Chelated Trace Minerals Research Articles

The effects of a mixture of small peptide chelating minerals and inorganic minerals on the production performance and tissue deposition of broiler chickens.

Due to the limited bioavailability of inorganic trace minerals, their utilization in poultry production has led to problems such as environmental contamination and inefficient resource utilization. It was investigated whether replacing inorganic trace minerals (ITM) with a blend of organic small peptide-chelated trace minerals (MIX) would improve production performance, selected biochemical parameters, antioxidant capacity, mineral deposition in liver, heart, and tibia, as well as mineral content in feces of broilers. A total of 432 healthy 21-day-old 817 broilers were randomly divided into 4 groups with 6 replicates per group and 18 chickens per replicate. The control group received a basal diet supplemented with 1,000 mg/kg of inorganic trace minerals as sulfate. The experimental groups received basal diets supplemented with 200, 400, and 600 mg/kg of mixed trace mineral elements (50% sulfate +50% small peptide-chelate) for a trial period of 30 days, divided into two stages: 21-35 days and 36-50 days. The results indicate that on the 50th day, compared with the 1,000 mg/kg ITM group, the levels of serum cholesterol, urea nitrogen, and malondialdehyde in the 200, 400, and 600 mg/kg MIX groups decreased (p < 0.01), while the levels of serum glutathione peroxidase in the 200, 400, and 600 mg/kg MIX groups increased (p < 0.05). Compared to the ITM group, the addition of organic small peptide chelated trace minerals mixed with inorganic trace minerals can reduce the levels of zinc and manganese in feces (p < 0.01). Furthermore, the iron content in the heart and tibia of the 600 mg/kg MIX group also significantly decreased (p < 0.05). There were no differences in growth performance and slaughter performance among the groups (p > 0.05). This study shows that replacing inorganic minerals with low-dose MIX (200, 400, and 600 mg/kg) can reduce the levels of zinc and manganese in feces, with no negative impact on growth and slaughter performance.

PSXIII-3 Trace Mineral Source Matters to Reduce Trace Mineral Excretion and Maximize Mineral Retention in Growing Pigs

Abstract The study objective was to determine differences between a methionine hydroxy analog chelated trace mineral blend [MHAC; MINTREX Trace Minerals (Novus International Inc., St. Charles, MO)] and sulfate (inorganic) sources of trace minerals (ITM) on the apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of dry matter (DM) and mineral utilization in growing pigs. A total of 10 growing gilts (PIC North America, Hendersonville, TN) weighing 50.5 ± 2.6 kg were randomly assigned to either an MHAC or an ITM dietary treatment. Supplemental Zn, Cu, and Mn levels for both treatments were 100, 20, and 40 mg/kg, respectively. Diets were corn-soy-based with phytase added to release 0.09% standardized total tract digestible P. Pigs were housed in metabolism crates for 7-d, including 5 for adaptation and 2 for total fecal and urine collection. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS. Results showed that pigs fed MHAC had a numerical increase in the ATTD of DM compared with ITM (90.9 vs. 89.4%; P = 0.180). Pigs fed MHAC had greater ATTD of Zn than those fed ITM (36.4 vs. 16.8%; P = 0.013), greater Zn retention (87.1 vs. 36.9 mg/d; P = 0.011), and decreased Zn excretion than those fed ITM (159.1 vs. 209.3 mg/d; P = 0.013). Pigs fed MHAC had increased Zn retention:intake compared with ITM (0.353 vs. 0.152; P = 0.014). There was a numerical increase in Zn retention:absorption in pigs fed MHAC compared with ITM (0.977 vs. 0.796; P = 0.128). Pigs fed MHAC had greater ATTD of Cu than those fed ITM (52.5 vs. 30.7%; P = 0.012), had increased Cu retention (25.6 vs. 14.4 mg/d; P = 0.012) and less Cu excretion than those fed ITM (24.1 vs. 35.3 mg/d; P = 0.016). Pigs fed MHAC had increased Cu retention:intake compared with ITM (0.513 vs. 0.293; P = 0.017) and tended to increase Cu retention: absorption (0.980 vs. 0.944; P = 0.057). Pigs fed MHAC had greater ATTD of Mn than ITM (35.8 vs. 14.5%; P = 0.019), had increased Mn retention (42.4 vs. 16.5mg/d; P = 0.017), and less Mn excretion than ITM (77.2 vs. 103.0mg/d; P = 0.017). Pigs fed MHAC had increased Mn retention:intake compared with ITM (0.353 vs. 0.141; P = 0.018). There were no differences between MHAC and ITM in Mn retention:absorption (0.986 vs. 0.986; P = 0.993). Pigs fed MHAC had a numerical increase in the ATTD of P (69.3 vs. 62.9%; P = 0.373), numerically less P excretion (2.94 vs. 3.57g/d; P = 0.348), and numerically greater P retention (6.44 vs. 5.80; P = 0.376) than those fed ITM. In conclusion, pigs fed MHAC had greater Zn, Cu, and Mn availability than ITM. This is likely due to the distribution and utilization of these trace minerals where they are needed. Furthermore, MHAC decreased the excretion of these minerals to nourish the pigs and reduce their impact on the environment through nutrient losses.

