Cheap Source Of Protein Research Articles

English

The objective of this study was to determine the effect processing on proximate and mineral compositions of raw and processed seeds of black climbing bean “hepho” (Phaseolus coccineus L.). The experiment was conducted on raw, dehulled and undehulled black climbing bean flour. The processing techniques employed were traditional (TC) and pressure cooking (PC), while the raw sample served as control. The processing techniques showed deviations in nutrient content from the raw by the all tested processing techniques particularly, PC which caused a significantly (p 0.05) difference. Although all the process technique applied in this study have significant effect in the composition of hepho bean contents; DPC and UPC which have the most suitable techniques to prevent the loss of protein and minerals (Ca, P, Fe and Zn). Hence, the black climbing bean seeds “hepho” is an alternative and cheaper source of protein and contribute to solve the problem of malnutrition which is a prevalent problem in developing world especially, Ethiopia. Key words: “Hepho” (Phaseolus coccineus L.) traditional cooking, pressure cooking, chemical composition.

Opportunities and Challenges in Processing of By‐product of Rice Milling Protein as a Food Ingredient

The by‐product of rice milling (BRM), known as commercial rice bran, is the coproduct of rice processing. It is a mixture of outer layers of the grain, the embryo, and some of the starchy endosperm, and these are separated from brown rice to produce white, milled rice. This mixture contains a high concentration of protein (12–20%) in comparison with that of brown rice (7.1–8.3%) or white rice (6.3–7.1%) and is therefore an abundant and cheap protein source. Nearly 70% of the proteins in BRM are albumins and globulins, which are high in solubility, digestibility, and nutritional value. The BRM proteins are hypoallergenic and gluten‐free. With these properties, this type protein has many advantages as a unique and valuable protein source in markets such as protein supplements. The BRM protein can be extracted by physical, alkali, and enzymatic methods, which give yields ranging from 13% to more than 90%. This review highlights the opportunities and challenges in processing of BRM protein as a food ingredient.

Exploration of chrome shaving hydrolysate as substrate for production of dehairing protease by Bacillus cereus VITSN04 for use in cleaner leather production

Chrome shavings (chromium complexed collagenous waste scrapings), one of the major proteinous solid wastes of leather industry are posing a pollution threat. Recovery and reuse of protein component of the waste can prevent their disposal as landfills. In the present work, the collagen hydrolysate derived from chrome shavings was screened as an inexpensive protein source in comparison with agro based protein wastes for the cost-effective production of dehairing protease. The chrome shavings used in the study were obtained during processing of goat skins. Maximum enzyme production of 203 ± 0.07 U/mL by Bacillus cereus VITSN04 was observed with the formulated medium (pH 8.0) containing, 12 g/L of collagen hydrolysate from chrome shavings, 15 g/L of molasses, 3 g/L of K2HPO4, 2 g/L of NaCl and 0.04 g/L of CaCl2. Fluorescence spectral analysis confirmed that collagen hydrolysate stabilized the protease and prolonged its activity. The protease was purified with a yield of 88.1% using 22% (w/v) of 2-propanol and 14% (w/v) of K2HPO4 aqueous two phase system. The purification and activity of the enzyme was confirmed by native-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The purification yield of protease with aqueous two phase system was much higher than that with ultrafiltration system. Thus, approach made in the present study provides an attractive option for recycling chrome shavings waste as a cheaper protein source in the production of dehairing enzyme for use in cleaner leather processing.

Baobab seeds as an alternative protein source in poultry feed

Alternative cheap sources of protein in poultry diets are desired hinged on feed safety, production cost and nutritional quality. The preceding review looks at how baobab seeds have featured as an alternative protein source in poultry diets. This is on the backdrop that the cost of compound feeds continue to be on the rise due to the high expense of conventional protein sources used in manufacturing animal feed. Soya bean has been the predominantly used and most expensive conventional protein source used in the manufacturing of compound feeds. It is suffice to suggest that there is an urgent need to accord adequate consideration to alternative cheap protein sources, and baobab seeds are one such alternatives. Previous studies have shown that baobab seeds have excellent nutritive value, despite containing inconsiderable levels of anti-nutritional factors. Baobab seeds contain some anti-nutritional factors, such as phytate (2%), oxalate (10%), tannins and saponins (3-7%) which reduces digestive efficiency and utilization of dietary nutrients in poultry. However, these anti-nutritional factor levels are generally assumed to be low enough not to cause any adverse effects in avian species. The seeds have a protein value that ranges from 20-36 % CP and an energy level of 4.19-16.75 kJ/kg, which is comparable to sunflower meal (24.4-36.7 CP and 19.1-20.2 kJ/kg) and soybean hulls (10.5-19.2 CP and 17.5-18.7 kJ/kg). It is apparent from previous studies that inclusion of baobab seeds at 5-10% level in poultry diets improves performance of broilers in terms of growth rate. Inclusion of the baobab seeds as partial replacers of soybean meal can be cost effective by inevitability reducing the escalating costs of poultry feed.

