Chelated Form Research Articles

Methionine-rich domains emerge as facilitators of copper recruitment in detoxification systems

Copper homeostasis mechanisms are critical for bacterial resistance to copper-induced stress. The Escherichia coli multicopper oxidase copper efflux oxidase (CueO) is part of the copper detoxification system in aerobic conditions. CueO contains a methionine-rich (Met-rich) domain believed to interact with copper, but its exact function and the importance of related copper-binding sites remain unclear. This study investigates these open questions by employing a multimodal and multiscale approach. Through the design of various E. coli CueO (EcCueO) variants with altered copper-coordinating residues and domain deletions, we employ biological, biochemical, and physico-chemical approaches to unravel in vitro CueO catalytic properties and in vivo copper resistance. Strong correlation between the different methods enables evaluation of EcCueO variants' activity as a function of Cu+ availability. Our findings demonstrate the Met-rich domain is not essential for cuprous oxidation, but it facilitates Cu+ recruitment from strongly chelated forms, acting as transient copper binding domain thanks to multiple methionines. They also indicate that the Cu6/7 copper-binding sites previously observed within the Met-rich domain play a negligible role. Meanwhile, Cu5, located at the interface with the Met-rich domain, emerges as the primary and sole substrate-binding active site for cuprous oxidation. The Cu5 coordination sphere strongly affects the enzyme activity and the in vivo copper resistance. This study provides insights into the nuanced role of CueO Met-rich domain, enabling the functions of copper-binding sites and the entire domain itself to be decoupled. This paves the way for a deeper understanding of Met-rich domains in the context of bacterial copper homeostasis.

The antibacterial activity of the copper for Staphylococcus aureus 124 and Pseudomonas aeruginosa 18 depends on its state: metalized, chelated and ionic

The hypothesis that the antibacterial effect of copper depends on its state was tested. It was studied the antibacterial effect of copper applied to the fabric, copper in chelated and free (ionic) forms on the growth intensity of Staphylococcus aureus 124 and Pseudomonas aeruginosa 18 in the in vitro system after a single or “primary” contact. Classical microbiology methods were used. Copper was applied to the fabric by magnetron and arc planar discharge systems, and the culture of microalgae Dunaliella viridis, resistant to the action of high concentrations of copper, was used to obtain copper in chelated form. It was shown that a thin layer of copper (3 μm) applied to the fabric showed pronounced antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus (85 % compared to the antibiotic meropenem) and less pronounced activity against Pseudomonas, which is resistant to meropenem. Copper in ionic form inhibited the growth of Staphylococcus aureus 124 as well as the antibiotic, and also effectively inhibited the growth of Pseudomonas aeruginosa 18 i.e., copper ions did not have species specificity like the antibiotic. Components of Dunaliella viridis microalgae cells had weakly expressed antibacterial effect to these types of bacteria, and supplementary addition of copper sulfate to the biomass of microalgae led to an increase of their antibacterial activity and this is more pronounced for microalgae culture in which the ratio « chelated/ionic » forms of copper is shifted to the ionic form. It was shown that the antibacterial activity of microalgae biomass after the first introduction into the tested bacterial cultures depends on the amount of free or “weakly bound” with cell components copper ions. It is suggested that the antibacterial effect of fabric with a thin layer of copper may be determined by two mechanisms: the action of copper ions and mechano-bactericidal effects, while chelated forms of copper may have a prolonged effect on bacterial cultures.

Effect of in ovo feeding with a multi-strain probiotic containing effective microorganisms and Zn-Gly chelate on the fatty acid profile, lipid profile, and malondialdehyde level in the serum and tissues of newly-hatched chickens