139 Trace Mineral Source Matters for Weaned Pigs Challenged with Escherichia Coli F18 in Diets without Pharmacological Zinc Oxide

Abstract Trace mineral sources in diets without pharmacological zinc oxide (P-ZnO) were evaluated in weaned pigs challenged with Escherichia coli F18. A total of 54 pigs (Choice genetics; West Des Moines, IA), 5.30 ± 0.42kg, were housed in pens (3 pigs/pen) and randomly assigned to 1 of 3 treatments; 1) a diet with methionine-hydroxy-analog chelated trace mineral blend [MHAC; MINTREX trace minerals (Novus International Inc., St. Charles, MO)], 2) a diet with inorganic trace minerals (ITM). MHAC and ITM treatments supplied 100:120:40mg/kg of Zn, Cu, and Mn, respectively, and 3) P-ZnO with 2,500mg/kg (1,800mg/kg of Zn) and 120:40mg/kg of Cu, and Mn, in the ITM form. After 9-d of acclimatization, all pigs were infected with E. coli F18 There were 13 days of post-infection (dpi) as recovery time. One pig per pen was euthanized at 4-dpi and the remaining at 13-dpi for tissue harvest. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS using a contrast between MHAC and ITM and P-ZnO against MHAC and ITM. After acclimation, ADG increased in pigs fed MHAC than ITM (0.190 vs. 0.128kg; P = 0.003). Pigs fed P-ZnO had similar ADG (0.202 kg) to MHAC (P=0.638) but had increased ADG than ITM (P = 0.014). From dpi 0 to 4, there were no differences in ADG between pigs fed MHAC and ITM (-0.002 vs. -0.034kg; P=0.589). Pigs fed P-ZnO increased ADG (0.408 kg) compared with MHAC (P &amp;lt; 0.001) and ITM (P &amp;lt; 0.001). From 5 to 13 dpi, there were no differences in ADG between MHAC and ITM (0.407 vs. 0.352 kg; P = 0.260). Pigs fed P-ZnO had similar ADG (0.427kg) to MHAC (P=0.680) and ITM (P = 0.137). During acclimation, ADFI increased in pigs fed MHAC than ITM (0.150 vs. 0.120kg; P = 0.050). Pigs fed P-ZnO had increased ADFI (0.188kg) than MHAC (P=0.017) and ITM (P = 0.001). From dpi 0 to 4, pigs fed MHAC had increased ADFI than ITM (0.142 vs. 0.074kg; P = 0.005). Pigs fed P-ZnO had increased ADFI (0.321kg) than MHAC (P&amp;lt; 0.001) and ITM (P &amp;lt; 0.001). From 5 to 13 dpi, there were no differences in ADFI between MHAC and ITM (0.536 vs. 0.447kg; P = 0.147). Pigs fed P-ZnO (0.624kg) had similar ADFI to MHAC (P = 0.157) but increased ADFI compared with ITM (P = 0.011). Pigs fed MHAC tended to have an increased final BW than ITM (11.12 vs. 9.74kg; P=0.060). Pigs fed P-ZnO tended to have increased BW (12.48kg) compared with MHAC (P=0.064) and increased BW compared with ITM (P = 0.002). Diarrhea incidence (0 to 4 dpi) was similar between MHAC and ITM (63.9 vs. 66.7%; P = 0.736). Pigs fed P-ZnO had decreased diarrhea incidence (6.9%) compared with MHAC (P &amp;lt; 0.001) and ITM (P &amp;lt; 0.001). In conclusion, adding MHAC enhanced feed intake and growth performance, aiding recovery from weaning and after E. coli infection in pigs fed diets without P-ZnO.