Effect of physical mutagen on the salmonella inactivation, sensory evaluation and proximate analysis of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.)

Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) is an important pulse crop grown and consumed all over the world. It is a good as well as the cheapest source of protein, soluble, insoluble fibers, vitamins, potassium and phosphorus. The present research was done to check the efficacy of gamma irradiation on chickpea’s proximate components and how the physical mutagen helped in Salmonella inactivation without any significant change in the proximate components of chickpea. The samples were treated with three different doses of gamma radiation (0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 kGy). Screening and evaluation of native micro flora on chickpea was performed and the viable counts of the microbes detected on samples of chickpea were Bacillus subtillis, Escherichia coli, Streptococcus pyogenes, Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella sp. which were confirmed by biochemical test (API strips) before and after gamma irradiation. Results showed that 2 kGy is the optimum dose for chickpea at which complete elimination of Salmonella was recorded with no significant effect on sensory property as well as the proximate content of Cicer arietinum L.

Extent and Pattern of Seed Setting in Faba Bean Under Self and Open Pollination Arrangement and Its Influence on Seed Production

Faba bean is cheapest sources of protein and other nutrients including minerals, cool season legume crop. To know the magnitude of cross-pollination, an experiment was conducted with seven genotypes, under control/self and open-pollinated condition at ICAR Research Complex for Eastern Region Patna during cool seasons 2016-17. Experiments on faba bean are being regularly conducting since the cool season of 2007-08. Results revealed that seed yield and yield attributing traits has been reduced under the controlled/self-pollinating condition as compare to open/crosspollinated condition, though the reduction was not same for all tested genotypes. The magnitude of yield reduction was in the range of 13.3 to 41.7 percent. Harvest Index was also gets diminished from maximum 49.2 to 21.7% with reduction of minimum 37.8 % to maximum 50.7%. It was also observed that honey bee (Apis mellifera) was the major pollinator bee. Results clearly indicate that apoides play a decisive role in therealization of potential yield by the cross-pollination mechanism of allogames faba bean.

Study on Prevalence and Importance of Faba Bean Diseases in Sidama and Gedeo Highlands, South Eastern Ethiopia

Ethiopia is the largest producer of Faba bean in world next to China. Faba bean is valuable as the cheap source of protein in most Ethiopian diet. However, the productivity remains far below the crops potential. Disease is the major treat to production in Ethiopia. Survey was conducted in Sidama and Gedeo zone highlands of Ethiopia during the 2016 cropping season to determine the prevalence, incidence and severity of faba bean chocolate spot (Botrytis fabae Sard.), rust (Uromyces viciae-fabae) and ascochyta blight (Ascochyta fabae) in major growing districts, and the influence cultural practices on faba bean disease epidemic. A total of 49 faba bean fields were surveyed in four districts. Sample plants were systematically selected in an “X” fashion. In each field, five plants in 1×1 meter quadrant were sampled for disease assessment. During the survey, altitude, cropping system, planting pattern, crop growth stage and weed management practices were recorded. The overall mean prevalence of faba bean chocolate spot, rust, ascochyta blight were 100%, 58.5%, and 33.8%, respectively. Significant differences among districts were showed with respect to chocolate spot, rust and ascochyta blight incidence and severity. The districts varied in incidence and severity of chocolate spot. The mean incidence of chocolate spot varied from 60.0% in Hulla to 100% in Melga, while severity varied from 37.7% in Dara to 50.0% in Bulle district. The mean incidence of the rust varied from 22.0% in Bulle to 58.3% in Melga while severity varied from 16.6% in Bulle to 42.2% in Dara district. The mean incidence of the ascochyta blight varied from 3.3% Melga to 45.8% in Hulla, while severity varied from 14.8% in Melga to 37.7% in Hulla district. The survey was identified cropping system, growth stage, planting pattern and weed management as important variables that influenced faba bean disease epidemic. The result indicated that mixed cropping system resulted in less chocolate spot severity. Fields having good weed management score showed the lowest incidence and severity of rust as compared to their respective other variable classes. Maximum severity of ascochyta blight recorded in where faba bean was at broadcast. The survey revealed high prevalence and distribution of faba bean chocolate spot, rust, ascochyta blight in the study area and the need for effective and feasible management options to be developed.