Modern poultry production strives to ensure the safety of food products by constantly improving the health parameters of birds. Multi-strain probiotics containing effective microorganisms and microelements, especially zinc in chelated form, currently play an important role in poultry feeding. We hypothesized that supplementation of chicken embryos with a multi-strain probiotic and glycine-zinc chelate may influence lipid metabolism in the serum and tissues of newly hatched chicks, leading to an increase in the body's antioxidant capacity. Therefore, the aim of the study was to assess the lipid profile, fatty acid profile and malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration in the serum and tissues of newly hatched chickens supplemented in ovo with a multi-strain probiotic and zinc glycine chelate. The experiment was conducted on 1,500 fertilized hatching eggs obtained from 36-week-old commercial broilers (Ross x Ross 308). A multi-strain probiotic and zinc glycine chelate (Zn-Gly) were administered on the 17th day of incubation. Samples of peripheral blood and tissues of the liver, small intestine (ileum), pectoral muscle, thigh muscle and yolk sac, collected on the day of hatch and at 7 days post-hatch, were used to analyse biochemical parameters and determine the malondialdehyde level and fatty acid profile. The results indicate that in ovo supplementation with a multi-strain probiotic and Zn-Gly chelate on the 17th day of incubation affects fat metabolism. Simultaneous administration of a multi-strain probiotic and Zn-Gly chelate did not increase the concentration of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in the muscles. In birds treated with Zn-Gly chelate, the PUFA concentration was increased in the muscle tissue in the period up to 7 days post-hatch, i.e. during the development of the chicks. Moreover, the analysis of the results confirmed that in ovo supplementation with a multi-strain probiotic and Zn-Gly chelate stimulates the synthesis of saturated fatty acids (SFAs), mainly stearic, palmitic and myristic acids, and improves the ratio of PUFAs to SFAs. The multi-strain probiotic and Zn-Gly chelate administered in ovo did not cause excessive MDA synthesis in the tissues, suggesting that these preparations reduce oxidative stress in the developing embryo and newly hatched chick.

Study on the role of microbial metabolites in in-situ noncontact bioleaching of ion-adsorption rare earth ore

Ion adsorption rare earth ore nearly satisfy global market demand for heavy rare earth elements (HREEs). Bio-leaching has important potential for the clean and efficient extraction of ion-adsorption rare earth ore. However, the complexities of in-situ mining restrict the use of contact/direct bio-leaching, and non-contact/indirect bio-leaching would be the best choice. This study explore the potential of fermentation broths prepared by Yarrowia lipolytica (ATCC 30162) for the bio-leaching of ion-adsorption rare earth ore, and three typical metabolites (potassium citrate (K3Cit), sodium citrate (Na3Cit) and ammonium citrate ((NH4)3Cit) of Yarrowia lipolytica were further evaluated in simulated bioleaching (non-contact bioleaching) of ion-adsorption rare earth ore, including leaching behavior, seepage rule and rare earth elements (REEs) morphological transformation. The column leaching experiments shown that direct leaching of REEs using fermentation broths results in incomplete leaching of REEs due to the influence of impurities. Using the purified and prepared metabolites as lixiviant, REEs can be effectively extracted (leaching efficiency >90%) at cation concentration was only 10 % of the commonly used ammonium sulfate concentration (45 mM). Cation type had less effect on leaching efficiency. During the ion-adsorption rare earth ore leaching process, rare earth ions form a variety of complex chelates with citrate, thus transferring rare earth elements from the mineral surface to the leachate. Experimental results showed that pH and concentration together determined the type and form of rare earth chelates, which in turn affect the leaching behavior of REEs and solution seepage rule. This study helps to provide a theoretical basis for the regulation and enhancement of ion-adsorption rare earth ore non-contact bioleaching process.

Water-mediated chelation dynamics of dicarboxylic acid functionalized TiO2 nanoparticles for β-nucleation enhancement in isotactic polypropylene composites

ABSTRACT Isotactic polypropylene (iPP) is the most prominent form of polypropylene, and β-phase is the most resistant to impact compared to the crystalline forms. However, β-phase is the least frequently obtained under conventional operating conditions. TiO2 nanoparticles were functionalized with dicarboxylic acids as nucleating agents to promote β-crystal formation in iPP. The effects of three dicarboxylic acids – glutaric, pimelic, and azelaic – were characterized on TiO2-modified surfaces. Additionally, the interactions between TiO2 and water molecules, crucial for the formation of chelating or bridging linkages, were analyzed using Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy. For pimelic and azelaic acids at the polymer processing temperature, the carboxyl group band disappeared, suggesting a transition of the acid-calcium union from a bridging to a chelating linkage due to the presence of water molecules. These molecules help maintain the stability of the chains during processing. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis confirmed a higher content of β-crystalline structures in iPP when modified with pimelic and azelaic acids. The research indicates that water molecules, desorbed during manufacturing, facilitate the chelating form, thereby enhancing β-nucleation and improving the surface properties of iPP composites. These β-nucleated PP composites represent a promising material solution for medical device applications, offering a compelling combination of enhanced properties and cost-effectiveness.

