing factors in inland river basin of arid area in China: a case study of Shiyang River Basin.

A thorough understanding of the processes and driving factors of ion migration, dilution, and enrichment in arid inland river basins is the basis for implementing water resources management. In this study, we analyzed the water chemistry of streamflow, groundwater, and precipitation and the behavior of main elements in the Shiyang River Basin by means of the hydrochemical diagram and multivariate statistical analysis. The spatial variation of water chemistry was obvious, and the conversion between different water bodies was frequent. The ions migrated from the mountain area to the oasis and desert and accumulated near the terminal lake finally. There were obvious differences in hydrochemistry between surface water and groundwater. From the mountain to the basin, the hydrochemical type of surfer water has varied, and the hydrochemical type of groundwater has changed from Ca-Cl type to Na-Cl type. The hydrochemistry of the basin was controlled by silicate weathering. However, the influence of water-rock interaction on surface water and groundwater was different, and the surface water was more complex. Significantly, agricultural activities and sewage discharge had a negative impact on the water environment. Interbasin water transfer (IBWT) was a form of external ions input from outside the basin, which affected the chemical characteristics of surface water in the lower reaches to a certain extent. In arid areas, human impact on water chemistry needs to be paid attention. These results are helpful to strengthen the understanding of the relationship between different regions and different water bodies in the arid basin.

Effects of Zinc in an Outdoor Freshwater Microcosm System.

A long-term exposure outdoor microcosm study was conducted to evaluate the effects of zinc (Zn) on zooplankton, phytoplankton, and periphyton in a freshwater system. Five Zn treatment concentrations (nominal: 8, 20, 40, 80, and 160 μg/L Zn) and an untreated control with 3 replicates each were used. Various physical and chemical characteristics of the microcosms and biological assessment endpoints (e.g., total abundance, group abundance, species richness, chlorophyll a, etc.) were measured to determine the effects of Zn over time. In general, physical and chemical characteristics (e.g., total dissolved solids, total suspended solids, dissolved oxygen, pH, dissolved organic carbon) of water fluctuated over time, but they were not significantly different within treatments and controls during the study. Zinc significantly affected the population dynamics and community structure of plankton. The effects occurred 7 d after initial treatment exposures began and continued to the end of the treatment phase, especially at the high treatment concentrations. Total and group abundance, species richness, the Shannon index, and chlorophyll a concentrations for high Zn treatment concentrations were significantly lower than the controls during the treatment phase. The no-observed-effect, lowest-observed-effect, and median effect concentrations were generally lower than the literature-reported results from single-species toxicity tests for fish and invertebrates, suggesting that plankton are more sensitive to Zn than planktivores. Although primary producers play an important role in the ecosystem, they have not been consistently incorporated into numerical environmental quality criteria for freshwater organisms, at least in the United States. The results of the present study are useful for development of environmental quality guidelines for freshwater ecosystems and ecological risk assessment. Environ Toxicol Chem 2021;40:2053-2072. © 2021 SETAC.

Air-water interactions: The signature of meteorological and air-quality parameters on the chemical characteristics of water produced from the atmosphere

Atmospheric water is considered an alternative sustainable solution for global water scarcity. We analyzed the effects of meteorological and air-quality parameters on the chemical characteristics of atmospheric water. First, we measured the chemical characteristics of water produced by a unique atmospheric water generator (AWG) apparatus in Tel Aviv, Israel. To examine the complex air-water relationships, we obtained atmospheric data from several sources: adjacent air-quality-monitoring stations, aerosol robotic network (AERONET), aerosol pollution profile using PollyXT lidar, and air back-trajectory simulation (HYSPLIT). We found a strong impact of different pollution sources on the water quality. The integration between HYSPLIT, AERONET and lidar analyses shows that the pathway crossed by the air parcel three days before arrival at the site affected the chemical properties of the produced water. Nearby sea salt aerosols from the Mediterranean were persistently observed in the water (medians: sodium 69 μg/L, chloride ions 120 μg/L), corresponding to lidar identification of a sea-breeze layer (30–50 sr lidar ratio in lower elevation). Seasonal variability in climatic conditions affected the concentration of dust-related elements in the water. During dust-storm events, calcium was the most dominant element (median 900 μg/L). Thus, the chemical characteristics of the water can be considered a “footprint” of both regional, local, and phenological composition of the atmosphere.

