Checking Account Research Articles

Poe Studies Association Updates

This past year has presented our organization with a series of challenges. However, our members have responded with ingenuity and flexibility so that we could continue the work of our mission: to support the scholarly and informal exchange of information on the life, works, times, and influence of Edgar Allan Poe.First, I’m pleased to announce that our 2020 American Literature Association presenters were able to postpone their presentations and joined us for this year’s conference. Both of our sessions were prerecorded, and instructions on how to access them will be provided as soon as we have the information. Please note that the American Literature Association has changed the weekend: the conference will take place July 7–11, 2021. As usual, we will hold our annual business meeting, and members will be able to attend virtually. I want to thank Cristina Pérez and Sławomir Studniarz, our members-at-large; Travis Montgomery, our secretary; and our presenters for their work throughout this year to make these sessions possible.Second, “Poe Takes Boston: The Fifth International Edgar Allan Poe Conference” has been rescheduled for April 7–10, 2022, in Boston at the Omni Parker House, a beautiful hotel with an impressive literary legacy. Paul Lewis, Richard Kopley, and Philip Phillips have succeeded in renegotiating our venue contract and rewriting our CFP timeline so that we will be in the best position to hold an in-person conference. We are grateful to them for their time, patience, and planning over the past year, and we hope to gather once again with our friends and colleagues to celebrate Poe.Finally, we plan to continue our monthly PSA online forums via Zoom. When Richard Kopley first proposed this idea to the executive committee, I admit that I was uncertain about how well the idea would be received. With hindsight I can see that my initial response was unwarranted. These sessions provide opportunities for our colleagues around the world to engage in discussions about various topics related to Poe, and I feel like I have been able to get to know so many more of our members through this series. For more information and access to recordings of our previous sessions, you can visit the link under Conferences on the PSA website, https://www.poestudiesassociation.org/conferences.Please watch our listserv for updates on these events and many more. I look forward to seeing you soon—whether online or in person.On January 7, 2021, more than thirty PSA members and other colleagues from sites across the globe joined together via Zoom for the organization’s annual MLA session—this year, a roundtable on “Revisiting Poe’s Poems.” Our four presenters—Maria Ishikawa, Stephen Rachman, Les Harrison, and Edward Whitley—discussed everything from Eureka to beating hearts, from creating an edition of Tamerlane to considering Whitman’s Poe. The dialogue that followed, we hope, will be a prequel to future conversations that take Poe’s poetry seriously and attempt to read it in new and compelling ways. The PSA session at the upcoming 2022 MLA Convention will be titled “Reading Poe Now.”Two panels will be presented at the 2021 American Literature Conference in Boston: “Poe in the Wireless Classroom” and “Poe’s Environmental Humanities.” I will chair the former, which will be prerecorded by the following PSA members: Susan Amper, Bronx Community College, presenting “Wi-finding Poe for the Thumb Generation”; Helciclever Barros da Silva Vitoriano, National Institute for Educational Studies and Research (Anisio, Brazil), presenting “‘The Raven’ Online: Mapping Reprints as well as Literary and Artistic Translations over the Internet”; Les Harrison, Virginia Commonwealth University, presenting “Editing Poe in the DH Classroom”; and Lesley Ginsberg, University of Colorado Springs, presenting “Teaching Poe with Digital Resources in 2020.” I plan to attend ALA in person, so maybe I will see you there for a conversation … six feet apart!As of February 22, 2021, we have 183 members. The checking account has $27,589.81. Restricted funds include: the Leslie Dameron Award, $1,501.88; the Gargano Award, $3,260.10; and the Quinn Award, $2,425.93. Restricted funds total $7,187.91. We hold three CDs, in the amounts of $6,322.74, $2,384.27, and $10,005.89. Adding the CDs to the checking account, we have a total of $46,302.21, but deducting the restricted funds, we have $39,114.30 in available funds.Please remember to renew your membership when due and notify me of change of mailing or email address. Tax-deductible donations to PSA are welcome.

