Charitable Support Research Articles

Hispanic charitable giving: An opportunity for nonprofit development

AbstractIn 2003, the U.S. Census Bureau indicated that Hispanics had become the largest U.S. minority group. Representing 14 percent of the population, more than forty million Hispanics currently live in the United States and are a growing source of charitable giving. This study uses a national probability sample (n = 3,261) to examine variables that may influence Hispanic charitable giving in the United States to private nonprofit organizations. Logistic regression analyses indicated that Hispanics were eight times more likely to donate to human service organizations when using payroll deduction. In addition, Hispanics who were solicited for a donation by telephone were twice as likely to make a donation to educational organizations as Hispanic donors not solicited by phone. Volunteerism was also a predictor of Hispanic charitable giving. U.S. demographic trends and this study's findings suggest that nonprofit leaders, including those responsible for fundraising in private nonprofit organizations, need to be aware of the opportunities for Hispanic charitable support.

Who pays? Who benefits? Who decides?

This paper was presented at the symposium dedicated to the 25th anniversary of the publication of Patrons Despite Themselves: Taxpayers and Arts Policy (Feld et al. 1983), held by the Association for Cultural Economics International, Boston, June 2008. It considers alternative means of providing indirect tax-based state support of the arts, such as the use of tax credits as opposed to tax deductions for charitable contributions, matching grants, and support applied to specific projects. It also considers the problem of broad-based changes to tax policy that have unintended consequences for arts organizations.

What is the SEG Foundation?

The question often arises: What is the SEG Foundation? Is it a committee? The answer is no. Why does it exist? The answer is to support SEG. The Foundation is an independent corporation, established in 1983 to provide charitable and educational support for programs aligned with the mission of SEG. It is a 501(c)(3) “Type I Supporting Organization.” SEG is the sole stockholder of the corporation and provides structural control through the bylaws and the appointment of the Board of Directors.

Community Foundation Development and Social Capital

The recent worldwide growth of community foundations presents new opportunities for community-based social change. Realizing that promise requires that community foundations sustain the charitable support of their communities with increasing competition for these resources, and thus an understanding of the connection between community characteristics and charitable giving is necessary. The authors focus here on the potential role of community social capital. This study develops and empirically explores a model that connects social capital and gifts to community foundations, while controlling for community demographics and the community's exposure to charitable organizations. The authors find that per capita gifts to community foundations increase with the level of social trust in the community. In addition, gifts are affected by the number of years that community foundations have existed in the region, population density, homeownership, and the poverty rate. Implications are developed for community foundations and for our understanding of the different dimensions of social capital.

Melting Hearts of Stone: Clarence Darrow and the Sweet Trials

Detroit seemed to Dr. Ossian Sweet a good place to launch a medical practice in 1921. Ossian Sweet understood racial violence all too well. Growing up in Orlando, Ossian had witnessed a large crowd of whites running a black boy down a dusty road. Seeing racial hatred in its ugliest forms instilled in Sweet a deep race consciousness and determination not to let bigotry prevent him from achieving his own personal goals. He decided to move into his new home at 2905 Garland, whatever the risks to him and his family. Clarence Darrow associated with many causes over his long career, but the most constant of all was that of black Americans. From his early identification with the sacred cause of abolition to his charitable support of the NAACP, Darrow always stood out as one of the Negro's best white friends. On the evening of September 9, with the occupants of the Sweet house huddled together a crowd gathered, then increased, stones came through the window and shots came from the house and two members of the crowd lay on the ground wounded, one mortally. After presenting his seventy witnesses, the Prosecutor would tell the jury that the case was simple: Leon Breiner, peacefully chatting with his neighbor at his doorstep enjoying his God-given and inalienable right to live, is shot through the back from ambush. You can't make anything out of these facts but cold-blooded murder.... Darrow wanted the Sweet trial to be about more than the events of one night in Detroit. He wanted the trial to be about a history of black suffering in America. Clarence Darrow wanted the jury to understand the fear felt inside 2905 Garland on the night of September 9. Through a series of defense witnesses, Darrow presented a very different version of the scene. This essay details the trial that resulted first in a hung jury and mistrial. After the second trial resulted in a verdict of not guilty Darrow told the press, The verdict meant simply that the doctrine that a man's house is his castle applied to the black man as well as the white man. If not the first time that a white jury had vindicated this principle, it was the first time that ever came to my notice.

1654

Letter of request, seeking charitable relief and support to help lift the writer and his family out of their sad condition; refers to an earlier unanswered letter to the same purpose of July 1653 and expresses regret at his failure to wait on Henry Cromwell in person during the latter's recent visit to Ireland.1

A Typology of Charity Support Behaviors: Toward a Holistic View of Helping

SUMMARY Charities and researchers have begun to adopt a much broader view of support; one that transcends traditional forms of consumer charitable support behavior (CSB) such as donations and volunteerism to include cause-related marketing (CRM), charity events and charity gaming. The current article builds upon this expanding view of charity support by introducing a typology of CSB that encompasses the breadth of consumer CSB. In doing so, the article provides direction for charities seeking to garner additional support from current supporters, as well as a means of attracting new supporters by using non-traditional forms of charitable support.