Chemical Characteristics of Natural Water

Chemical Characteristics of Natural Water

Analysis on the Characteristics of Water Pollution Caused by Underground Mining and Research Progress of Treatment Technology

Coal is the primary source of energy in China’s energy structure system. With the large-scale mining of mineral resources, a large amount of mine water will be produced in the process of development, construction, and production, which will pollute and damage the ecological environment of mine water. At present, China vigorously advocates coal revolution, implements low-carbon economy, and carries out clean production of energy development and utilization. Green mining, precision mining, and other strategic ideas have been applied to mine development to guide production practice. This paper does an in-depth analysis of the physical, chemical, biological, and environmental characteristics of mine water, puts forward the basic classification of mine water, and points out the characteristics of environmental hazards of mine water. Aiming at different types of mine water, such as mine wastewater, drainage water, goaf water, mine water with suspended solids, high salinity mine water, acid mine water, and mine water with special pollution, the paper puts forward the mine water treatment and resource utilization technology with different characteristics and strong pertinence. On this basis, the comprehensive treatment and development direction of mine water in the future are prospected.

Physical and Chemical Characteristics of Assaiq and Senah Hot Springs Water in Hadhramout-Yemen and the Assessment of Water Quality for Drinking and Irrigation Purposes

AL-Diss Ashrqiya, known for its hot springs water. This study was performed to identify the physical and chemical characteristics of Assaiq and Senah springs water that located in AL-Diss Ashrqiya. The study was already done for the period (January 2017-December 2018) to assess water quality for drinking and irrigation purposes. The results showed that the values of water temperature, the electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, total hardness, calcium hardness, magnesium hardness, sulfate SO4 2-, fluoride F−, manganese Mn−, calcium Ca+2, potassium K+, are not within the permissible levels of Yemeni and World Health Organization (WHO) standards. Therefore, the water of Assaiq and Senah can be classified as undrinkable water. In comparison with the Eaton classification, the water of Assaiq and Senah springs are not suitable for irrigation purposes due to the higher conductivity, as it is water with acute problems. Also, in comparison with the standards of the World Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) results show that water of Assaiq and Senah can be used to irrigate crops that are more tolerant of salinity.

Chemical Characteristics of Cloud Water and Sulfate Production Under Excess Hydrogen Peroxide in a High Mountainous Region of Central Japan

Over the last two decades, atmospheric sulfur dioxide (SO2) concentrations have decreased in air-polluted regions. However, this decrease was accompanied by a rise in cloud water acidity (pH), which remains below 5. With this change, gas-phase hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) exceeded SO2 in most of these regions. These conditions where SO2 10) in our observation site, which was due to power plant restrictions in Japan since the 1970s. The ion species concentrations in cloud water indicated that cloud acidification resulted from dissolution of gaseous HNO3 and SO2, whereas gaseous hydrochloric acid and organic acid had a minor contribution to the acidification. Significant losses of Cl− and Mg2+ were observed in some of the cloud water. The excess value of non-sea-salt sulfate (nss-SO42−) over NH4+ in cloud water implies the in-cloud oxidation of gaseous SO2 to aqueous SO42−. A Se tracer technique was used to conduct in-situ measurements of in-cloud SO42− production. The results showed that the in-cloud production varied in a range between 7 ± 2 and 41 ± 14%. This temporal variation might be due to ambient SO2 concentrations based on Henry’s law.

Relationships of irrigation water and soil physical and chemical characteristics with yield, chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of Damask rose essential oil.