Utilization of the supercritical carbon dioxide extraction technology for the production of deoiled palm kernel cake

The main focus of the present study is to produce deoiled palm kernel cake from palm kernel using the supercritical carbon dioxide (SCCO2) extraction method. Response surface methodology (RSM) was used to optimize the process parameters of SCCO2 extraction of oil from palm kernels. The influences of pressure, temperature and extraction time on the yield were investigated. Results showed that the experimental data were fitted into the second order polynomial model. The linear terms of SCCO2 pressure, temperature and extraction time had the significant effect on the yield of the oil extraction from the palm kernel. The optimum SCCO2 extraction process parameters were pressure 44.6MPa, temperature 60°C and extraction time 50min. Under these experimental conditions, the oil yield was about 49.2%. The presence of nutrient and anti-nutrient compositions in deoiled PKC subjected to SCCO2 (PKCsc) was also investigated and compared with the nutrient and anti-nutrient compositions of PKC collected from palm oil mill (PKCM). Determination of the nutrient compositions in deoiled PKCsc and PKCM revealed that SCCO2 maintained the nutrient compositions in deoiled PKCsc during extraction of palm kernel oil. Determination of the anti-nutrients compositions in deoiled PKCsc and PKCM showed that SCCO2 effectively influenced the anti-nutrients in deoiled PKCsc. The findings of the present study suggest that SCCO2 extraction is an effective technique to produce deoiled PKCsc, which can be used as a cheap source of protein and fiber for human and animal food consumption.

Mapping rice-fallow cropland areas for short-season grain legumes intensification in South Asia using MODIS 250 m time-series data

ABSTRACTThe goal of this study was to map rainfed and irrigated rice-fallow cropland areas across South Asia, using MODIS 250 m time-series data and identify where the farming system may be intensified by the inclusion of a short-season crop during the fallow period. Rice-fallow cropland areas are those areas where rice is grown during the kharif growing season (June–October), followed by a fallow during the rabi season (November–February). These cropland areas are not suitable for growing rabi-season rice due to their high water needs, but are suitable for a short -season (≤3 months), low water-consuming grain legumes such as chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.), black gram, green gram, and lentils. Intensification (double-cropping) in this manner can improve smallholder farmer’s incomes and soil health via rich nitrogen-fixation legume crops as well as address food security challenges of ballooning populations without having to expand croplands. Several grain legumes, primarily chickpea, are increasingly grown across Asia as a source of income for smallholder farmers and at the same time providing rich and cheap source of protein that can improve the nutritional quality of diets in the region. The suitability of rainfed and irrigated rice-fallow croplands for grain legume cultivation across South Asia were defined by these identifiers: (a) rice crop is grown during the primary (kharif) crop growing season or during the north-west monsoon season (June–October); (b) same croplands are left fallow during the second (rabi) season or during the south-east monsoon season (November–February); and (c) ability to support low water-consuming, short-growing season (≤3 months) grain legumes (chickpea, black gram, green gram, and lentils) during rabi season. Existing irrigated or rainfed crops such as rice or wheat that were grown during kharif were not considered suitable for growing during the rabi season, because the moisture/water demand of these crops is too high. The study established cropland classes based on the every 16-day 250 m normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) time series for one year (June 2010–May 2011) of Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) data, using spectral matching techniques (SMTs), and extensive field knowledge. Map accuracy was evaluated based on independent ground survey data as well as compared with available sub-national level statistics. The producers’ and users’ accuracies of the cropland fallow classes were between 75% and 82%. The overall accuracy and the kappa coefficient estimated for rice classes were 82% and 0.79, respectively. The analysis estimated approximately 22.3 Mha of suitable rice-fallow areas in South Asia, with 88.3% in India, 0.5% in Pakistan, 1.1% in Sri Lanka, 8.7% in Bangladesh, 1.4% in Nepal, and 0.02% in Bhutan. Decision-makers can target these areas for sustainable intensification of short-duration grain legumes.

