Chemical Analysis Of Water Research Articles

The Sulphate Effect on Lijiaxia Concrete Dam (China) Gallery

The concrete degradation is one of the most serious problems for a dam construct during the normal operation, which determines the dam service life. Hence, it is very important to reduce the extent of the dam concrete degradation for the safety of the dam normal operation. Here, Lijiaxia hydroelectric station is taken as an example, and a comprehensive method to assess the sulphate effect on dam gallery is proposed. Eleven samples in total were taken from three difference locations by the drill bore. The microstructural investigations including X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (XRF), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) were conducted to assess the sulphate attack and the degradation degree. Meanwhile, the water chemical analysis was applied to reveal the mechanism of concrete degradation. The experimental and analysis results indicate that the concrete degradation degree varies with the location of the samples. The components of the concrete change and the content of SO3increase dramatically during degradation. Moreover, the mineral facies of the concrete change correspondingly, with the cement paste substituted by the calcite, calcium vitriol, and gypsum. The reinforcement and precaution measures are suggested based on the results of the degradation assessment.

Water-rock-ore Interaction (on Example: Major Bakchar Iron-ore Deposit – Western Siberia, Russia)

The paper includes data of the enclosing sediment, iron ore and groundwater composition within Bakchar iron ore cluster. Based on the water chemical composition analysis the thermodynamic equilibrium was calculated for enclosing sediment–groundwater–secondary sediments system, and being correlated to existing geological data. According to thermodynamic calculations, water is non-equilibrium to primary enclosing rock aluminosilicate minerals in which they dissolve and, consequently, are enriched by these chemical elements: Fe, Ca, Mg, K, Na, Si, Al, Mn and others. These accumulated elements in the solution provide clay-water equilibrium, carbonate-water equilibrium, Fe oxides and hydrooxides-water equilibrium.

Stable Isotopes and Hydrochemistry Approach for Determining the Salinization Pattern of Shallow Groundwater in Alluvium Deposit Semarang, Central Java

DOI: 10.17014/ijog.4.1.1-10A groundwater study has been conducted in the Semarang City in August 2014, aiming to determine the source of shallow groundwater salinization using stable isotopes (18O, 2H) and water chemistry approach, and supported by local hydrogeological data. A number of shallow groundwater samples were taken at several locations with a depth of 0 - 35 m. Based on geological data, shallow groundwater of Semarang alluvium is dominated by insertion of sand-gravel and sandy-clay with average porosity of around 56.0 %. This layer is thinning towards the south and then increasingly thickening to the north and north-east of the studied area. The results of the analyses show that the characteristics of shallow groundwater, i.e. approximately 51% of groundwater, still have the original composition as meteoric water and the remaining approximately 49% obtained a shift in the isotopic composition as caused by interaction with seawater and the little influence of evaporation. The results of chemical analysis of water indicates that in dry seasons, shallow groundwater aquifers in the Semarang City is dominated by chloride (Cl-) with NaCl of water type. While the parameters of bicarbonate, chloride, and Na/Cl ratio, shallow groundwater can be classified into two groups, namely unintruded groundwater around 51% spread from the foot hills to the south towards the hills with elevations of 9 - 142 m above sea level and intruded groundwater around 49% spread from the coastline to the urban direction.

EVALUATION OF GROUNDWATER QUALITY OF SIWA OASIS

In discussing the water quality evaluation for use in different purposes, the author will briefly examine some of the major important water quality standards. These standards serve as a basis for appraisal of the results of chemical water analysis in terms of suitability of the water for various intended uses. According to total dissolved salts (TDS), major ions as cations ( Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+), anions (CO₃2⁻, HCO₃⁻ ,SO₄2⁻, Cl⁻), with some heavy metals such as Al3+, B3+ , Cd2+, Co2+, Cr3+, Cu2+, Fe3+, Mn2+, Mo2+, Ni2+, Pb2+, Sr2+, V2+ and Zn2+ The results indicate that the samples of Nubian sandstone aquifer is suitable for drinking of human and livestock , suitable for laundry purposes and for irrigation. While the samples of Fractured dolomite limestone aquifer are unsuitable for drinking and irrigation.