Phishing Website Detection using Machine Learning Techniques

Phishing refers to the fraudulent attempt to obtain sensitive information such as a user's username and password, as well as details about a checking account or credit card, for the purpose of using that information for malevolent purposes. It's possible that phishing scams are the most common form of cybercrime utilised today. Phishing attacks can be launched against victims in a variety of contexts, including the online payment industry, webmail, financial institutions, file hosting or cloud storage, and many more. Phishing may be detected quite effectively through the use of machine learning. Additionally, it eliminates the problem that was caused by the prior method. This study focuses on the application of machine learning technology to the problem of identifying phishing URLs. Specifically, it extracts and compares numerous characteristics of real and fraudulent URLs. By utilising the Support Vector Machine technique as well as the Random Forest technique, the project intends to identify URLs that lead to phishing websites.

Family Cash Balances, Income, and Expenditures Trends Through 2021: A Distributional Perspective

The COVID-19 pandemic resulted in unprecedented economic changes that impacted families’ financial positions. In this report, the JPMorgan Chase Institute uses administrative banking data to assess checking account balances in conjunction with household income and spending. We analyze activity from 1.7 million families who were active checking account users between December 2018 and January 2021 to understand changes in household finances during the COVID-19 pandemic. We find that cash balances temporarily increased by roughly 70 percent after the arrival of stimulus payments in April 2020 and January 2021, with lower-income and younger account holders experiencing the largest balance increases on a percent basis. Balances fell continuously after the stimulus payments, with faster spend-down for families that are lower-income, younger, or working in essential industries. Furthermore, the mechanisms for initial pandemic balance increases differed by family income. Despite greater job losses, low-income families experienced balance increases driven by increases in income, due in part to government supports. High-income families, in contrast, experienced balance increases despite decreases in account inflows because of large concurrent decreases in account outflows. Altogether, our results offer new insights into families’ financial lives and cash balances during the COVID-19 pandemic, and contribute to the ongoing understanding of the economic impacts of the pandemic and associated government supports.

Another Lesson on Caution in Idr Analysis: Using the 2019 Survey of Consumer Finances to Examine Income-Driven Repayment and Financial Outcomes

This study extends and updates Collier et al. (2020) by using the recently-released Survey of Consumer Finances (SCF) 2019 dataset to explore characteristics of enrollees in Income-Driven Repayment (IDR). The SCF 2019 is more likely than the SCF 2016 dataset to include individuals engaged in the REPAYE program. This analysis generally produced stronger models than did Collier et al. (2020). Our findings support the need to encourage greater participation in IDR by the lowest-income borrowers, and again show greater participation by females than males. As in the prior study, model specification affects findings regarding IDR enrollment; therefore, researchers should exercise caution in their approaches and generate multiple models. REPAYE appears to have widened access to IDR by lowering the debt floor for entry; the binary indicator for ‘high’ debt is no longer significant at ≥$50,000 but is at ≥$40,000. Unlike Collier et al. we found that being enrolled in IDR correlated with a lower amount of money in a traditional checking account and a lower chance of engaging in retirement savings (7-percentage points). We conclude that looking for trends between the former papers and our models provide a fair direction in who may be enrolled in IDR.

Did Mortgage Forbearance Reach the Right Homeowners? Income and Liquid Assets Trends for Homeowners during the COVID-19 Pandemic

COVID-19 devastated the US labor market threatening homeowners’ ability to stay current on their mortgage. During the Great Recession, payment relief was more difficult to come by whereas the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security (CARES) Act provided most impacted homeowners with up to 12 months of payment relief if they attested to COVID-related hardship. However, the CARES Act did not cover everyone—it was silent on non-federally backed mortgage holders and those experiencing non-COVID related hardship. Furthermore, many borrowers were either not aware of mortgage relief options and/or were worried about potential balloon payments after forbearance ends. How well did this widespread intervention work? Did it reach all those who might have benefitted? Is there evidence of widespread moral hazard? Using checking account data linked to loan-level mortgage servicing data, we explore these questions. We find that while a third of homeowners in forbearance made all payments to date, a small fraction of homeowners not in forbearance did miss payments. Also, we find little evidence of widespread moral hazard. Families using forbearance to miss mortgage payments showed larger drops in total income than other homeowners and experienced income changes similar to those who have gone delinquent without the protection of forbearance. Also, families in forbearance were more likely to have lost labor income and received UI than families not in forbearance. Finally, we find that forbearance helped families with low levels of liquid assets to maintain their cash buffers. Together these results suggest that CARES Act mortgage forbearance policies helped homeowners experiencing financial hardship in a material way by allowing them to miss payments without adversely affecting their credit scores and maintain their small cash buffers in a world with a lot more economic uncertainty. In addition, these benefits came with little evidence of material moral hazard. However, there is room for improvement in future legislation as a small fraction of homeowners facing hardship did not benefit from forbearance and one main impediment was confusion around balloon payments. All in all the CARES Act forbearance policies appear so far to have been a large step in the right direction relative to policies during the Great Recession.