Influence of Different Methods of Application of Lignogumate on the Product Quality of Green Crops and Medicinal Plants

The effectiveness of the use of lignohumate on lettuce (annual, green crop) and peppermint (perennial, medicinal plant) grown under the conditions of vegetation experiments was studied. The combination of lignohumate with the introduction of chelated fertilizers containing trace elements (zinc, copper) into peat showed a significant positive effect in obtaining high-quality plant products. The most effective was the fertilizer system, which included a combination of lignohumate with chelated forms of zinc and copper: the increase in lettuce biomass was 29–32, mint – 71–79%, the content of macroand microelements in plants became optimal.

Effect of foliar chelated forms spraying on grape yield and mineral status of shoots

The aim of this study was to evaluate the foliar chelated forms of Mg and Fe, on grape yield and mineral status of the shoots of vine cultivar Cardinal. Field trials were organized using a random block system with three variants, including a control (Variant I), each replicated three times. Foliar fertilizers were applied at a concentration of 0.5% on four occasions throughout the vegetation period: before and after blooming, during buckshot berry stage, and at the verasion stage. Over the ivestigation of three years, the application of foliar Mg and Fe fertilizers significantly influenced grape yield. The variant treated with Fe (VFe) demonstrated a higher average yield of 14.87 t/ha. Furthermore, a noticeable impact of foliar fertilizers on the concentration of analyzed elements in grapevine shoots was observed. Over the three-year period, the average content of macro elements, including nitrogen, phosphorus, calcium, magnesium, and iron, was higher in the treated variants compared to the control. Additionally, results from shoot tissue analysis confirmed the existence of an antagonistic relationship between magnesium and potassium.

Effect of Mn-HA on ARGs and MRGs in nitrogen-culturing sludge

The simultaneous escalation in ARGs (antibiotic resistance genes) and MRGs (metal resistance genes) further complicates the intricate network of factors contributing to the proliferation of microbial resistance. Manganese, which has been reported to affect the resistance of bacteria to antibiotics and metals, plays a vital role in microbial nitrogen metabolism. Moreover, nitrifying and denitrifying populations are potential hosts for ARGs. In this study, manganese was introduced in its prevalent organic chelated form in the environment (Manganese humus chelates, Mn-HA) to a N metabolism sludge to explore the effect of manganese on MRGs and ARGs dissemination. Metagenomics results revealed that manganese availability enhances nitrogen metabolism, while a decrease in ARGs was noted which may be attributed to the inhibition of horizontal gene transfer (HGT), reflected in the reduced integrase -encoded gene int. Population analysis revealed that nitrifier and denitrifier genus harbor MRGs and ARGs, indicating that nitrifier and denitrifier are hosts of MRGs and ARGs. This raises the question of whether the prevalence of ARGs is always increased in metal-contained environments.

الدراسة التركيبية والطاقية لأيونات الليثيوم مع الأحماض الدهنية ميثيل استر [[FAME (9Z-18:1) + Li+ باستخدام الطريقة الكيميائية الكمومية (PM3)

Lithium (Li) ions are being used in a variety of fields ranging from energy storage to the treatment of mental illnesses including bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. Lithium caton (Li+) is able to form cationic adducts with various compounds and they can stabilize the biomacromolecules that interact with. Here, the interaction of lithium ions with fatty acid methyl ester [FAME (9Z-18:1)] has been theoretically investigated to gain insight into the structure and energetics of [FAME (9Z-18:1) + Li+]. All theoretical calculations were performed using Gaussian09 software via a graphic user interface. Geometry optimisations with harmonic vibrational analysis of conformations for chelated and extended forms of [FAME (9Z-18:1) + Li+] were carried out using semi-empirical method PM3. To obtain accurate energetic, zero-point energy (ZPE) corrections were included in all optimized energies and relative energies between conformers. The calculations indicated that the chelated form is relatively more stable than extended forms by 25 and 118 kJmol-1 when lithium is bound to the carbonyl oxygen (O-Li+) or olefin (C=C-Li+), respectively. The comparison between the relative stabilization energies of extended (O-Li+) versus extended (C=C-Li+) reveals that the lithium cation energetically prefers to bind to with carbonyl oxygen over the carbon-carbon double bond. Keywords: lithium ions, geometry optimization, sim-empirical method, Gaussian 09.