Characterization of underground tunnel water hydrochemical system and uses through multivariate statistical methods: a case study from Maddhapara Granite Mine, Dinajpur, Bangladesh

A quality study of the drained water from Maddhapara Granite Mine underground tunnel was undertaken to study their hydrochemical variations and suitability for various uses employing chemical analysis, basic statistics, correlation matrix (r), cluster analysis, principal component/factor analyses, and ANOVA as the multivariate statistical methods. The results of chemical analysis of water show the modest variation in their ionic assemblage among different sampling points of the tunnel where Ca–HCO3 type of hydrochemical facies is principally dominated. The correlation matrix shows a very strong to very weak positive, even negative, correlation relationship, suggesting the influence of different processes such as geochemical, biochemical processes, and multiple anthropogenic sources on controlling the hydrochemical evolution and variations of water in the mine area. Cluster analysis confirms that cluster 1 contains 68.75% of total samples, whereas cluster 2 contains 31.25%. On the whole, the dominated chemical ions of first cluster groups are Ca and HCO3, suggesting a natural process similar to dissolution of carbonate minerals. The second cluster group consisted of Cl− and SO4 2− ions representing natural and anthropogenic hydrochemical process. The results of PCA/FA analysis illustrate that different processes are involved in controlling the chemical composition of groundwater in the mine area. The factor 1 loadings showed that pH, EC, TDS, Na, Mg, chloride, and sulfate which have high loading in this factor are expected to come from carbonate dissolution to oxidation conditions. One-way ANOVA describes the significance of dependent variables with respect to independent variables. ANOVA gives us the idea that EC, K+, Fetotal, SO 4 2 , As, and Pb are the most important factors in controlling spatial differences in water quality in this tunnel. But different results have been encountered for different independent variables which might be due to dissimilar sources of water. From the qualitative analysis, it is clear that water quality is not very favorable for aquatic creatures as well as for drinking purposes. The water can be used for irrigation purposes without any doubt as SAR and RSC analysis provides good results. Moreover, the results of this research confirmed that the application of multivariate statistical analysis methods is apposite to inferring complex water quality data sets with its possible pollution sources. At the end, this research recommends (1) as water becomes more and more important, water treatment plants should be built before the water being used; (2) a detailed water step utilization plan should be set beforehand to guarantee tunnel water being used effectively; and (3) after the water being used for agriculture, elements in crops should be monitored continuously to ensure that ions and compounds that come from the tunnel water are lower than guideline values for human beings health.

Investigation of factors affecting the dispersibility of clays and estimation of dispersivity

Dispersive soils have caused failure of many slopes and earth fills due to external and internal erosion. This study aims to investigate various factors used for identification of dispersivity and to develop some new approaches for the prediction of dispersivity of clays. To achieve this purpose, physical and index properties, as well as degree of dispersivity of 29 clay samples taken from five different locations in and around the city of Ankara were determined. Various statistical prediction models were used for prediction of new dispersivity classes obtained by weighting ranking method. It was determined that dispersivity classes obtained from physical and chemical dispersivity tests performed on the same clay samples using distilled water were different from each other. In addition, crumb and pinhole tests were performed by using test waters with varying TDS values on five selected samples to find the impact of water chemistry on dispersivity. It is concluded from all dispersivity tests that total dissolved salts (TDS) values and sodium percentage (SP) remarkably affect the degree of dispersivity, and the use of these two parameters give more reliable results for the determination of dispersivity. By considering all these facts and to predict the most reliable dispersivity class, all dispersivity classes obtained from physical and chemical dispersivity tests were reevaluated by a weighted ranking system, and new dispersivity classes were assigned. In order to estimate these new dispersivity classes, various statistical models were established by using results of chemical analysis of pore water of clay samples. For this purpose, prediction models including soft computing methods such as decision tree and logistic regression are used and most reliable prediction models having the highest prediction performance are suggested.

Calibração de um índice de qualidade de águas subterrâneas (IQNAS) para a região do vale do Rio Pardo, RS, Brasil: nova ferramenta tecnológica para o monitoramento ambiental