Effect of additives with chelated forms of trace minerals on growth performance of broiler chickens, feed nutrient digestibility, and carcass characteristics

Demand for chicken meat has been growing in recent years, requiring prominent production levels and efficient feed conversion. The purpose of this study was to determine the productivity, preservation, and slaughter performance of broiler chickens, feed conversion on the background of feeding with additives with chelated forms of trace minerals. Poultry growth intensity was determined according to zootechnical methods, slaughter indicators – according to morphological methods, and statistical analysis of the results was used. By the end of the rearing period, the live weight of broiler chickens in the groups where the dietary supplement with chelated trace minerals (second group) and copper chelate complex (third group) was significantly higher than in the control group – by 6.9% and 13.8%, and the relative increase was 4.5 percentage points and 8.5 percentage points, respectively. The growth rate of broilers in terms of average daily weight gain is higher in these groups by 6.8% and 14.2%, respectively. The safety of poultry in the experimental groups is 4% better than in the control group. The feed conversion of a diet with chelated trace element additives is higher. Feed consumption in the experimental groups was reduced by 2.8% when feeding the selected additive and by 9.7% when feeding the copper chelate complex. The results of balance studies revealed an increase in the digestibility of nutrients in the diet of broiler chickens. Additives with micronutrient chelates are effective in increasing slaughter yield, meatiness of the thighs and shins, and pectoral muscles by 5.3-6.2 percentage points. The broilers of the experimental groups had a higher meatiness of the thighs and shins. The highest growth rate was found in broilers fed a copper chelate complex in their diet. The lower feed conversion in the control group is due to the lower body weight of these chickens. Based on the research data obtained, the possibility of effective introduction of additives with chelated microminerals into the diet of broiler chickens was established, which helped to increase the growth rate and meat yield. The results can be used in farm poultry farms to produce more products and reduce the cost of chicken production

Evaluation of industry strategies to supply dietary chelated trace minerals (Zn, Mn, and Cu) and their impact on broiler breeder hen reproductive performance, egg quality, and early offspring performance

Dietary trace minerals have profound functions in broiler breeder reproduction. Organic hydroxy analog of methionine (HMTBa) trace minerals have been included at lower levels in poultry feeds compared to inorganic sources without affecting performance and in some cases improving it. We compared 3 breeder hen trace mineral blends of economic interest to a large U.S. integrator. Treatment diets (fed wk 26–65) provided Zn, Mn, and Cu (mg/kg), respectively: CTL = control, predominantly inorganic trace minerals (143–180–123); ORG = reduced levels using solely HMTBa trace minerals (50–60–15); and MIX = a blend of inorganic/HMTBa trace minerals (75/25–90/30–22.5/7.5). On average, ORG-fed hens were 1.3 and 1.1% heavier compared to CTL and MIX hens, respectively (P = 0.002). Overall (wk 25–65), hens fed the MIX diet had higher egg production (P < 0.001) and laid heavier eggs (P = 0.038) compared to hens fed the CTL or ORG diet. During the second half of lay, MIX-fed hens showed improved eggshell quality (P ≤ 0.037) and cuticle deposition (P = 0.019). Fertility and hatchability were unaffected by diet (P ≥ 0.205). Broilers hatched from young ORG hens (29 wk) had higher bone mineral density (P = 0.004) and after a 7-day grow-out (P = 0.047) when obtained from ORG hens of 41 wk of age. In conclusion, the industry levels provided by combining inorganic and HMTBa trace minerals in breeder hen diets were advantageous for sustaining high-quality settable egg production.