Damask rose (Rosa damascena Mill.) is an aromatic medicinal plant rich in bioactive compounds with high value in the food, pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries. Knowledge of the factors affecting the quantitative and qualitative properties of the compounds in its essential oil (EO) and the bioactivity of this EO is important in optimizing Damask rose cultivation and production. This research studied, for the first time, the effects of irrigation water and soil chemical and physical characteristics on the EO yield of this important commercial species and on it chemical composition and antimicrobial activity. The results showed the significant effect of crop cultivation site on yield, chemical composition and inhibition zone diameter (IZD) at the 1% significance level. The highest EO yield (~0.0266%), which belonged to the Noushabad site (EON), resulted from the increased soil electrical conductivity (EC) and the higher sand, gypsum and lime contents and irrigation water salinity. Analysis of the chemical composition of the EOs showed that their main compounds at all three crop sites were citronellol, nonadecane, heneicosane and geraniol. The EO obtained from the Yazdel site (EOY) had the highest contents of citronellol and geraniol (~29.05% and ~6.85%) that were directly correlated with soil potassium and phosphorus contents and inversely correlated with soil acidity and EC and its lime, nitrogen, and organic carbon contents. Antimicrobial assays indicated that the EO extracted from the Sefidshahr site (EOS), which had the largest inhibition zone diameter (~14.67 mm) for Aspergillus brasiliensis (IZD~14.67 mm) and the lowest MIC (~31.25 μg/mL) for Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, exhibited efficacy similar to that of rifampin, probably due to the dominance of the alkanes in it. The EOY and EOS also exhibited the strongest inhibitory and lethal activity against Candida albicans (MIC and MBC <15.63 μg/mL for EOY and MIC and MBC = 62.5 μg/mL for EOS), which were six and four times stronger than those of nystatin, respectively. Therefore, the selected EOs can act as a potentially promising strategy for fighting microbial strains.

The impact of aeration on ecological state of lake Telbyn in Kyiv

&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; Lake Telbyn is considered to be one of the largest lakes located in the eastern part of Kyiv. The artificial aeration of this lake was started at the end of 2016 by using of 8 aerators, which has been continuing so far. The main perpose of this measure is improving the ecological state of the lake mostly for recreational use. There were carried out a field study of the lake and the analysis of remote sensing data. Physical and chemical characteristics of water, phytoplankton biomass, chlo- rophyll a concentration and some other parameters at the different depths were studied. It was found out that artificial aeration has a positive effect on the ecological state of the lake. The water aeration causes the blur of thermocline whereas the impact on its depth is not essential. Under impact of aeration the concentration of dissolved oxygen become larger, mostly in the bottom layer. The highest concentration of ammonium nitrogen in a warm period is observed in the bottom layer of the lake. The deep location of aerators causes the increasing of concentration in bottom layer. At the same time there is not visible impact on concentration near the surface. The similar result was obtained for the concentration of inorganic phosphorus. The impact of aeration on algal bloom is not such essential as on hydrochemical characteristics. The artificial aeration causes negative impact on the phytoplankton abundance and less effect on their biomass. It means the larger effect on the algae with small cells. In other words the aeration has larger impact on green algae than on blue-green ones. The use of remote sensing data showed that ecological state of Lake Telbyn during the aeration period improved comparably with other lakes of Kyiv. As a result of aeration, the view of water surface of the lake became more similar to water surface of the Dnipro River, which flows through the city.&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D;

Imprints of COVID-19 lockdown on the surface water quality of Bagmati river basin, Nepal

COVID-19 pandemic has caused profound impacts on human life and the environment including freshwater ecosystems globally. Despite the various impacts, the pandemic has improved the quality of the environment and thereby creating an opportunity to restore the degraded ecosystems. This study presents the imprints of COVID-19 lockdown on the surface water quality and chemical characteristics of the urban-based Bagmati River Basin (BRB), Nepal. A total of 50 water samples were collected from 25 sites of BRB during the monsoon season, in 2019 and 2020. The water temperature, pH, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, dissolved oxygen (DO), and turbidity were measured in-situ, while the major ions, total hardness, biological oxygen demand (BOD), and chemical oxygen demand (COD) were analyzed in the laboratory. The results revealed neutral to mildly alkaline waters with relatively moderate mineralization and dissolved chemical constituents in the BRB. The average ionic abundance followed the order of Ca2+ > Na+ > Mg2+ > K+ > NH4+ for cations and HCO3˗> Cl˗ > SO42˗ > NO3˗ > PO43− for anions. Comparing to the pre-lockdown, the level of DO was increased by 1.5 times, whereas the BOD and COD were decreased by 1.5 and 1.9 times, respectively during the post-lockdown indicating the improvement of the quality water which was also supported by the results of multivariate statistical analyses. This study confirms that the remarkable recovery of degraded aquatic ecosystems is possible with limiting anthropic activities.