O estudo teve por finalidade calibrar um índice de qualidade de água subterrânea para a região do Vale do Rio Pardo, RS, visando avaliar a qualidade da água, através de análises físicas, químicas e microbiológicas, em duas campanhas de amostragem, realizadas no período de fevereiro a setembro de 2015. Os parâmetros analisados foram: benzeno, coliformes totais, Escherichia coli, ferro, manganês, cloreto, fluoreto, dureza, pH, sulfatos, turbidez, nitrato, nitrogênio amoniacal, mercúrio total, condutividade elétrica, Sólidos Totais Dissolvidos, alcalinidade (carbonatos, bicarbonatos e hidróxidos), sódio e potássio. Com base nos principais índices publicados de qualidade de águas subterrâneas (SEQ- EAUX Souterraines, Deininger, IQNAS, IQASB) e, considerando a tipologia química da região (presença excessiva de fluoretos em 18% das amostras) o IQNAS foi escolhido por refletir de forma mais representativa a qualidade destas águas. Para calibração dos pesos das variáveis usadas para o cálculo do IQNAS, utilizou-se a Análise de Componentes Principais. Considerando os usos prioritários das águas subterrâneas da região, os parâmetros cloreto e fluoreto foram identificados como as variáveis mais importantes e com o maior peso na configuração do índice. Desta forma, aplicando o IQNAS calibrado, 74% das amostras de águas apresentaram qualidade Ótima, 9% qualidade Boa e 17% impróprias para consumo humano. Concluiu-se que o IQNAS calibrado neste trabalho é uma ferramenta eficiente para representar as condições ambientais da região.

Study of hydro-chemical characteristics of Lake Nainital in response of human interventions, and impact of twentieth century climate change

In the recent past, lake water is greatly deteriorated due to the global climate change and anthropogenic activities because they affect both quantity and quality of the available water. Lakes in mountainous regions are generally small, and therefore more sensitive to natural/human-induced perturbations. In this study, the effect of twentieth century global climate change and human interventions was analysed for Lake Nainital, located in a densely populated valley of Kumaun Himalaya. For this purpose, gridded (0.50 × 0.50 and 0.250 × 0.250) climatic (TMean, TMax, TMin, DTR and rainfall) data of period 1901–2000 available on monthly time steps were employed for detecting an annual and seasonal pattern of change in the climatic variables in the lake region. The samples of water collected between February 1994 and July 1996 for different months from the lake were used for determining the physical and chemical characteristics of the lake water. The samples were analysed for: field parameters (temperature, pH, EC), major ions (Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+, HCO3−, SO42− and Cl−), and nutrients (NO3− and PO4−). Results derived from the chemical analysis of water reveal that anthropogenic activities, increased in recent past, have accelerated the deterioration and eutrophication processes of the lake. However, decrease in mean annual and monsoonal rainfall will affect the various components of water balance and may cause reduction in the lake volume in the future.

The analysis of repeated failures of pipelines in Kal'chinskoe oil field

The paper presents the chemical analysis of oilfield water and hydraulic analysis of the liquid flow in Kal'chinskoe oil field pipeline that allow detecting the causes of the internal corrosion processes. The inhibitor protection is suggested to reduce the corrosion rate in the pipelines of Kal'chinskoe oil field. Based on the analysis of the pipeline failures, it is suggested to replace steel pipes by fiberglass pipes.

Análisis de la calidad del agua: represa Poza Honda

Poza Honda dam is built on the top of the Portoviejo River in the province of Manabí, Ecuador. It is located 30 kilometers from the city of the same name and is the main source of water supply of the cantons: Portoviejo, Santa Ana and Rocafuerte. To supply these populations water is processed in a water treatment plant, to present different types of sediments. In the paper the results of the chemical analysis of water taken recently in the catchment of the reservoir at different levels of depth, where the assessment of these results was shown, which highlights the importance of establishing an appropriate monitoring model in order to monitor and improve the environmental situation of the reservoir and the Portoviejo river basin.
 Index Terms— chemical analysis of water, pollution, preservation of human health.

Wrinkled elastomers for the highly stretchable electrodes with excellent fatigue resistances

For the development of highly stretchable electrodes with excellent fatigue resistance, wrinkled elastomers were newly prepared as elastomeric substrates by applying the interpenetrating polymer network (IPN) concept of silicone rubber (SR) and acrylic rubber (AR). On releasing the pre-stretched IPN substrates, which were spray-coated with single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWNT) or multi-wall carbon nanotubes (MWNT), highly stretchable electrodes with excellent fatigue resistance were successfully fabricated. The presence of SR in the AR matrix was confirmed with water contact angle measurement and chemical structure analysis. The SR layer was automatically wrinkled on the AR surface after relaxing the cured elastomers under a certain deformation. Wavelength and amplitude of the developed wrinkles can be precisely controlled by tuning the pre-strain of the elastomeric substrate. From the morphological observations, it was found that the wrinkles were initially formed at 35% pre-strain and the wavelength decreased with increasing pre-strain. The more wrinkles on the surface, the better the electrical stability up to 140% tensile strain. The electrical conductivity (∼102 S/cm) of the electrode was confirmed even after the 100,000 cycles of dynamic strain (33%).