The Interstate Medical Licensure Compact Commission: Growth, Success, and the Future

The Interstate Medical Licensure Compact Commission: Growth, Success, and the Future

Out-of-pocket vs. out-of-investment in financial advisory fees: Evidence from the lab

• We are studying different payment methods for services with uncertain outcomes. • We identify a novel effect for payments that take place after the outcome. • This study has important implications for regulatory measures. • Indeed, the study emerged from an advisory project for regulators. The implications of the method of payment to financial advisors on the behavior of individuals are of interest to economists and regulators around the globe. This paper uses an experimental approach to compare two common alternative forms of payment. The first is “out-of-pocket” (an upfront payment from a checking account), and the second is “out-of-investment” (a deferred payment from an investment portfolio account). We document that for the same financial advice, the subjects in the first treatment were willing to pay on average 25 per cent less than the subjects in the second treatment – payment following an investment outcome knowledge, where the payment was framed in terms of gains. We introduce an additional out-of-pocket payment structure where the actual payment is deferred until after the subject discovers the outcome of the investment. Thus, the design can be broken down into two distinct possible effects, an out-of-pocket vs. out-of-investment framing effect and a pre-outcome vs. post-outcome timing effect. We find that the timing effect is the key element: across out-of-pocket payment structures, the subjects were willing to pay significantly less in the pre-outcome treatment than their counterparts were in the post-outcome treatment. Our results highlight the difference between post-service and pre-service payments in a broader context, and provide an explanation for why allowing late payment, after the service has been performed and its outcome revealed, may increase the ex-ante willingness to pay for the service.

GarNLP: A Natural Language Processing Pipeline for Garnishment Documents

Basic elements of the law, such as statuses and regulations, are embodied in natural language, and strictly depend on linguistic expressions. Hence, analyzing legal contents is a challenging task, and the legal domain is increasingly looking for automatic-processing support. This paper focuses on a specific context in the legal domain, which has so far remained unexplored: automatic processing of garnishment documents. A garnishment is a legal procedure by which a creditor can collect what a debtor owes by requiring to confiscate a debtor’s property (e.g., a checking account) that is hold by a third party, dubbed garnishee. Our proposal, motivated by a real-world use case, is a versatile natural-language-processing pipeline to support a garnishee in the processing of a large-scale flow of garnishment documents. In particular, we mainly focus on two tasks: (i) categorize received garnishment notices onto a predefined taxonomy of categories; (ii) perform an information-extraction phase, which consists in automatically identifying from the text various information, such as identity of involved actors, amounts, and dates. The main contribution of this work is to describe challenges, design, implementation, and performance of the core modules and methods behind our solution. Our proposal is a noteworthy example of how data-science techniques can be successfully applied to a novel yet challenging real-world context.