Studies on Preparation of Cookies Fortified by Horse Gram Malt

The horse gram is a cheapest source of protein, calcium and iron. Further the germination of horse gram seeds can reduce the anti-nutritional factors. The germination was carried out by washing, soaking (12 h), germinating (24 h), oven drying and grinding into flour in hammer mill. The effect of germination on chemical characteristics of horse gram was found to significantly decrease (p<0.05) in protein, carbohydrate, fat and significantly increase (p < 0.05) in moisture and ash content. Further value added product (cookies) was prepared by incorporation of 5, 10, 15 and 20% germinated horse gram flour (GHF). The sensory evaluation of cookies was carried out by a panel of ten trained judges using 9-point Hedonic scale. The sensory quality of cookies significantly decreased (p<0.05) for higher level of GHF and significantly increased (p < 0.05) for low level of GHF. The cookies prepared by incorporation of GHF up to 10% were acceptable without affecting organoleptic quality.

Estimated Iron and Zinc Bioavailability in Soybean-Maize-Sorghum Ready to Use Foods: Effect of Soy Protein Concentrate and Added Phytase

Efficacy and cost of nutritional supplements are critical in addressing malnutrition. Use of cheaper and locally available ingredients in manufacturing ready-to-use foods (RUF) can potentially reduce cost and increase access to supplements in resource-poor settings. Soy protein concentrate (SPC) is a cheaper source of protein and can potentially replace the more expensive milk powder in RUF. However, SPC contains phytic acid (PA) which inhibits mineral bioavailability. PA may be degraded by the enzyme phytase. This study aimed to determine the effect of replacing skim milk powder (MP) with SPC and of added phytase on bioavailability of iron and zinc in soybean-maize-sorghum RUF. RUF samples were made using either SPC or MP. Phytase was added to food samples with either low ( 50%) moisture prior to estimation of bioavailability of iron and zinc by in vitro dialysability. Compared to samples with MP, SPC-based foods had significantly higher content of PA (0.84 g/100 g vs. 0.57 g/100 g; p<0.001); lower bioavailability of iron (2.79% vs. 4.85%; p<0.001) and lower zinc bioavailability (3.61% vs. 8.69% for zinc; p<0.001). After one hour of incubation at 35°C, 68% of PA in high-moisture foods and 10% of PA in low moisture foods were degraded. The data indicate that replacing MP with SPC in SMS RUF increases PA content with subsequent reduction of bioavailability of iron and zinc. Added phytase significantly reduces PA content in high moisture foods and may potentially remain active in the Stomach where moisture is high. Adding such a phytase could be a promising approach to increase iron and zinc bioavailability from SMS RUFs and provide cheaper locally produced formulations for addressing malnutrition in resource-poor settings.

Effect of moringa leaves on lipid content of table eggs in layer hens

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of low dose levels of Moringa oleifera leaves powder (MOLP) as a natural feed additive on feed efficiency, egg productivity and quality as well as lipid profile in both serum and egg yolk of sixty Lohmann Brown laying hens aged 32 weeks. Birds were assigned to four dietary groups. The dietary treatments containing varying MOLP levels, 0, 1, 1.5 or 2 g/kg diet for 45 days. It was revealed that inclusion of MOLP in layers diet at all dose levels improved egg quality indices as manifested by a significant increase in whole egg weight, shell weight and yolk colour, while induced a significant decrease in yolk weight at all dose levels and increase albumin weight at a dose level of 1.5 and 2mg/kg diet without any adverse effect on laying percentage, egg mass production,feed intake (FI) and feed convertion ratio (FCR). In addition, MOLP evoked a significant decrease in total lipid, total cholesterol, low density lipoprotein (LDL), very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) and atherogenic index (AI) in both yolk and serum all dose levels, while induced a significant increase in high density lipoprotein (HDL) in serum from all treated groups and in yolk at dose levels of 1.5 and 2 g/kg diet. In this study, MOLP effects were dose dependent. The increased shell and albumin and the decreased the yolk weight in the eggs could imply lower cholesterol content. Moringa leaves as natural feed additives was found to be a good and cheap alternative sources of protein and reduced consumption of imported synthetic supplements and medicine and thus the demand for low fat organic eggs production for consumers health was achieved.