Organic Acid-Based Chelate Trace Mineral Supplement Improves Broiler Performance, Bone Composition, Immune Responses, and Blood Parameters.

Organic acid-based trace minerals are known to have more bioavailability, possibly due to fewer antagonism reactions in the lumen. A 42-day study was conducted to assess the supplementation of manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn), selenium (Se), iron (Fe), and copper (Cu) from different sources. To that end, a total of 1248-day-old As-hatched Arbor Acres chickens were examined for performance, histology, bone integrity, and plasma biochemical parameters. Experimental groups were as follows: basal diet supplying 50, 75, 100, and 120% of trace mineral requirements using an inorganic trace mineral supplement (ITM50, ITM75, ITM100, ITM120); basal diet supplying 33, 66, and 100% of trace mineral requirements using an organic acid-based trace mineral supplement (OAT33, OAT66, OAT100); plus a basal diet supplying 100% of trace mineral requirements using an amino acid-based chelated trace mineral supplement (ATM100%) as control positive. According to results, birds' fed OAT66 had the highest (P < 0.05) average daily body weight gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI), and lower feed conversion ratio (FCR). Feeding OAT66 increased (P < 0.05) villus length to crypt depth ratio, compared to OAT33 and ITM100 by 26% and 19%, respectively. The relative weight of the bursa enhanced by 22% in birds' receiving OAT supplement, compared to those received ITM supplement (P < 0.05). The plasma uric acid was reduced by 42% (P < 0.001) in birds fed with OAT66 and OAT100 when compared to those fed ITM50. Overall, our results indicated that the same performance could be achieved by using lower levels of organic trace minerals.

Effect of supplementation of methionine chelated trace minerals on growth, nutrient utilization and blood profiles in crossbred (Hampshire X Ghungroo) finisher pigs

Effect of supplementation of methionine chelated trace minerals on growth, nutrient utilization and blood profiles in crossbred (Hampshire X Ghungroo) finisher pigs

Enhancement of tibia bone and eggshell hardness through the supplementation of bio-calcium derived from fish bone mixed with chelated trace minerals and vitamin D3 in laying duck diet

Cracked eggs cause great economic losses in duck egg production. The use of eggshell-related vitamins and minerals is one of the most suitable approaches for solving this problem. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the effects of dietary bio-calcium derived from fish bone mixed with chelated trace minerals and vitamin D3 (BCD) on egg performance, egg quality and the hardness of the tibia bone and the eggshell in laying ducks. A total of eighty 30-week-old Khaki Campbell laying ducks were assigned to 4 groups. Experimental birds were provided a basal diet supplemented with 0.0 (T1), 0.5 (T2), 1.0 (T3), or 2.0 (T4) g/kg BCD. Our results indicated that a negative impact on egg performance was not observed (P > 0.05) in any dietary BCD groups. The different BCD levels had no significant effects on yolk color, yolk ratio, albumen ratio, eggshell ratio or eggshell thickness. Similarly, the calcium and phosphorus contents of the eggshell and tibia bone were not influenced (P > 0.05) by the dietary BCD. Tibia bone weight and length did not differ (P > 0.05) among the 4 treatments. However, tibia bone (P = 0.006) and eggshell hardness (P = 0.025) significantly increased and correlated with increasing BCD levels. The strongest tibia bone and eggshell were found in the 2.0 g/kg BCD group when compared to the control group (P < 0.01). Thus, the study concluded that the inclusion of 2.0 g/kg BCD mixture in laying duck diets can be a potential approach to improve tibia bone and eggshell hardness, without detrimental effect on egg performance.