Revising Growth Theory in the Artificial Age: Putty and Clay Labor

The introduction of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in our contemporary society imposes historically unique challenges for humankind. The emerging autonomy of AI holds unique potentials of eternal life of robots, AI and algorithms alongside unprecedented economic superiority, data storage and computational advantages. Yet to this day, it remains unclear what impact AI taking over the workforce will have on economic growth. This paper therefore first establishes what AI is and provides a theoretical background on standard neoclassical and heterodox economics growth theories with particular attention to the Cambridge Capital Controversy’s argument to divide capital components into fluid, hence more flexible (e.g., petty cash, checking account), and more clay, hence more inflexible (e.g., factories and intransferable means of production), components. The contemporary trend of slowbalisation is described, as the slowing down of conventional globalization of goods, services and Foreign Direct Investments (FDI) flows; yet at the same time, we still see human migration and air travel as well as data transfer continuing to rise. These market trends of conventional globalization slowing and rising AI-related industries are proposed as first market disruption in the wake of the large-scale entrance of AI into our contemporary economy. Growth in the artificial age is then proposed to be measured based on two AI entrance proxies of Global Connectivity Index and The State of the Mobile Internet Connectivity 2018 Index, which is found to be highly significantly positively correlated with the total inflow of migrants and FDI inflow – serving as evidence that the still globalizing rising industries in the age of slowbalisation are connected to AI. Both indices are positively correlated with GDP output in cross-sectional studies over the world. In order to clarify if the found effect is a sign of industrialization, time series of worldwide data reveal that internet connectivity around the world is associated with lower economic growth from around 2000 on until 2017. A regression plotting Internet Connectivity and GDP per capita as independent variables to explain the dependent variable GDP growth outlines that the effect for AI is a significant determinant of negative GDP growth prospects for the years from 2000 until 2017. A panel regression plotting GDP per capita and internet connectivity from the year 2000 to explain economic growth consolidates the finding that AI-internet connectivity is a significant determinant of negative growth over time for 161 countries of the world. Internet connectivity is associated with economic growth decline whereas GDP per capita has no significant relation with GDP growth. To cross-validate both findings hold for two different global connectivity measurements. The paper then discusses a theoretical argument of dividing labor components into fluid, hence more flexible (e.g., AI), and more clay, hence more inflexible (e.g., human labor), components. The paper ends on a call for revising growth theories and integrating AI components into growth theory. AI entrance into economic markets is modeled into the standard neoclassical growth theory by creating a novel index for representing growth in the artificial age comprised of GDP per capita and AI entrance measured by the proxy of Internet Access percent per country. Maps reveal the parts of the world that feature high GDP per capita and AI-connectivity. The discussion closes with a future outlook on the law and economics of AI entrance into our contemporary economies and society in order to aid a successful and humane introduction of AI into our world.

Customers’ Perception and the Role of Demographic Characteristics in Online Bank Marketing Strategies

Purpose - the essential purpose of this study is to research the customers’ perception and therefore the role of demographic characteristics in on-line bank promoting methods. It helps the bankers as a parameter to boost the character and closeness of relationship between bank promoting methods and therefore the demographic factors particularly, bank customers’ standing within the family, gender, age, academic qualification, occupation and monthly financial gain. And to predict the character and closeness of relationship between current perception concerning bank promoting methods and their current position concerning paying of housing loan, important stage of documentation, most frequented bank, variety of account with the bank, variety of coping with the bank, the other checking account, bank with most no. of ATM dealingss and frequent usage of on-line banking transaction. Design/methodology/approach - Descriptive study was conducted to search out out the extent of relationship that prevails between demographic characteristics and bank promoting methods. 493 questionnaires were collected supported convenient sampling. This study includes each the first and secondary knowledge. Primary knowledge was through the planned form with direct, open-ended and closed-ended multiple alternative queries containing demographic variables and bank promoting methods. The man of science has framed the form supported varied reviews, personal interview with bank managers. Secondary knowledge of the study were gathered from magazines, journal books, through on-line, banking sources, past researches and reviews Findings - Through multiple correlation analysis, the study reveals that there exist a big relationship between the demographic variables, namely, bank customers standing within the family, gender, age, academic qualification, occupation, monthly financial gain, legal status, religion, current residence, standing of current residence, stick with the family associate degreed bank customers possessing an own house and their perception towards bank promoting methods. and therefore the results showed that there's a big relationship between client perception towards the bank promoting methods and most often used bank, variety of account within the bank, variety of coping with the bank, most most popular ATM, and frequency of visit to the location. This study is additionally valuable to different investigators for coming study.

Personal Budgeting Overview: One Last Pedicure

A daughter teaches her mother how to handle her finances by creating a budget. Excerpt UVA-F-1865 Jul. 23, 2019 Personal Budgeting Overview: One Last Pedicure Introduction Jackie McKenzie loved to dance and was an instructor at a dance studio; however, she did not love how hard it was for her to stretch her income. As she stood in the checkout line at the grocery store, she wondered if her $ 2,900 a month income was really enough for her and her youngest daughter, Millie. She watched anxiously as the cashier rang her up. With each quick swipe of the cashier's hands, Jackie looked at the total price on the monitor and knew she was going to come up short on money for her groceries. Once the cashier was done, sure enough, the total of $ 150 was more than Jackie had in cash or in her checking account, and she was close to maxing out her credit card for the month. The last payment went to one of Jackie's bimonthly rituals—a shiny red pedicure. She flushed with embarrassment as she took items out of her cart and put them back on the conveyor. The cashier sighed with exasperation as she deducted the items, and Jackie was sure the other customers behind her in line were impatient. Somehow, she had lost track, again, of how much she had to spend that month. She remembered buying that beautiful red dress at the mall two weeks ago—an impulse she now regretted. . . .