Enhancing iron bioavailability in lentil grains circumventing the phytate barrier

The study aimed at examining the effect of Iron (Fe) management strategies on the redistribution of Fe fractions in soil and on the Fe bioavailability and phytic acid (PA) content in lentil grains. A pot experiment was conducted in Completely Randomized Design with 8 treatments replicated thrice. The treatments were Control (no fertilizer); Recommended dose of fertilizers (RDF) i.e. 20:40 (N: P2O5); RDF + Fe (basal application @10 kg/ha); RDF + Fe (foliar@ 1% (w/v) solution); RDF + Fe (basal + foliar); RDF + FeSB (biopriming with Fe solubilizing bacteria (Enterobacter cloacae strain BAU3) @ 5 mL/kg seed (1 x109 cfu mL−1)); RDF + Fe (seed nutripriming with 1% (w/v) solution); and RDF + (biopriming + nutripriming). Fe source for the treatments was Fe-EDDHA chelate. Higher Fe release from these fractions was observed under biopriming + nutripriming with water soluble Fe of 21.09 and 20.82 mg kg−1, respectively for the biopriming + nutripriming and sole biopriming treatments; and organically bound Fe of 230.95 and 211.36 mg kg−1 for the same treatments. These fractions contributed toward higher Fe uptake which was highest under biopriming + nutripriming. Values were statistically significant for biopriming and nutripriming and basal + foliar treatment. Lowest PA values in lentil grains as well as PA/Fe ratio were estimated under basal + foliar and biopriming + nutripriming treatments. Combined basal and foliar application of Fe esp. in chelated form and use of seed priming strategies have immense potential in enhancing the Fe bioavailability in grains from soil, seed or foliage.

Features of narrow-leaved lupin (Lupinus angustifolius) development and productivity in the application of micronutrients in the conditions of the Central Non-Chernozem zone of Russia

The results of three years of field research in conditions of low-fertile sod-podzolic sandy loam soil of the Kaluga region on the study of growth, development, and seed productivity of narrow-leaved lupin during foliar fertilization of plants with BorSTART, MicroStim-Marganets, and Novalon 19-19-19+2MgO+ME fertilizers are presented. The use of micronutrients increased the height of narrow-leaved lupin plants, starting from the flowering phase and the leaf area from the budding phase to the end of the vegetation of plants. The largest leaf area in the flowering phase was found in options with the treatment of plants with micro-fertilizers BorStart – 480.2 cm2/plant and Microstim Marganets – 475.3cm2/plant. The treatment of plants with micronutrients exceeded the control variant by weight of the aboveground mass in the phase of glaucous pods by 8.4–11.6%. The best results were obtained when treating plants with boric micro-fertilization (BorStart). Micro-fertilizers increased the yield of narrow-leaved lupin seeds in an average of 3 years from 0.16 to 0.38 t/ha compared with the control. The highest seed yield was when processing plants with chelated forms of micro-fertilizers – Novalon and MicroStim Marganets. The use of micro-fertilizers led to an increase in the content of crude ash and crude protein in lupin seeds.

Оценка посевных качеств семян сортов зернового сорго при применении хелатных микроудобрений

