REVIEWS 545 Williams, Paul R. and Scharf, Michael P. PeacewithJustice?WarCrimes and Accountability in theFormer rugoslavia. The New InternationalRelations of Europe. Rowman & Littlefield, Lanham, MD and Oxford, 2002. xxi + 323 pp. Notes. Index. ?20.95 (paperback). WHAT is the relationshipbetween peace andjustice? Is one possible without the other? In this important new work, Paul R. Williams and Michael P. Scharf examine the norm of justice and the role it played in third-party effortsto bring an end to the Yugoslavwars of dissolutionand build peace in the region. In an account of the conflict that is at once thorough and compelling, Williams and Scharf argue thatjustice and accountability took second place consistently to the accommodation of political and military leaders tolerant of, if not responsiblefor, the commission of war crimes. The consequence, they demonstrate, was appeasement that frequently had the effectof encouragingfurtherviolence and atrocities. Accommodation is not necessarily a bad thing. Indeed, as Williams and Scharf observe, Washington sought to accommodate Bosnian Muslim and Bosnian Croat interestswhen it brokeredan agreement in I994 that resulted in the establishmentof the Muslim-Croat federation. Yet accommodation in this instance did not come at the expense of justice: it did not entail the acceptance of ethnic cleansing,for instance, or the exoneration of war crimes. By contrast, the reluctance of the primary international stakeholders to prosecute Slobodan Milo'sevicand FranjoTudjman, out of concern that both were key to achieving a negotiated peace, arguably helped to sustain the conflict. The contradiction between peace and justice, Williams and Scharf argueforcefullythroughoutthisvolume, is often more apparentthan real. Many of thesefindingswillbe familiarto studentsof the Yugoslavcrisis.Yet in a number of importantrespectsWilliams and Scharfadd real value to the literature on the subject. Both were former US State Department officials, and readers will find here well documented insights into the foreign policy decisionsof the US governmentespecially,includingStateDepartmentcables fromBelgradethat implicatedthe politicalleadershipof Serbiaearlyon in the planning and conduct of attempted genocide to a far greaterextent than US officialswere willing to acknowledgepublicly at the time. Similarlyinsightful is the authors'account of the establishmentand operationof the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia. As the experience of the Tribunalmakesclear, once a norm has been established -even if, as was the case here, there are low expectations for it it can sometimes acquire a life of its own. The Genocide Convention is anothercase in point. A furtherstrengthof the volume is its effortto integrateInternationalLaw and InternationalRelations perspectives.The two disciplineshave long been engaged in a 'dialogue of the deaf' and while there has been growing appreciationof the mutual complementarityof the disciplines,only a handful of scholarshave actuallysought to combine them in a theoreticalframework. Williams and Scharf put forward a novel approach, which they call the 'cognitive contextual process', that takes account of the identity and interests of statesand other relevantactors, the context in which they operate, and the processes of interaction that govern their behaviour. This approach adds 546 SEER, 83, 3, 2005 importantpoliticalcomplexion to what could riskotherwiseto be a very sterile analysis. Of course, one cannot know what might have transpiredhad the norm of justice figured more prominently in international efforts to resolve the Yugoslav crisis. While Williams and Scharf provide evidence of the norm's effectivenessin the laterphases of the crisis,notablywith respectto the use of force, the apprehensionofwarcriminalsand the use of economic inducements (conditionality),one can only speculateas to how effectivesome of these same instrumentsmight have been at earlierphases of the crisis.Yet if one cannot rerunhistory, reasoned conjecture of the kind that Williams and Scharfoffer here is the best substitute. Department ofPolitics&International Relations RICHARD CAPLAN University ofOxford Tishkov, Valery. Chechnya.Life in a WarTom Society.With a foreword by Mikhail S. Gorbachev. University of CaliforniaPress,Berkeleyand Los Angeles, CA and London, 2004. xvii + 284 pp. Map. Notes. Appendices. Bibliography. Index.$19.95: [I2.95 (paperback). NOTWITHSTANDING several noteworthy scholarly accounts of the Chechen war(s)-John Dunlop'sRussiaConfronts Chechnya (Cambridge, I998), Matthew Evangelista's TheChechen Wars(Washington,D.C., 2002), and more recently, Dmitri V. Trenin and Aleksei V. Malashenko's Russia'sRestlessFrontier (Washington,D.C., 2004) much of the literatureon the topic consists of (generallywell meaning)journalists'deeply moving accounts of the Chechen people's sufferingand the war'simpact on young Russianssent to...