Revising Growth Theory in the Artificial Age: Putty and Clay Labor

The introduction of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in our contemporary society imposes historically unique challenges for humankind. The emerging autonomy of AI holds unique potentials of eternal life of robots, AI and algorithms alongside unprecedented economic superiority, data storage and computational advantages. Yet to this day, it remains unclear what impact AI taking over the workforce will have on economic growth. This paper therefore first establishes what AI is and provides a theoretical background on standard neoclassical and heterodox economics growth theories with particular attention to the Cambridge Capital Controversy’s argument to divide capital components into fluid, hence more flexible (e.g., petty cash, checking account), and more clay, hence more inflexible (e.g., factories and intransferable means of production), components. The contemporary trend of slowbalisation is described, as the slowing down of conventional globalization of goods, services and Foreign Direct Investments (FDI) flows; yet at the same time, we still see human migration and air travel as well as data transfer continuing to rise. These market trends of conventional globalization slowing and rising AI-related industries are proposed as first market disruption in the wake of the large-scale entrance of AI into our contemporary economy. Growth in the artificial age is then proposed to be measured based on two AI entrance proxies of Global Connectivity Index and The State of the Mobile Internet Connectivity 2018 Index, which is found to be highly significantly positively correlated with the total inflow of migrants and FDI inflow – serving as evidence that the still globalizing rising industries in the age of slowbalisation are connected to AI. Both indices are positively correlated with GDP output in cross-sectional studies over the world. In order to clarify if the found effect is a sign of industrialization, time series of worldwide data reveal that internet connectivity around the world is associated with lower economic growth from around 2000 on until 2017. A regression plotting Internet Connectivity and GDP per capita as independent variables to explain the dependent variable GDP growth outlines that the effect for AI is a significant determinant of negative GDP growth prospects for the years from 2000 until 2017. A panel regression plotting GDP per capita and internet connectivity from the year 2000 to explain economic growth consolidates the finding that AI-internet connectivity is a significant determinant of negative growth over time for 161 countries of the world. Internet connectivity is associated with economic growth decline whereas GDP per capita has no significant relation with GDP growth. To cross-validate both findings hold for two different global connectivity measurements. The paper then discusses a theoretical argument of dividing labor components into fluid, hence more flexible (e.g., AI), and more clay, hence more inflexible (e.g., human labor), components. The paper ends on a call for revising growth theories and integrating AI components into growth theory. AI entrance into economic markets is modeled into the standard neoclassical growth theory by creating a novel index for representing growth in the artificial age comprised of GDP per capita and AI entrance measured by the proxy of Internet Access percent per country. Maps reveal the parts of the world that feature high GDP per capita and AI-connectivity. The discussion closes with a future outlook on the law and economics of AI entrance into our contemporary economies and society in order to aid a successful and humane introduction of AI into our world.

Turning-on Dimensional Prominence in Decision Making: Experiments and a Model

Could introducing a tiny interest rate on positive balances of checking accounts affect investment decisions? We suggest, counterintuitively, that it might decrease allocations to checking accounts while increasing riskless investments with higher returns. This violation of monotonicity is a potential outcome of a novel behavioral phenomenon that we formalize and investigate experimentally in different environments. It posits that even a small interest rate highlights or turns-on the safe gains dimension, bumping up its decision weight while shrouding other considerations, such as liquidity. Consequently, choices may shift from the most liquid option, the checking account, to safe investments with superior returns.

A primer on cash management

This paper considers successful cash management, which involves not only avoiding insolvency but also selecting appropriate short-term investment vehicles and increasing cash on hand to improve an investor’s cash position and profitability. The paper discusses the following: the term ‘cash management account’ refers to a type of account offered by brokers, dealers and other financial institutions. This type of account combines a brokerage account with a checking account. Broker-dealers have either their own information technology infrastructure or leverage their custodian’s IT infrastructure to provide cash management facilities to their clients. There are two broad products under the cash management service: •Automated cash management, which provides automated sweep facilities for short-term investment. •Asset management account, which provides retail-banking facilities for using the free cash, along with the sweep facilities. A sweep account is a bank account that automatically transfers amounts that exceed, or fall short of, a certain level into a higher interest-earning investment option at the close of each business day. Commonly, the excess cash is swept into money market funds or Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) deposits. FDIC is a federal institution that offers sovereign deposit options.