Recently, the cultivation of grain sorghum has become increasingly popular in modern agriculture. Grain sorghum is a valuable agricultural crop, the peculiarity of which is consistently high productivity even under conditions of abnormal drought, which is especially important in arid agriculture. Another feature of grain sorghum is its suitability for food use. The grain of this crop serves as a valuable raw material for gluten-free products. Currently, the area of cultivation of grain sorghum is actively expanding, which extends to countries in Africa, Asia, South and North America, Europe and Australia. It should be noted that grain sorghum responds well to the use of agrotechnical techniques, including fertilizer systems, both in organic and mineral forms, as well as to the use of pre-sowing, leaf treatments with various humic, chelate and growth-regulating preparations. However, the effect of chelated micronutrients in the pre-sowing treatment of grain sorghum seeds has not been studied widely enough. This circumstance was the reason for the research. The article notes the significant effect of chelated preparations on the germination energy and germination of seeds of grain sorghum varieties. A tendency to increase the degree of grain swelling, as well as the length of primary roots and primary seedlings, was revealed when using preparations in chelated form. Keywords: GRAIN SORGHUM, VARIETY, CHELATED MICRO FERTILIZERS, WATER CONSUMPTION, SWELLING, GERMINATION ENERGY, GERMINATION, PRIMARY ROOTS, SEEDLINGS

Influence of micronutrient fertilizers and growth regulators on soybean yield under the conditions of Primorsky Kray

Relevance. In 2021–2022, in Primorsky Krai (Timiryazevsky village), the influence of foliar top dressing Zn, Cu, Mg in chelated form («Terra Master» LLC, Russia), monokalium phosphate («Buisk Chemical Plant», JSC) was studied on the experimental fields of the Department of Agriculture and Agrochemistry of the A.K. Chaika Federal State Research Center for Agrobiotechnologies of the Far East, Russia), B (boric acid) («Delta» LLC, Russia), liquid micronutrients («Agro Expert Group» LLC, Russia), Boro-N, Fertix B, Potassium Lignohumate B for crop formation and protein content in soy beans of the Breeze variety.Methods. The treatment of crops with micro fertilizers was carried out in the phase of «2–3 triple leaves» and in the phase of «flowering» in the recommended norms.Results. It was found that the use of non-root fertilizing affected economically valuable signs. The highest yield when applying non-root fertilizing was noted in the variant with the introduction of Zn 31.2 c/ha in the phase «2–3 triple leaves», Boron-H 37.0 c/ha in the phase «flowering». Non-root top dressing had a positive effect on the accumulation of protein in soy grain. The maximum protein collection from 1 ha was obtained when using Boro-N in the flowering phase – 2.96 t/ha.

ВЛИЯНИЕ КОМПЛЕКСНОГО МИНЕРАЛЬНОГО УДОБРЕНИЯ С МИКРОЭЛЕМЕНТАМИ НА ПРОДУКТИВНОСТЬ ВИНОГРАДНЫХ РАСТЕНИЙ

Information is provided on the positive effect of complex fertilizer (NPK) with microelements in chelated form on the productivity of grape-vine plantings of Cabernet Sauvignon variety. Foliar feeding was carried out 2 times during the growing season − in the phase of inflorescence formation and in the phase of berry growth. Feeding plants with an agrochemical in doses of 4.0 and 6.0 l/ha contributed most to the increase in the number of berries in a bunch and their weight, which led to an increase in yield by 24.0...28.4 % compared to the control. With a significant increase in yield in the 6 l/ha option, a decrease in the content of soluble sugars in the berries and an increase in titratable acids were observed compared to the control. Despite the fact that the berry juice conditions in the variant with a dose of 6.0 l/ha did not go beyond the standard for the Cabernet Sauvignon variety, the recommended dose of fertilizer was − 4.0 l/ha.

Effects of the combined use of a probiotic and chromium methionine chelate on the functional state of broiler chickens.

