Charsadda District Research Articles

Seasonal indoor radon concentration in the North West Frontier Province and federally administered tribal areas—Pakistan

Indoor radon levels have been measured in several districts, namely Swabi, Mardan and Charsadda of the North West Frontier Province as well as in the Mohmand and Bajuar Agencies of the federally administered tribal areas, using CR-39-based radon dosimeters. In order to carry out this study, 200 houses were carefully selected and season wise indoor radon levels were measured throughout the year in four cycles. Seasonal correction factor was determined. Yearly arithmetic mean of 76 ± 37 and 68 ± 25 Bq m - 3 was found in bedrooms and drawing rooms, respectively. Weighted arithmetic mean of the area was found to be 72 ± 32 Bq m - 3 . Yearly minimum values of 38 ± 7 and 39 ± 5 Bq m - 3 were found in bedrooms and drawing rooms, respectively. A maximum value of 189 ± 5 Bq m - 3 was observed in the Charsadda district. Yearly weighted average minimum value of 47 ± 5 Bq m - 3 was found in the Mohmand agency and a maximum value of 150 ± 5 Bq m - 3 was found in the Charsadda district. Minimum indoor radon concentrations were found in the summer season whereas maximum levels were observed in the winter season. Seasonal correction factors for spring, winter, autumn and summer seasons were found to be 1.14 ± 0.43 , 0.89 ± 0.47 , 0.91 ± 0.35 and 1.15 ± 0.49 , respectively. Weighted yearly average minimum indoor radon of 66 ± 27 and 66 ± 29 Bq m - 3 were observed in the Swabi and Mardan districts and maximum level of 83 ± 39 Bq m - 3 was observed in the Bajuar agency. Using ICRP 65 conversion factor, minimum and maximum mean effective doses were found to be 0.46 ± 0.20 and 0.85 ± 0.40 mSv , respectively.

Measurement of indoor radon levels in North West Frontier Province and federally administered tribal areas—Pakistan during summer

Indoor radon level measurement survey has been performed in several districts of the North West Frontier Province (NWFP) and federally administered tribal areas (FATA), Pakistan. These include Swabi, Mardan and Charsadda Districts of NWFP and Mohmand and Bajuar Agencies of FATA. CR-39-based National Radiological Protection Board, UK-type radon dosimeters were used in this study. The dosimeters were installed in bedrooms and drawing rooms of a total of 200 carefully selected houses and were exposed to radon and its daughters for three months. In bedrooms, maximum radon concentration of ∼ 323 ± 5 Bq m - 3 was found in District Charsadda and minimum value of ∼ 13 ± 6 Bq m - 3 was found in the District Swabi. Like bedrooms, maximum radon concentration level in drawing rooms ( 281 ± 5 Bq m - 3 ) was also found in District Charsadda. Minimum level of indoor radon concentration of 21 ± 8 Bq m - 3 was found in a drawing room of District Mardan. According to the weighted average minimum indoor radon of ∼ 25 ± 7 Bq m - 3 was measured in Mardan and maximum of ∼ 210 ± 5 Bq m - 3 was measured in Charsadda District.

Determining Distributive Marketing Margins of Selected Vegetables in Tangi Tehsil of Charsadda District

Determining Distributive Marketing Margins of Selected Vegetables in Tangi Tehsil of Charsadda District