EN

Peanut is a cheapest source of protein especially for developing countries communities and mostly it obtained from traditional markets. Earlier studies showed that aflatoxin incidence was relatively less at the farmer/trader levels while it is significantly higher at retail levels especially in traditional markets. Present study was conducted to understand the factors leading to the post-harvest building up of aflatoxin in peanuts sold in traditional market and in supermarket. This study was carried out at Pasuruan regency, East Java Province, Indonesia from March 2005 to June 2006. During study period peanut grains were collected from wholesalers, retailers and supermarkets at three months interval. In each sampling point, 2kg of grains was obtained and then was divided into eight parts for the analysis of parameters namely seed moisture content, physical quality, Aspergillus flavus infection and aflatoxin B1 contamination. The results showed that seed water contents at wholesalers, collectors, and retailers in traditional wet markets were almost lower than 10%. They were thus ‘safe’ from aflatoxin B1 contamination as seed moisture contents were below the aflatoxin risk zone. Time of sampling did not affect the level of aflatoxin B1 contamination. Under controlled condition generated from air-tight container, the influence of seed moisture content and A. flavus infection on aflatoxin production was significant. Agustina A. Rahmianna * and Eriyanto Yusnawan

PEMANFAATAN SEMAK BUNGA PUTIH (Chromolaena odorata) SEBAGAI PAKAN LOKAL SUMBER PROTEIN UNTUK TERNAK SAPI: KONSUMSI, DAYA CERNA DAN FERMENTASI RUMEN

Chromolaena odorata (CO) contains high protein (21-36%) and has the potency to be utilized as a cheap protein source for livestock due to its abundants availability. However, it also contain secondary metabolic compounds that could has a negative effects on livestock, hence it requires treatments to eliminate the antinutrient compounds. One of the methods is pelleting. This experiment aimed at assessing the efficacy of chromolaena level in pelleted ration for fattened cattle. Four bali young male aged ± 2 years old were allotted into four dietary treatments in a latin square experimental design. The treatments were pellet contains CO at a level of 10% (COP10) or 20% (COP20), or 30% (COP30) or 40% (COP40). The pellet was offered at 2% live weight (LW), and kume grass hay was provided ad libitum as basal diet. The pellet was iso energy (11.5 MJ ME/kg DM) and nitrogenous (20% CP). Parameters measured were dietary intake and digestibility, rumen fermentation, and rumen microbial protein production. The results showed that increasing level of chromolaena to 40% in the pellet significantly surpressed most of the measured parameters. Dry matter intake declined from 2.5% LW in treatment COP10 to 2.19% LW in COP40. Similarly, crude protein intake reduced from 749 g/d (COP10) to 661 g/d (COP40). Unaffected parameters were digestibility, rumen ammonia concentration (116-125 mg/dL),total VFA, and efficiency of rumen microbial protein synthesis (60,4-73,4 g/kg BOT). It is concluded that chromolaena can be utilized as protein source for ruminants, yet it tends to depress intake at high level of inclusion (40%). On the other hand, dietary digestibility and rumen function were not effected by level of chromolaean, though efficiency of rumen microbial protein synthesis was lower than the recommended values in the exisiting feeding standards. Therefore, further research is warrant to devise appriate treatments to improve feeding value of chromolaena as cheap protein source for livestock.Key words: Chromolaeana odorata, protein, intake, rumen microbial protein, cattle

Analysis of amino acid composition and biological value of protein from buckwheat groats of different varieties