An increase in the productivity of broiler chickens is possible when creating an optimal food base that provides birds with all of the nutrients and biologically active substances required for the fullest realization of their genetic potential. In this regard, we examined the effects of the addition of a water-based probiotic and a chelated form of chromium (Cr) to the diet of birds. Sixty 14-day-old male Arbor Acres broilers were used in this study. The birds were assigned to two groups of 30 birds according to their body weights. The control broilers received distilled water with the basal diet, and the experimental group received a probiotic preparation in drinking water and Cr methionine chelate (Cr-Met) in the diet. The feeding period lasted 28 days. Growth performance indices were measured throughout the experiment. At the end of the experiment, blood sampling was performed to assess blood biochemical parameters, antioxidant system indicators, and trace elements. We found that the introduction of a probiotic preparation and a chelated form of Cr into the diet of broiler chickens had a positive effect on meat productivity, which was characterized by a 17% increase in the average daily gain of birds (p = 0.05) and a 14% increase in body weight (p = 0.01). Consequently, the yield of the slaughtered carcass increased by 5.8% (p = 0.05). Against the background of the consumption of the developed diet, broiler chickens exhibited a 14% decrease in feed conversion accompanied by an increase in the level of digestibility of dietary nutrients. In addition, glucose levels were decreased by 20% (p = 0.03) against the background of a 76% increase in the total protein concentration (p = 0.01). Superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase activities were increased by 13% (p = 0.02) and 7.5% (p = 0.03), respectively. Elemental analysis of blood serum revealed a 99% decrease in the Fe level versus the control (p = 0.02) and a 31% increase in the Zn level (p = 0.02). We conclude that feeding broiler chickens is a multicomponent probiotic supplement combined with Cr-Met promotes growth and nutrient absorption, and optimizes metabolic processes.

Elemental Bioimaging of Sheep Bone and Articular Cartilage After Single Application of Gadolinium-Based Contrast Agents.

Gadolinium-based contrast agents (GBCAs) are applied to enhance magnetic resonance imaging. Gadolinium (Gd), a rare earth metal, is used in a chelated form when administered as GBCA to patients. There is an ongoing scientific debate about the clinical significance of Gd retention in tissues after administration of GBCAs. It is known that bone serves as Gd reservoir, but only sparse information on localization of Gd in bone is available. The aim of this study was to compare Gd tissue concentration and spatial distribution in femoral epiphysis and diaphysis 10 weeks after single-dose injection of linear and macrocyclic GBCAs in a large animal model. In this prospective animal study, Swiss-Alpine sheep (n = 36; age range, 4-10 years) received a single injection (0.1 mmol/kg) of macrocyclic (gadobutrol, gadoteridol, and gadoterate meglumine), linear (gadodiamide and gadobenate dimeglumine) GBCAs, or saline. Ten weeks after injection, sheep were killed, and femur heads and shafts were harvested. Gadolinium spatial distribution was determined in 1 sample of each treatment group by laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. All bone specimens were analyzed histopathologically. Injection of GBCAs in female Swiss-Alpine sheep (n = 36) resulted in Gd localization at the endosteal and periosteal surface and in a subset of GBCAs additionally at the cement lines and the bone cartilage junction. No histopathological alterations were observed in the investigated tissue specimens. Ten weeks after single injection of a clinically relevant dose in adult sheep, both linear species of GBCA resulted in considerably higher accumulation than macrocyclic GBCAs. Gadolinium deposits were restricted to distinct bone and cartilage compartments, such as in bone linings, cement lines, and bone cartilage junctions. Tissue histology remained unaffected.

The casein phosphopeptide calcium chelation: preparation optimization, in vitro gastrointestinal simulated digestion and peptide fragments exploration.

The calcium is closely related to the formation of bones and teeth, cell metabolism and other physiological activities. In this work, casein phosphopeptide-calcium chelate (CPP-Ca) was synthesized and the optimal process parameters for the chelation reaction were obtained. The bioavailability of calcium in CPP-Ca was investigated by in vitro gastrointestinal simulated digestion. The existence of phytic acid and oxalic acid in digestion system was evaluated to clarify the calcium holding ability of CPP. The liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was utilized to identify oligopeptides from CPP-Ca. The optimal process parameters for the chelation reaction follows: peptide concentration 7.76 mg/mL, pH 8.54, and the reaction temperature 43.3°C. The digestion in vitro results indicated that the calcium release rate of CPP-Ca in the stomach for 2 h reached 85%, and about 50% of the ionized calcium was re-chelated with CPP in the intestine. The phytic acid and oxalic acid could lead to a sharp decrease in soluble calcium, but around 50% of the calcium was still retained in the form of chelates in the presence of CPP. The liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) identified nineteen casein-derived oligopeptides after digestion, and calcium modifications were found on 8 peptides derived from β-casein and αs2 -casein. The work clarified the excellent calcium holding capacity of CPP in the presence of phytic acid and oxalic acid. Furthermore, LC-MS/MS revealed peptide changes, and identified peptides with calcium chelation. These findings provided significant insights into further utilization and product development of peptide-calcium chelate in food industry. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

Multidentate Chelation Achieves Bilateral Passivation toward Efficient and Stable Perovskite Solar Cells with Minimized Energy Losses.