Comparison of Diversity and Community Structure of Aquatic Insects Based on Habitat Class in Johor

Aquatic insects had been well used as a tool in monitoring water quality and this study is aimed to gauge their potential in Johor. The rapid development in the state of Johor may cause pollution to water resources that require a more efficient water quality monitoring program. The objectives of this study were to (i) collect, identify, determine and produce aquatic insect diversity data in selected rivers in Johor, (ii) relate the presence of aquatic insect diversity with some of the physical features of rivers in Johor. Seven sampling areas were selected based on their importance to local communities and geographical distribution: Taman Negara Johor Endau Rompin (PETA) (TNJER-PETA), Taman Hutan Lagenda Gunung Ledang (THLGL), Hutan Lipur Soga Perdana (HLSP), Hutan Lipur Gunung Belumut (HLGB), Hutan Lipur Sungai Bantang (HLSB), Hutan Lipur Gunung Pulai 1 (HLGP1) and Sungai Sayong Pinang. Insect samples were collected using a kick net method and slight modifocation made according to type of microhabitats. A total of 11,647 individuals of aquatic insects consisting of 68 families from nine orders were sampled. About 69% of insects collected were indicators of good water quality; among them are families Hydropsychidae from order Trichoptera, Baetidae from Order Ephemeroptera, and Simuliidae from Order Diptera. Based on family diversity analyzed using Shannon Index (H’), TNJER-PETA is recorded having the highest index (H’ = 3.215) followed by HLSP (H’ = 2.791) and HLGB (H’ = 2.482). Comparison made and based on physical characteristics, the study sites were classified into three categories (i) the most preferred sites by aquatic insects (HLSB, THLGL, HLGP1, and HLGB), (ii) intermediate preferred sites (TNJER-PETA and HLSP) and (iii) least preferred site (Sg. Sayong). In conclusion, community structure of benthic organisms were influenced by many factors such as presence of variety of microhabitat, predation, surrounding environments, food availability, physical and chemical characteristics of water. Moreover, higher heterogeneity of habitat promote high abundance and diversity of aquatic insects. Any changes happened that involves human interference in the habitats, will affect the abundance of aquatic insects. Last but not least, results suggested that the quality of river water in Johor can be monitored using insects as biological indicators due to the abundance, distribution, and rapid response of aquatic insects to environmental conditions.

Phytoplankton community within Al-Auda marsh in maysan province southern Iraq

Phytoplankton assemblage in relation to physical and chemical characteristics of water in Al-Auda marsh of Maysan province southern Iraq was assessed from November 2012 to July 2013. Six sampling sites were chosen to examine all phytoplankton species in the study area. A total of 246 species and seventy-five genera have been recognized belonging to twelve phytoplankton classes as follows: Bacillariophyceae (106 taxa), Chlorophyceae (34 taxa), Euglenophyceae (29 taxa), Cyanophyceae (29 taxa), Conjugatophyceae (19 taxa), Mediophyceae (10 taxa), Cryptophyceas (5 taxa), Coscinodiscophyceae (4 taxa), Chrysophyceae (4 taxa), Dinophyceae (3 taxa), Trebouxiophyceae (2 taxa) whereas Compsopogonophyceae recorded only (one taxon).The finding showed class Bacillariophyceae dominated with (43.09%), followed by Chlorophyceae of (13.82%), then (11.79%) for each of Cyanophycean and Euglenophyceae. Mean ± standard deviation for water temperature was ranged between (14.3±1.6°C) during winter to (35.6±1.81°C) during summer, electrical Conductivity (2020±186μ.s/cm) during autumn to (6390±875μ.s/cm) during summer, total Phosphate 0.01±0.0 µg/l during winter to 0.3±0.08 µg/l during spring, and total nitrogen varied from 1.8±0.8 µg/l during winter to 6.9±0.5 µg/l during autumn. Seasonal distribution indicated that phytoplankton flourished predominantly during the summer and spring. The diversity index (H) recorded the highest value in spring and lowest value in autumn, Richness (D) and Evenness (E) indices achieved the highest values in spring, the lowest values in autumn. The Jaccard index (Ss%) recorded the highest similarity between autumn and winter, the lowest similarity was between autumn and spring. The results revealed Al-Auda marsh is mesotrophic according to phytoplankton composition.