Identifying commonalities and differences in personality characteristics of Internet and social media addiction profiles: traits, self-esteem, and self-construal

ABSTRACTExcessive use of the Internet and social media has been associated with behavioural addiction, which sparked the researchers’ interest in gaining a better understanding of this global phenomenon. The aim of this study was to fill a gap in knowledge by using just one sample to identify similarities and differences in relationships between technology addictions and personality characteristics, especially traits, self-esteem, and self-construal. The sample consisted of 512 undergraduate students. The results showed that Internet addiction and social media addiction shared many more similarities than differences. Agreeableness, conscientiousness, openness to experiences, emotional stability, self-esteem, the frequency of checking account, and Internet usage were predictors of both Internet addiction and social media addiction. Age, satisfaction with life, and interdependent self-construal did not predict Internet addiction or social media addiction, whereas real self and extraversion predicted Internet addiction only, and gender, posting updates, a number of friends, and independent self-construal predicted social media addiction only. These results provide some basis for an understanding of Internet and social media addiction profiles.

How Do Bank Customers Go Digital? A Random Forest Approach

This study examines the sequence of decisions that bank customers follow to adopt digital services and diversify the use of those services. The sequential approach relies on machine learning applied to an in-depth survey on consumer preferences for financial services. The results show that the adoption of digital banking services starts with information-based services (e.g. checking account balance), and it is then followed by transactional services (e.g. online or mobile money transfer). However, the diversification of the use of online channels is mainly explained by the consciousness about the range services available and the perception that they are safe. The findings also reveal that bank customers adopt non-bank payment services only once they are frequent and diversified digital bank customers. This suggests a certain degree of complementary between bank and non-bank digital channels. The matching learning technique based on random forest models is shown to outperform the forecasting accuracy of parametric econometric models.

Using ecology and technology to Control Weeds

Using ecology and technology to Control Weeds

The Impact of the Earned Income Tax Credit on Household Finances

AbstractUsing a simulated instrument strategy, we analyze how expansions to the federal and state Earned Income Tax Credits (EITC) affected household finances over the past two decades. Using data from the Survey of Income and Program Participation wealth topical modules, we also test whether responses differ over time, as well as whether there are different responses to the federal and state expansions, and how responses vary by educational attainment. A $1,000 policy‐induced increase in the average household EITC leads to a 3 percentage point increase in the likelihood of holding money in a savings or checking account, and approximately $700 more held in savings balances. These results are coupled with large increases in pre‐tax family earnings. We also find some evidence of decreases in unsecured debt holdings. We interpret these results as further evidence that the EITC increases the financial stability of low‐income single mothers.

Are you talking to the future me? The moderator role of future self‐relevance on the effects of aging salience in retirement savings

AbstractIncreasing the salience of aging has been shown to be a promising strategy to promote young adults' interest in saving for retirement. However, the processes responsible for this effect are still largely unknown. We hypothesize that increased savings choices will only occur when participants are also engaged in self‐relevant thoughts about their own future. Participants were exposed to a fictitious website advertising financial products. Study 1 (n = 78; Mage = 20.87) primed age salience and future self‐relevance orthogonally and showed that priming aging only caused increases in retirement investment decisions when self‐relevance was also high. Study 2 (n = 91; Mage = 23.40) tested whether the effects of age priming were due specifically to age or to a broader focus on the future. The study confirmed that investment decision effects are specific to exposure to the aging prime and not merely priming the future. The effects were also specific to investment in retirement funds and not just depositing money in a checking account. These findings have both theoretical and practical implications for the psychology of aging and retirement planning.

Consistently Eventual

Applications are no longer islands. Not only do they frequently run distributed and replicated over many cloud-based computers, but they also run over many hand-held computers. This makes it challenging to talk about a single truth at a single place or time. In addition, most modern applications interact with other applications. These interactions settle out to impact understanding. Over time, a shared opinion emerges just as new interactions add increasing uncertainty. Many business, personal, and computational "facts" are, in fact, uncertain. As some changes settle, others meander from place to place. With all the regular, irregular, and uncleared checks, my understanding of our personal joint checking account is a bit hazy. While I try to convince myself I’ll someday understand it, I’ve reconciled myself that it’s really consistently eventual.