Defects in the electron transport layer (ETL), perovskite, and buried interface will result in considerable nonradiative recombination. Here, a bottom-up bilateral modification strategy is proposed by incorporating arsenazo III (AA), a chromogenic agent for metal ions, to regulate SnO2 nanoparticles. AA can complex with uncoordinated Sn4+/Pb2+ in the form of multidentate chelation. Furthermore, by forming a hydrogen bond with formamidinium (FA), AA can suppress FA+ defects and regulate crystallization. Multiple chemical bonds between AA and functional layers are established, synergistically preventing the agglomeration of SnO2 nanoparticles, enhancing carrier transport dynamics, passivating bilateral defects, releasing tensile stress, and promoting the crystallization of perovskite. Ultimately, the AA-optimized power conversion efficiency (PCE) of the methylammonium-free (MA-free) devices (Rb0.02(FA0.95Cs0.05)0.98PbI2.91Br0.03Cl0.06) is boosted from 20.88% to 23.17% with a high open-circuit voltage (VOC) exceeding 1.18 V and ultralow energy losses down to 0.37 eV. In addition, the optimized devices also exhibit superior stability.

РАЗМНОЖЕНИЕ ПОДВОЯ ВИШНИ АИ 70 В КУЛЬТУРЕ IN VITRO

The article presents the results of evaluating the effectiveness of clonal micropropagation of the clone rootstock of cherry AI 70 (FSBSI NCFSCHVW breeding). In the course of the research, the influence of the chelated forms of iron Fe-EDTA and Fe-EDDHA, as well as the concentration of 6 BAP (0.75 and 1.0 mg/l) on the efficiency of shoot formation was evaluated. We took the Murashige-Skoog medium as the basis. The greatest number of shoots in the rootstock AI 70 is formed on MS medium containing Fe-EDDHA (100 mg/l) and 6 BAP 1 mg/l. At the first passage, the multiplication factor is 5.2 shoots/exp., at the fourth passage the number of shoots increases to 12.3 pieces/exp. On average, 8.8 new shoots are formed for each passage. In the control variant on MS medium with Fe-EDTA, an average of 6.6 shoots/exp.

Effect of additives with chelated forms of trace minerals on growth performance of broiler chickens, feed nutrient digestibility, and carcass characteristics

Demand for chicken meat has been growing in recent years, requiring prominent production levels and efficient feed conversion. The purpose of this study was to determine the productivity, preservation, and slaughter performance of broiler chickens, feed conversion on the background of feeding with additives with chelated forms of trace minerals. Poultry growth intensity was determined according to zootechnical methods, slaughter indicators – according to morphological methods, and statistical analysis of the results was used. By the end of the rearing period, the live weight of broiler chickens in the groups where the dietary supplement with chelated trace minerals (second group) and copper chelate complex (third group) was significantly higher than in the control group – by 6.9% and 13.8%, and the relative increase was 4.5 percentage points and 8.5 percentage points, respectively. The growth rate of broilers in terms of average daily weight gain is higher in these groups by 6.8% and 14.2%, respectively. The safety of poultry in the experimental groups is 4% better than in the control group. The feed conversion of a diet with chelated trace element additives is higher. Feed consumption in the experimental groups was reduced by 2.8% when feeding the selected additive and by 9.7% when feeding the copper chelate complex. The results of balance studies revealed an increase in the digestibility of nutrients in the diet of broiler chickens. Additives with micronutrient chelates are effective in increasing slaughter yield, meatiness of the thighs and shins, and pectoral muscles by 5.3-6.2 percentage points. The broilers of the experimental groups had a higher meatiness of the thighs and shins. The highest growth rate was found in broilers fed a copper chelate complex in their diet. The lower feed conversion in the control group is due to the lower body weight of these chickens. Based on the research data obtained, the possibility of effective introduction of additives with chelated microminerals into the diet of broiler chickens was established, which helped to increase the growth rate and meat yield. The results can be used in farm poultry farms to produce more products and reduce the cost of chicken production