Soil CO2–C Emissions and Correlations with Soil Properties in Degraded and Managed Pastures in Southern Brazil

AbstractLand degradation has been a global environmental issue, and its cause includes poorly managed grazing. Quantitative information is needed to support policy actions for food and water security and development. The objective of this study was to assess and characterize CO2–C emissions in degraded (DP) and managed pasture (MP) areas located close to one another, describing their spatial–temporal variability and any correlation with possible controlling factors. A grid of 100 × 100 m with 102 sample points in each area was set up. Measurements of CO2–C emission (FCO2), soil temperature (Tsoil), soil water content (WCsoil), soil physical (i.e. soil texture, soil bulk density, macro‐porosity, micro‐porosity, air‐filled pore space and total pore volume) and chemical (i.e. pH, calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, potassium and cation exchange capacity) analysis were conducted at each sample point. Total emissions calculated from the area below the FCO2 graphs were 640.7 and 440.0 kg CO2–C ha−1 in the DP and MP, respectively. Soil temperature in the MP was lower (t‐test, p < 0.01) throughout the experimental period when compared with the DP. This study found that the degraded pasture area released significantly more CO2–C compared with the well‐managed pasture. Therefore, the introduction of best management practices in pasture areas is an important strategy to reduce soil CO2–C losses and promote soil C accumulation. The MP presented lower FCO2 despite its higher soil C stock, indicating a more stable soil C condition when compared with the DP area. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Failure analysis of carbon steel components in a water bath heater and the influence of ethylene glycol concentration

Abstract Water bath heaters are designed to heat the gas prior to pressure reduction. In this paper, corrosion failure of coil tubes, fire tubes and inner surface of the shell from a large water bath heater is described and the effect of ethylene glycol concentration has been investigated. In order to study the main cause of failure, non-destructive and destructive tests, including evaluation of mechanical properties, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, EDS (energy dispersive spectroscopy), microanalysis of corrosion products and chemical analysis of water used in the heater were carried out on specimens prepared from coil tubes. The results indicated that insufficient control of water level in the tank resulted in oxygen concentration corrosion. After evaporation of water content, a residue remained on the surface leading to under deposit corrosion and, through that, a blister-like damage took place on the shell roof. After detachment, corrosion products and scales, fell down and remained on the upper surface of the components, leading to scale corrosion of carbon steel coil and fire tubes. Results of laboratory corrosion tests revealed that water containing 10–40% ethylene glycol had the lowest corrosion rate, whereas with concentrations

Impact of Silver Nanoparticles on Bacteria Isolated from Raw and Treated Wastewater in Madinah, KSA

This manuscript investigates the effect of silver nanoparticles of different doses and shapes on different gram reaction stain bacteria found in wastewater and to make a comparison between the chemical and physical analyses for some water samples before and after treatment with AgNPs. Two shapes (rod, cube) and four concentrations of 0, 100, 10 and \({1\,\mu{g/ml}}\) of AgNPs were used on Klebsiella pneumonia, Bacillus cereus and Gardnerella vaginalis. The effect of the interaction between the best AgNPs shape and concentration on tap water inoculated with bacterial species and physical and chemical analyses of water before and after treatment with silver nanoparticles were also investigated. Based on the analysis of variance for growth reduction data for the three bacteria, the models showed significance at \({\alpha = 0.05}\). Generally, rod shape with concentration of \({100\, \mu{g/ml}}\) showed the best reduction results compared to cube-shaped particles with mean values of \({-67.48, -100}\) and −73.354 for G. vaginalis, B. cereus and K. pneumonia, respectively. Treating tap water inoculated with the bacterial species by silver nanoparticles showed no growth for the bacteria after 1 or 3 days. In general, tap water chemical and physical analyses values before and after treating with AgNPs were increased after treating the sample with AgNPs except for the pH where it shifted from 8.3 to 6.65. However, these values are still within the Saudi maximum limit except the values of turbidity. These results are encouraging for scaling up a treatment process using AgNPs.

Deterioration of teeth and alveolar bone loss due to chronic environmental high-level fluoride and low calcium exposure.