The article presents the results of studies of amino acid composition and biological value of protein from buckwheat groats of different varieties. Due to the deficiency of dietary protein in many countries is urgent search of rich, accessible and cheap sources of complete protein, especially of plant origin. One of these sources is buckwheat, which has a high nutritional value and the consumer. The lack of certainty of the chemical composition of buckwheat groats in varietal breakdown, lack of data on protein amino acid composition of different varieties of buckwheat rise to the need for research in this area. To investigate it was chosen following varieties of buckwheat grown on fields of Plant Production Institute nd. a. V. Ya. Yuryev of NAAS of Ukraine: «Ukrainka», «Yaroslavna», «Kvitnik», «Kosmeya», «Duimovochka», «Dozhdik». Varieties differed by morphological characteristics, economic and biological characteristics, different origins and genetic basis. It is experimentally determined protein amino acid composition of buckwheat, which covers the vast majority of glutamic acid, glycine, arginine, cystine, aspartic acid. Leucine, lysine and threonine are released by high concentration among the essential amino acids. The calculated amino acid score shows that buckwheat protein is the most valuable source of scarce amino acids: methionine, lysine and tryptophan; has relatively high value of the score for phenylalanine and threonine, close to the "reference" protein for valine. It is established that all studied protein cereals of buckwheat varieties characterized by high biological value in comparison with other cereals, which is within 48,5 ... 57,5. Buckwheat varieties can be placed by this measure in the next growing number: «Kvitnik» ® «Dozhdik», «Duimovochka» ® «Yaroslavna»® «Kosmeya» ® «Ukrainka». The leader was a variety «Ukrainka» which protein was the most balanced in amino acid composition. This variety can be considered the most promising for use in the food industry to ensure the population by proteins of plant origin.

Polymorphism Assessment of Six Lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.) Genotypes Using Isozyme

Lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.) is one of the important legumes and cheaper source of protein in Bangladesh that displays great biological diversity. Isozyme, one of the most important protein markers to detect genetic polymorphism in lentil, whereas we considered thirteen-isozyme in six varieties viz., BARI masur-1, BARI masur-2, BARI masur-3, BARI masur-4, BARI masur-5 and BARI masur-6. The highest polymorphism was found in tyrosinase isozyme system. UPGMA analysis revealed that the highest similarity between BARI masur-5 and BARI masur-6 whereas, the highest genetic distance between BARI masur-1 and BARI masur-5 reflecting higher intervarietal variation. Principal component analysis (PCA) also revealed the similar results that of unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean (UPGMA). The first, second and third PCs contributed 81.58%, 11.19% and 4.94% variation respectively, with cumulative variation of the first three PCs was 75.45%. Consequently, Isozyme could clearly assed the genetic diversity at intervarietal levels and these two varieties can be considered as valuable gene resources for future breeding and conservation programs.

Updates on Aquatic Parasites in Fisheries: Implications to Food Safety, Food Security and Environmental Protection

Cheap protein sources from fishery products comes from both capture fishery and aquaculture industries. Despite the available technologies that help increase wild catch and aquaculture production, our food security is being threatened by several factors including parasitic infections. Zoonotic parasites infecting our fishery products are one of the several concerns in our food safety. Among these include the infections with the nematode Anisakis among marine fishes and cephalopods causing human anisakiasis and/or allergy-associated health risks, the nematode Gnathostoma causing gnathostomiasis, and food poisoning due to the myxozoan infection of the genus Kudoa. On the other hand, the increasing human population, dwindling fish catch from the wild, degradation of aquatic environment, and declining or slow growth of aquaculture sector due to parasitic diseases are all posing global threat to the security and sustainability of fish supplies. The wild fish populations are affected by the parasitic diseases that directly and indirectly affect fish reproduction, growth and survival, whereas intensifications of aquaculture operations cause fish health problems associated to parasitic diseases resulting to decline in production. Despite these negative impacts of parasites, there are several parasite groups that are used as biological indicators for food chain structure, heavy metal contamination, environmental pollutions and fish stock assessment (i.e., nematodes Anisakis, Hysterothylacium, Anguillicola, Spirophilometra, Raphidascaris and Philometra; acanthocephalans Pomphorhynchus, Serrasentis and Acanthocephalus; cestodes Bothriocephalus, Monobothrium and Ligula; monogenean Pseudorhabdosynochus; and digenean Didymodiclinus), as well as reducer of heavy metal accumulation in the body of their host fish (i.e., acanthocephalans Pomphorhynchus and Acanthocephalus). The use of these parasites for proper management of fishery resources can be of help in addressing food safety, fish security and food sustainability while at the same time managing our fishery resources. As we are addressing these global issues, these parasites that we are considering as threat can be of useful value to attain sustainable development.

Is Vigna radiata (L.) R. Wilczek a suitable crop for Lindane contaminated soil?