Haematological and serum biochemical indices of broiler chickens fed graded levels of inorganic and chelated trace minerals

Poor bioavailability of inorganic trace elements used in broiler nutrition and their subsequent release into the environment via poultry excereta is major cause of biological and environmental concern. Hence, the need to explore the use of Chelated trace minerals in broiler diets. This study was carried out to evaluate the effect of supplemental inorganic and chelated Cu, Zn and Mn on haematology and serum biochemistry of broiler chickens. A 42-day feeding trial was conducted using a total of 300 Arbor acre broiler chickens. The birds were allocated to five dietary groups. Each group had six replicates containing 10 birds. The treatments were control (basal diet), 100% inorganic trace minerals (ITMs) supplemental level (15, 100, 100 mg/kg for Cu, Zn, Mn respectively), 50% ITMs supplemental level (7.5, 50, 50 mg/kg of Cu, Zn, Mn), 50% Chelated trace minerals (CTMs) supplemental level (7.5,50, 50 mg/kg of Cu, Zn, Mn) and 25% CTM supplemental level (3.75, 25, 25 mg/kg of Cu, Zn, Mn, in that order). A lower (p&lt;0.05) white blood cell count (11.07x106/mm3) and an improved (p&lt;0.05) red blood cell count (13x106/mm3) was observed for the group fed 50% CTM supplemental level. The group fed 50% supplemental level of CTM had the highest (p&lt;0.05) total protein (73.2 g/L), albumin (41.20 g/L) and globulin (32 g/L) in serum as compared tothe other groups. The serum Cu, Zn and Mn were significantly higher (p&lt;0.05) for the grou fed 25% supplemental diet of CTM. It can be concluded that trace minerals supplementation increased serum trace minerals of broiler chicken.

286 Effects of dietary MINTREX trace minerals in a sodium urate-induced transient lameness model in pigs and validation of lameness measurements

Abstract Lameness in gilts and sows has an economic impact on pig production and is a major welfare concern. Study objectives were to compare subjective and objective lameness measurements and assess efficacy of chelated trace minerals in finisher pigs. Two dietary treatments: metal methionine hydroxy analogue chelate (MMHAC) supplied as MINTREX® Zn-Cu-Mn (Novus International, Inc.) supplemented at 80-10-20 mg/kg diet; and sulfates Zn-Cu-Mn supplemented at 120-20-40 mg/kg diet were fed. Four groups of pigs (50-70 kg; 8 pigs/grp) were fed dietary treatments for a duration of 8 wk prior to injection of 2 mg sodium urate crystals into the right rear distal interphalangeal joint. Data collection occurred at baseline, 6, 12, 24, 48, 72 and 144 hr post-urate injection. Measurements included gait scoring (0-4), a panel of serum biomarkers for synthesis and degradation of cartilage (P2CP, CTX2, C2C), bone (osteocalcin, CTX1) and static force-plate. A Proc Mixed GLM procedure of SAS was used and means were determined using a Tukey test. Urate injections resulted in elevated gait scores, peaking at 12 hr and similar to baseline at 72 hr; pigs fed MMHAC had lower gait scores (P&amp;lt; 0.01) compared to sulfate. C2C (P=0.09), CTX2 (P=0.10) and osteocalcin (P&amp;lt; 0.01) paralleled closely to changes in gait score, peaking at 12 h and returning to baseline at 24 to 72 hr. Osteocalcin (P=0.07) and osteocalcin: CTX1 ratio (P=0.05) were increased with MMHAC. These findings demonstrate that biomarkers can distinguish between healthy vs lame pigs and MMHAC, at lower concentrations vs sulfates, reduced gait score and increased osteocalcin.