Health risks due to chronic exposure to highly fluoridated groundwater could be underestimated because fluoride might not only influence the teeth in an aesthetic manner but also seems to led to dentoalveolar structure changes. Therefore, we studied the tooth and alveolar bone structures of Dorper sheep chronically exposed to very highly fluoridated and low calcium groundwater in the Kalahari Desert in comparison to controls consuming groundwater with low fluoride and normal calcium levels within the World Health Organization (WHO) recommended range. Two flocks of Dorper ewes in Namibia were studied. Chemical analyses of water, blood and urine were performed. Mineralized tissue investigations included radiography, HR-pQCT analyses, histomorphometry, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction-analyses. Fluoride levels were significantly elevated in water, blood and urine samples in the Kalahari group compared to the low fluoride control samples. In addition to high fluoride, low calcium levels were detected in the Kalahari water. Tooth height and mandibular bone quality were significantly decreased in sheep, exposed to very high levels of fluoride and low levels of calcium in drinking water. Particularly, bone volume and cortical thickness of the mandibular bone were significantly reduced in these sheep. The current study suggests that chronic environmental fluoride exposure with levels above the recommended limits in combination with low calcium uptake can cause significant attrition of teeth and a significant impaired mandibular bone quality. In the presence of high fluoride and low calcium-associated dental changes, deterioration of the mandibular bone and a potential alveolar bone loss needs to be considered regardless whether other signs of systemic skeletal fluorosis are observed or not.

Assessment of productivity of Culex spp. larvae (Diptera: Culicidae) in urban storm water catch basin system in Wrocław (SW Poland).

In urban environments, catch basins serve as major developmental and resting sites for anthropophilic and zoophilic mosquitoes. However, the use of this habitat is inconsistent, with abundance of larvae varying significantly across catch basins at a fine spatial scale. During seasonal summer investigations on mosquito species composition, their spatial and temporal distribution and the environmental characteristic of the breeding sites in the underground storm drain systems of the Wrocław urban area (SW Poland) were assessed from May to September in 2012–2013. The study was conducted in order to develop a rational strategy to control mosquito populations and prevent the potential human exposure to mosquito-transmitted pathogens. Mosquito larvae and pupae were collected and identified weekly from 100 regularly inspected street catch basins located in the town center. All existing and potential breeding habitats in the study area were recorded using a GPS receiver (Magellan MobileMapper CX) and transferred to the computer database. Collected data on the geographical location of inspected breeding places, water quality parameters in inspected catch basins, daily temperature, and precipitation were imposed on orthophotomap in ArcGIS (ESRI, USA). Water quality parameters including pH, electrical conductivity, and water temperature were measured by standard methods. Chemical water analysis of cations (Na+, NH4+, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+) and anions (Cl−, NO2−, NO3−, SO42−) were carried out using Waters Alliance high-performance liquid chromatograph (HPLC) 2695 with 432 Conductivity Detector and 2998 Photodiode Array Detector, an IC-Pak Anion HR column (glauconate/borate eluent) and IC-Pak Cation M/D column (EDTA/HNO3 eluent). Over two seasonal studies and 3739 samplings in total, 3669 mosquito larvae and 274 pupae/1 dip (from 0 to 110 individuals/dip) were collected by dipper. Culex pipiens s.l. (L.) and Cx. torrentium (Martini) prevailed at all catch basins of the study area as the predominant species. In all examined catch basins, autogenous individuals dominated by far. Breeding activity was first detected in early May. Peak abundance of Culex spp. population in many catch basins was observed in June 2012 and August 2013 when average daily temperatures were increasing and rainfall had declined. Dry periods between rainfalls varied during 2 years of the study period and were noted on June 2012 as well as on July and August 2013. Organically enriched catch basins with significant higher concentrations of Na+ and NO3− were found to be more productive breeding habitats. Differences in the Culex immature stage density based on the variables of habitat type, temperature, and precipitation support the need for ongoing surveillance in communities to guide public health officials in planning for and prioritizing mosquito control efforts.

THE LINKS BETWEEN LAND USE AND WATER QUALITY FOR FRESHWATER PEARL MUSSEL, MARGARITIFERA MARGARITIFERA, IN THE RIVER SOUTH ESK, SCOTLAND

The freshwater pearl mussel, Margaritifera margaritifera, is an endangered species and its population has decreased rapidly over the last century. Scotland is the home to half of the known populations of M. margaritifera. Land use is a significant factor affecting water quality as well as the distribution of freshwater pearl mussels. Thirty eight sites in River South Esk were selected to investigate the impacts of land use on water conductivity, pH and the concentration of nitrate and phosphorus on the distribution of mussels. M. margaritifera was more abundant in habitats in woodland with low and stable water nutrient level. Water chemical analysis indicates that pollutant concentration is related to the vegetation of river catchments. River water passing woodland has a relatively better quality and overhanging boughs of trees create shadows which attract mussels. Livestock pasture catchments seem to have less significant chemical effects, but animal activities may disturb the habitat of mussels and increase water turbidity. Water pollution in irrigated crop land is relatively higher. Heather moorland is of less concern because of its inappropriate channel type for mussels. Waters in the vicinity of housing, roads and bridges seem to be avoided by mussels. Margaritifera margaritifera did not show any preference on the type of shadows. Living mussels have been discovered at the sites which have shadows created by overhanging branches or high riverbanks.