تأثير خصائص السكان في استخدام المياه والمحافظة عليها من التلوث في مدينة عنيزة: دراسة جغرافية

استهدفت هذه الدراسة تحديد الخواص الطبيعية والكيميائية والبكتيرية لمياه الشرب في الشبكة العامة والخزانات الأرضية والشبكة المنزلية الداخلية ومقارنتها بخواص مياه الشرب الطبيعية والكيميائية الواردة في المواصفات القياسية السعودية. إضافة إلى دراسة تباين هذه الخصائص بين الشبكة العامة، والخزانات، الشبكة الداخلية لأحياء مدينة عنيزة التي شملتها الدراسة وهي القادسية، السليمانية، الملك خالد، وسط المدينة، المطار، المنتزه، مليحة، السلام وكذلك الكشف عن أهم المتغيرات التي تؤثر سلبيا وايجابيا عل خواص مياه الشرب. وأظهرت الدراسة مطابقة خواص مياه الشرب الطبيعية والكيميائية في الشبكة العامة لخواص مياه الشرب في المواصفات القياسية السعودية، في حين أظهرت الدراسة أن هناك تباينا بين خواص مياه الشرب في الشبكة العامة وخواص مياه الشرب في الخزانات الأرضية والشبكة المنزلية الداخلية، وتبين أيضا أن هناك تباينا مكانيا في خواص مياه الشرب بين الأحياء المدروسة التي شملتها الدراسة. وأثبتت الدراسة أن عمر الشبكة العامة الرئيسية قد تسبب في تباين قيم الأملاح الكلية الذائبة، الكلوريدات، العسر الكلي، الكالسيوم في مياه الشبكة. ولم تؤثر المسافة الفاصلة بين خزان الضخ الرئيس والمنزل على التباين في قيم معظم العناصر باستثناء الكبريتات وكذلك أظهرت النتائج ارتفاع قيم الأس الهيدروجيني لمياه الشرب في الأحياء التي توجد بها شبكة الصرف الصحي أكثر من الأحياء التي تفتقر إليها. وقد تبين ايضا أن تكرارية تنظيف الخزان والمسافة الفاصلة بين الخزان وخزان الصرف الصحي تعد من أهم المتغيرات التي تؤثر على خواص مياه الشرب في الخزانات المنزلية حيث أثرت على التباين في قيم الأملاح الكلية الذائبة، الكلوريدات، الكبريتات، العسر الكلي، الكالسيوم، التوصيل الكهربائي، في حين أثر نوع شبكة المياه المنزلية الداخلية على التباين في قيم الأملاح الكلية الذائبة، الكلوريدات، الكبريتات، التوصيل الكهربائي في مياه تلك الشبكة. كما أشارت الدراسة إلى التأثير الايجابي لارتفاع الدخل الشهري لصاحب المنزل وملكية المسكن فقد أدى ذلك إلى الاهتمام بنظافة الخزانات الارضية وبالتالي جودة مياه الشرب فيها.

MICROCRUSTACEAN ASSEMBLAGES AND WATER QUALITY IN A HIGH-ALTITUDE POND IN SOUTH BRAZIL (PARANÁ)

The aim of this study was to assess the abundance and richness of microcrustacean, and water physical and chemical characteristics of a high-altitude pond in the Serra do Mar at State of Paraná. Water samples were collected quarterly between August 2015 and August 2016. Environmental conditions of pond were characterized by small pond size and depth, cold and well oxygenated water, and neutral or slightly acid pH. Mean total microcrustacean density was 945.0 ind m-3, whereas total taxon richness was 3.40. The most abundant species was Tropocyclops prasinus. The small size and the isolament of the pond, and the low temperatures were related to the low species richness and abundance. This study is unprecedented to the State of Paraná. Future studies attempt to understand the environmental conditions and distribution of microcrustaceans from high-altitude ponds.