285 Effects of dietary MINTREX trace minerals and validation of serum biomarkers in measuring lameness in pigs

Abstract Lameness is a welfare issue and is the most common involuntary reason for culling pigs. Study objectives were to compare objective measures of lameness to gait score and assess effects of dietary chelated trace minerals in finisher pigs. The study was a 2 x 2 factorial arrangement consisting of naturally- occurring lame vs healthy pigs and 2 dietary treatments: 1) metal methionine hydroxy analogue chelate (MMHAC) supplied as MINTREX® Zn-Cu-Mn (Novus International, Inc.) supplemented at 80-10-20 mg/kg diet; and 2) sulfates Zn-Cu-Mn supplemented at 120-20-40 mg/kg diet. The study consisted of 4 groups of pigs (50-70 kg; 8 lame/8 non-lame per group) staggered one month apart. Dietary treatments were fed 53d. Measurements included gait scoring (0-4) and a panel of serum biomarkers (P2CP, CTX2, C2C, CTX1, osteocalcin) and were measured at baseline, d28 and d53. Serum biomarkers included bone synthesis (osteocalcin), bone degradation (CTXI), cartilage synthesis (P2CP), and cartilage degradation (C2C, CTX2) as well as the ratio of synthesis/ degradation for a total of 8 biomarkers. Proc Mixed GLM procedure of SAS was used and means were determined using a Tukey test. The main effects of healthy vs lame and dietary treatment were significant, but no diet x lameness interactions were observed. Lame pigs had elevated CTX2 (P&amp;lt; .01), C2C (P=.02) and tended to have reduced ratio of P2CP:CTX2 (P=.09) compared to healthy pigs. MMHAC increased P2CP (P=.01) and P2CP:CTX2 ratio (P=.03) in both healthy and lame pigs compared to sulfates. These findings demonstrate that biomarkers can distinguish mildly lame pigs (average score of 1) from healthy pigs and lower concentrations of MMHAC vs commercial level of sulfates increased cartilage synthesis and the ratio of cartilage synthesis/degradation in both lame and healthy pigs.

Effect of advanced chelate technology based trace minerals on growth performance, mineral digestibility, tibia characteristics, and antioxidant status in broiler chickens

BackgroundCompared to the corresponding source of inorganic trace minerals (TM), chelated supplements are characterized by better physical heterogeneity and chemical stability and appear to be better absorbed in the gut due to possibly decreased interaction with other feed components.MethodsThis study was designed in broiler chickens to determine the effects of replacing inorganic trace minerals (TM) with an advanced chelate technology based supplement (Bonzachicken) on growth performance, mineral digestibility, tibia bone quality, and antioxidant status. A total of 625 male 1-day-old broiler chickens were allocated to 25 pens and assigned to 5 dietary treatments in a completely randomized design. Chelated TM (CTM) supplement was compared at 3 levels to no TM (NTM) or inorganic TM. A corn–soy-based control diet was supplemented with inorganic TM at the commercially recommended levels (ITM), i.e., iron, zinc, manganese, copper, selenium, iodine, and chromium at 80, 92, 100, 16, 0.3, 1.2, and 0.1 mg/kg, respectively, and varying concentration of CTM, i.e., match to 25, 50, and 100% of the ITM (diets CTM25, CTM50, and CTM100, respectively).ResultsDiets CTM50 and CTM100 increased average daily gain (ADG), European performance index (EPI), and tibia length compared to the NTM diet (P < 0.05). Broilers fed the CTM100 diet had lowest overall FCR and serum malondialdehyde level and highest EPI, tibia ash, zinc, manganese, and copper contents, and serum total antioxidant capacity (P < 0.05). The apparent ileal digestibilities of phosphorus and zinc were lower in the ITM group compared with the CTM25 and CTM50 groups (P < 0.05). Broiler chickens fed any of the diets, except diet CTM25, exhibited higher serum glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase activities than those fed the NTM diet, where the best glutathione peroxidase activity was found for CTM100 treatment (P < 0.05).ConclusionsThese results indicate that while CTM supplementation to 25 and 50% of the commercially recommended levels could support growth performance, bone mineralization, and antioxidant status, a totally replacing ITM by equivalent levels of CTM could also improve performance index and glutathione peroxidase activity of broiler chickens under the conditions of this study.

433 Late-Breaking: Immune responsiveness of neonatal beef calves is altered by late gestational Cu, Zn, and Mn supplementation