Lindane (γ-hexachlorocyclohexane) is an organochlorine pesticide recently included in the Stockholm list of persistent organic pollutants for global elimination. However, India is still allowed to use lindane for combating vector borne diseases. Because of its large scale utilization during the last few decades, lindane residue is reported from almost all agricultural soils of India. So there is an immediate need to monitor the accumulation of lindane residue in crop plants growing in contaminated systems and suitable strategies should be taken to prevent the possible entry of lindane in food chain. Therefore, in the present study, we studied the accumulation and translocation of lindane in Vigna radiata (L.) R. Wilczek (Mung bean), a widely grown legume in India as a cheap source of protein. The test plant was grown in four different concentrations of lindane viz. 5, 10, 15 and 20μgg−1 soils and harvested at 15 and 45 days and at maturity. The experimental results showed that irrespective of the exposure days, the accumulation of lindane in plant parts were linearly correlated (r2=0.915) with the lindane concentration in soil. However, the lindane concentration in soil significantly reduced the growth and yield (number of pods, pod length, number of seeds and seed weight) of the test plants at 95% confidence level (α=5). At maturity, the concentration of lindane in whole plant (root+shoot+leaf+seed) growing at four different concentrations were reached up to 3.8, 9.4, 13.5 and 17.79μgg−1 dry matter, respectively. Worryingly, lindane residue was found in the seeds of test plants grown at 10, 15 and 20μgg−1 soils and the concentrations were detected as 0.2, 0.4 and 0.89μgg−1 dry seed, respectively. Most importantly, the residue level detected in the edible part was higher than the maximum residue limit set by WHO and Codex Alimentarious Commission (0.1μgg−1). Thus our study suggests that Mung bean is not a suitable crop for medium to high level lindane contaminated soil.

EFFECT OF FISHMEAL REPLACEMENT WITH CHEESE PROCESSING BY-PRODUCT MEAL ON FISH PELLET QUALITY USING RING DIE PELLETING MACHINE

This study was performed to use the cheese processing by-product meal (CPBM) as an alternative source of protein instead of the expensive herring fish meal (HFM) in the practical diet of Nile tilapia fingerlings. Three feed blends containing 30% of protein were formulated with three different percentages of CPBM replacement of 0.0 (HFM=100%), 50 and 100% The ingredients of these blends were pelleted using a ring die pelleting machine at roller clearance of 0.0, 1.5 and 3 mm and different moisture contents of 15, 20 and 25% to investigate the effect of the mentioned operating parameters on machine performance measurements, pellets quality as well as the fish growth performance. The obtained results revealed that ,CPBM percentage of 100% ,roller clearance of 0 mm and moisture content of 15% to achieve the highest values of machine productivity of 62 kg/h, pelleting efficiency of 94.50%, lowest specific energy consumption of 26.70 kW.h/Mg and the lowest cost per mass unit of 2978.00 L.E/Mg, while the highest values of durability(93.50%) and pellets bulk density (940 kg/m3)were recorded at roller clearance of 1.5 mm, CPBM percentage of 100% and moisture content of 15%.The results showed that the complete replacement of HFM by CPBM saved the cost per mass unit with about 822 L.E/Mg. For fish growth performance, results showed that the complete replacement of CPBM fish diets gave no significant (P > 0.05) effect on growth performance compared to fish fed the HFM, also no disparity in growth response of fish, efficiency of feed utilization, survival rate and did not affect fish composition of dry matter, protein, or fat .So, CPBM can be used as a cheap source of protein in Nile tilapia diets instead of HFM .

English

The role of micronutrients in crops is well known in the present context. Research already proved the micronutrient deficiency in various crops as well as in the human beings and which results as drastic reduction in crop yield. Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) is an important grain legume crop in the World, and being a rich and cheap source of protein can help people to improve the nutritional quality of their diets. It is also the premier food legume crop in India, ranks first among all pulse crops. Iron (Fe) play vital role in several enzymatic reactions and metabolism in plants. A little amount of Fe enhanced the chickpea yield and quality. Application of Fe fertilizer for crop production also reduces the malnourishment in human and animals. At present, more emphasis is on biofortification aspect through agronomic as well as breeding techniques. Application of Fe fertilizers in chickpea crop production may be a better sustainable option to overcome these problems in the future. This review article described the Fe role in yield, quality and nutrient uptake by chickpea. &nbsp; Key words: Chickpea, micronutrient, Nutrient management.