Assessment of Optimal Mineral Composition of Drinking Water Systems Centralized Water Supply of Some Urban Agglomerations Ukraine

Purpose. Evaluation of balance (optimal) mineral composition of drinking water systems, centralized water as possible factors influencing the health of certain urban agglomerations Ukraine. Methods.Comparative analysis of the chemical analysis of river water (wells) with optimum values of physiological parameters usefulness mineral composition (PUMC), of the sanitary-chemical indicators of safety and quality of drinking water. Results. The hygienic aspect of drinking water safety and quality can be defined by the indices of epidemic safety, sanitary- chemical and radiation indices, as well as the optimal content of mineral substance.There are provides assessment of mineral composition in certain urban agglomerations in the Ukraine Regions. Normative values of nine indicators PUMS recommended STATE STANDARDS 2.2.4-171-10 are important criteria for assessing the quality of drinking water, but they do not reflect the diversity of chemical elements and inorganic compounds in drinking water. If individual chemical elements considered as sanitary and toxicological indicators of safety and quality of drinking water, the range of optimal values do not always meet regulatory value. Conclusions. Long-term consumption of drinking water with an imbalance of essential mineral components can be one of the negative impact factors for the on public health.

Hydrogeochemical characteristic of thermal waters in Bańska Niżna [abstract

Thermal waters are one of the greatest treasures of the Podhale. They are used not only in heat engineering but also in recreation, medicine and rehabilitation (Kepinska, 2004, 2009; Tomaszewska, 2009). It is also known that thermal waters are treated and used for drinking or commercial purposes (Bujakowski & Tomaszewska, 2007; Tomaszewska, 2009, 2011; Tomaszewska & Bodzek, 2012). Thermal waters in Banska Nizna are exploited by PEC Geotermia Podhalanska S.A. company. Commercial use of these waters began in 1993, when the system based on geothermal doublet, supplied heat to several houses (Ślimak & Wartak, 2009). Currently, the exploitation is made by using three wells: Banska IG-1 well, Banska PGP-1 well and Banska PGP-3 well. Hydrogeochemical characteristic of thermal waters in Banska Nizna was based on researches concerning the state of those waters, which was being carried out every two weeks between December 2013 and August 2015. Field research was based on measurements of non-stable parameters - pH, electrical conductivity γ 25 and the temperature on the flow. The results of field measurements were supplemented with archival data: water temperature at the well head, pressure and well discharge . The samples for laboratory tests were taken by the author of this work in accordance with the standard ISO 5667-11: 2004. The chemical composition analysis of thermal waters was carried out by accredited Hydrogeochemical Laboratory of the Department of Hydrogeology and Engineering Geology AGH in Krakow (certificate of Polish Centre of Accreditation No. AB 1050). This analysis included measurements of concentration of 45 indicators. On the basis of the results of the research, the hydrogeochemical type of thermal waters in Banska Nizna was defined as sulfate-chloride-sodium-calcium type (according to the classification by Szczukariew-Priklonski). The medium values of the basic parameters of analyzed wells, estimated on the basis of data from 2013-2015, are as follows: - Banska IG-1 well: pH 6,63,

Disinfection Water Wells and Sterilization

Disinfection is an important step in ensuring that water is safe to drink. Well disinfection is used to inactivate or control bacteria populations in a well and the distribution system. Disinfection is the inactivation or destruction of pathogenic organisms through the disruption of the organisms’ normal life processes. The objective of this work is to clean and/or disinfect entire borehole to prepare wells for pump installation. The last water sample was collected after the well disinfec-tion on that time. The results of water chemical analysis are presented in Tables 2-4, and there was nothing found against the specification requirements. After a reaction time of approximately 12 h, the well was cleaned from the sterilization solution by airlifting until chlorine concentration in the water reached 0 mg/l. Then through analyzing the test for samples of water after disinfection and sterilization the wells showed the Iron Bacteria were not seen and the Bacteria Species/Anaerobic Bacteria were absent.