Abstract Multiparous, fall-calving, Sim-Angus cows (n = 48) were individually-fed tall fescue-based hay and supplemented to meet/exceed nutrient recommendations except Cu, Zn, and Mn. From 91.2 ± 6.2 d pre-calving, cows received: no additional Cu, Zn, or Mn (CON); Cu, Zn, and Mn sulfates supplying 133% NASEM recommendations (ITM); Cu, Zn, and Mn metal methionine hydroxy analogue chelates (MMHAC, MINTREX®, Novus International) supplying 133% recommendations (CTM); or Cu, Zn, and Mn sulfates and MMHAC supplying 100% recommendations (reduce and replace, RR). Calf whole blood was collected at 48 h of age for ex vivo stimulation with toll-like receptor agonists lipopolysaccharide (LPS), lipoteichoic acid (LTA), and peptidoglycan (PGN) at low (-L) and high (-H) concentrations for 4 h at 37°C. Expression of inflammation-related mRNA was determined using RT-PCR (reference gene: S9). Data were analyzed with treatment and breeding group as fixed effects. When treatment P &amp;lt; 0.15, LS means were separated. Pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL) 1β and IL-8 were greater (P ≤ 0.10) in calves born to RR cows than all other treatments when exposed to PGN-L. Expression of IL-1β was greater (P ≤ 0.09) in CTM and CON than ITM when exposed to LPS-L and in RR than ITM when exposed to LTA-L. Expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in CTM calves was greater (P ≤ 0.09) than ITM and CON when exposed to LTA-L and PGN-H and than all other treatments when exposed to LPS-L. When exposed to PGN-L, iNOS was greater (P ≤ 0.06) in CTM and RR calves than CON. Treatment did not affect (P ≥ 0.22) IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor α expression. Data demonstrate that late gestational chelated trace mineral supplementation may alter neonatal calf pro-inflammatory pathways. These changes may increase innate immune response to bacterial pathogens during the challenging neonatal period, potentially increasing survival.

Role of Trace Minerals in Animal Production and Reproduction

Productive and reproductive efficiency of animal is the most important factor for success of dairy farm. Minerals play very precious role in maintaining productive and reproductive health of a dairy herd. Trace elements, though required in little quantities (less than 100 mg/kg dry matter) have critical roles in key interrelated systems of immune function, oxidative metabolism and energy metabolism in ruminants which are directly or indirectly involved in growth, production and reproduction. Deficiencies in trace minerals can lead to deficits in any of these processes, as well as reductions in growth performance. Most animal diets are supplemented with inorganic and/or organic forms of trace minerals. Inorganic trace minerals (ITM) form bulk of trace mineral supplementation, but these forms of minerals are well known to be prone to dietary antagonisms. Feeding high-quality chelated trace minerals or other classes of organic trace minerals can provide animal with more bioavailable forms of minerals.

152 Supplemental effects of chelated trace minerals replacing inorganic trace minerals in sow diets on production performance, DNA methylation, histone acetylation, and gene expression in muscle and intestinal tissues of progeny.

152 Supplemental effects of chelated trace minerals replacing inorganic trace minerals in sow diets on production performance, DNA methylation, histone acetylation, and gene expression in muscle and intestinal tissues of progeny.

434 Effect of Supplementation of Chelated Trace Minerals on Reproductive Performance of Beef Cattle.

434 Effect of Supplementation of Chelated Trace Minerals on Reproductive Performance of Beef Cattle.

Effect of sow diets supplementation with chelated trace minerals on their reproductive performance

Trace minerals are constituents of proteins and enzymes that are involved in a variety of metabolic processes, having functional implications in growth, development, reproduction and health. Chelated minerals, are minerals bound to organic ligands, usually amino acids, providing higher levels of bioavailability compared to conventional inorganic mineral sources. In the present study, we investigated the effect of partial substitution of inorganic mineral sources with chelated minerals in sows’ diets, on three important reproductive parameters, the number of liveborn and weaned piglets and the wean-to-first service interval, in three Greek farrow-to-finish herds. Before initiation of the study the sows were on diets supplemented with 15 mg/kg feed Cu (from CuSO4), 125 mg/kg Zn (from ZnO) and 40 mg/kg Mn (from MnO). After exiting the farrowing facilities they were offered diets in which 93.3%, 36.0% and 62.5% of the supplemented Cu, Zn and Mn, respectively, originated from commercially available chelated minerals. For the last farrowing on inorganic minerals diet and the subsequent one or two (for 35.0% and 65.0% of the studied sows, respectively) on chelated minerals, each sow’s reproductive data (total number of parities, number of liveborn and weaned piglets and wean-to-first service interval) were recorded. The reproductive parameters, before and after the supplementation with chelated minerals, were compared in two mixed-effect linear regression models, for the number of liveborn and weaned piglets, and in a zero inflated negative binomial model for the weaning-to-first service interval. There was an improvement of the mean number of liveborn piglets after partial substitution of inorganic source of minerals with chelated minerals by almost half a piglet (P=0.015), whereas there was no effect on the total number of weaned piglets (P=0.15) and the wean-to-first service interval (P=0.65). The increase in the number of liveborn piglets may be directly attributed to improved embryo survival due to increased bioavailability of the organic minerals or indirectly to the beneficial effect of chelated minerals on sows’ hoof health, locomotor ability, feed intake and body condition.

Growth Performance, Mineral Digestibility, and Blood Characteristics of Ostriches Receiving Drinking Water Supplemented with Varying Levels of Chelated Trace Mineral Complex.

The effects of water supplementation of chelated trace minerals (CTM, which is named Bonzaplex designed with chelate compounds technology) on growth performance, apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of minerals, and some blood metabolites, TM, and antioxidant enzyme values in African ostriches were investigated from 8 to 12months of age. A total of 20 8-month-old ostriches (five birds in five replicate pens) was randomly allocated into one of the following four treatments: (1) control (basal diet + tap water), (2) low CTM (basal diet +100mg/bird/day CTM powder in tap water), (3) medium CTM (basal diet +1g/bird/day CTM powder in tap water), and (4) high CTM (basal diet +2g/bird/day CTM powder in tap water). Compared with control, medium CTM improved (P<0.05) daily weight gain and ATTD of phosphorous, zinc, and copper in 12-month-old ostriches. Furthermore, the feed conversion ratio was lower, and ATTD of magnesium was higher in the medium- and high-CTM groups than that in the control group (P<0.05). At the end of the trial, ostriches receiving high-CTM treatment exhibited the lower (P<0.05) serum triglyceride and very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations and higher copper levels compared to those of the control treatment. Supplementation of higher amounts of CTM (medium and high CTM) also increased the activity of serum superoxide dismutase (P<0.05). No differences were detected for other blood parameters including glucose, total protein, albumin, cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, iron, magnesium, and glutathione peroxidase values. In conclusion, supplementation of CTM at the level of 1g/bird/day to the drinking water can be recommended for improving growth performance, mineral absorption, and antioxidant status of ostriches fed diets containing the recommended levels of inorganic TM.

A survey of current feeding regimens for vitamins and trace minerals in the US swine industry

Objective: To describe added vitamin and trace-mineral concentrations used in the US swine industry for breeding and growing pigs. Materials and methods: A convenience sample survey of nutritionists from 18 US swine production systems representing approximately 2.3 million sows or 40% of the US sow herd was conducted to characterize added vitamin and trace-mineral concentrations in swine diets. Data were compiled by dietary phases to determine descriptive statistics. Nutrients evaluated were vitamins A, D, E, and K; biotin; choline; folic acid; niacin; pantothenic acid; pyridoxine; riboflavin; thiamin; vitamin B12; betaine; vitamin C; carnitine; copper; iodine; iron; manganese; selenium; zinc; cobalt; and chromium. Questions about supplementation of vitamin D from a cross-linked vitamin AD3 beadlet, potential use of natural (d-alpha-tocopherol) vitamin E as a source of vitamin E, and the use of chelated trace minerals were included. Results: Results indicated variation, but most vitamins and trace minerals were included at concentrations above the total dietary requirement estimates reported by the National Research Council (2012). Chelated sources for partial or complete supplementation of copper, manganese, or zinc ranged from none to 46% and none to 77% for chelated selenium across diet type. The chelated sources were more prevalent in breeding-herd and nursery-pig diets. Implications: Adding a margin of safety for vitamin and trace-mineral supplementation appears to be standard practice in US swine diets. This survey provides a baseline for supplementation rates of the vitamins and trace minerals used in the US swine industry.

0232 Reproductive development of rotationally grazed beef heifers when supplemented chelated trace minerals

0232 Reproductive development of rotationally grazed beef heifers when supplemented chelated trace minerals