Spectacles of Gender and Globalization: Mapping Miss World's Media Event Space in the News

The 1996 Miss World pageant in India turned into a controversial event when activist groups launched protests against globalization and cultural imperialism. Approaching news texts as portals into the larger moral order, this article examines the Times of India’s representations of the Miss World controversy. The newspaper's colorful photographs of Miss World's organizers, sponsors, and beauty contestants resuscitated the hegemonic cultural politics of consumer modernity while the visual imaging of activist groups inscribed protesters within paradigms of delinquency and disorder. The crafting of news through objectivist signifiers of consent for Miss World legitimized the authority of state and consumer discourses, excluded the poor, and marginalized activists’ voices. News stories on Miss World's charitable support for handicapped children inserted institutions of global/local capital into sympathetic templates of Third World salvation. In concluding, the article situates my textual analysis within the economics and professional routines of media production and the discursive inheritances of colonialism.

The Power of the Pink Ribbon: Raising Awareness of the Mental Health Implications of Terrorism

The power of the pink ribbon, a symbol of breast cancer awareness, to galvanize women of all ages to pay attention to a dreaded and terrifying female health issue is rooted in a public education phenomenon: a day or period of time that celebrates an anxiety-provoking health issue or disorder to promote awareness, reduce stigma, and foster early identification and help-seeking. The pink ribbon, invented in 1991 by cosmetic heiress and philanthropist, Evelyn H. Lauder and Alexandra Penney (Breast Cancer Resource Center 2004), evolved from the National Breast Awareness Campaign that began in 1985. Between 1989 and 1995, death rates from breast cancer showed their first significant decline, dropping 1.4 percent each year. Between 1995 and 1998, the decrease accelerated to a decline of 3.2 percent annually. The largest decreases occurred in younger women, both African American and Caucasian (National Breast Cancer Awareness Month 2004). To what extent one can ascribe a causal relationship between public education efforts and outcomes is never clear; nevertheless, these statistics are impressive. However, these numbers are not the whole story. Breast cancer awareness has brought women together as a compassionate, supportive community, helping one another through emotional and charitable support. Women—and men—walk for breast cancer, run for breast cancer, and raise millions of dollars for research. Cosmetic industry charitable foundations, whose philanthropy also provides marketing visibility, have embraced “the cause” furthering global awareness, and penetrating difficult-to-reach communities in rural and medically underserved areas. Research has grown as a result of this collective community of survivors, as well as the deceased and those dedicated to their memory. The campaign is now branded, and the proceeds from silver, gold, and gem-studded pink ribbons contribute to research for improved treatments. The pink ribbon is a public education vehicle that lends instant recognition and a posit ive tone to an otherwise anxiety-provoking health issue. Psychiatry 67(2) Summer 2004 137

Functionality, Commemoration and Civic Competition: A Study of Early Seventeenth-Century Workhouse Design and Building in Reading and Newbury

In December 1624, the London draper and merchant adventurer, John Kendrick (Fig. 1), died leaving a large proportion of his considerable fortune to charitable causes. Like other early seventeenth-century metropolitan benefactors, he sought to attack the causes of poverty as well as to relieve its impact, and his legacies included the sums of £7,500 and £4,000, bequeathed respectively to the Berkshire towns of Reading and Newbury, to establish workhouses for the employment of the poor. Workhouses were a relatively new public institution at this date. In the wake of the dissolution of both monasteries and religious guilds in the 1530s and 1540s, and consequent decline in charitable support to the poor, urban authorities experimented with a range of measures to relieve poverty. A small number of towns and cities, including York (1567) and Chester (1577), used charitable funds and locally raised poor rates to establish workhouses to provide work and training to the poor. The workhouses were not residential and in some cases merely acted as distribution points for raw materials to be processed at home. In a parallel development, other towns and cities, including London (1555) and Ipswich (1569) established houses of correction to punish vagrants and to force them to work. Some also provided training schools for the young. The state moved quickly to endorse such measures. Legislation was introduced in 1576 requiring justices of the peace to supply stocks of wool, hemp, flax, iron or other materials to provide work for the poor and to establish houses of correction in each county for incorrigible rogues and those who refused to work. Penalties for non-compliance with the legislation were introduced in 1610.

Illness representation, coping and outcome in irritable bowel syndrome (IBS).

OBJECTIVE: Irritable bowel syndrome has no observable symptom markers and there is little that the medical profession can do to help sufferers. Psychotherapy, antidepressants and drugs aimed at the most problematic symptoms have been shown to have limited efficacy. In an attempt to help understand the illness better, and to suggest alternative forms of intervention, the study tested whether outcome might be influenced by patients' representation of their illness and by their coping strategies. METHOD: All members of the IBS Network (an independent charitable support network based in the UK) were invited to participate via their quarterly newsletter, and 209 completed questionnaires were returned. Participants completed the Illness Perception Questionnaire (IPQ), the COPE, and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), and rated their quality of life and their satisfaction with their health. RESULTS: The reporting of serious consequences was associated with lower quality of life and lower satisfaction with health, and with higher scores for anxiety and depression (p <.001). Weaker control beliefs were related to lower quality of life, lower satisfaction with health, and higher depression scores (p <.01). Lower illness scores were associated with more satisfaction with health (p <.01), but not with quality of life (p >.05). Psychological causal attribution of IBS was positively correlated with anxiety (p <.001) and depression (p <.01). Path analyses based on multiple linear regression demonstrated that (1) the reporting of serious consequences was a strong independent predictor of outcome; (2) coping mediated the link between representation and outcome; and (3) when predicting depression, coping strategies predicted coping independently of representation dimensions. CONCLUSIONS: The findings indicate that the illness representations of IBS sufferers can have significant implications for outcome. Therapeutic interventions based on illness representations may prove useful for treatment.

Impact of tuberculosis on the body composition of HIV-infected men in Brazil.

Tuberculosis (TB) is the commonest HIV-related opportunistic infection in many developing countries and is thought to be a frequent underlying cause of HIV-associated wasting. We have used reference water dilution methods to examine the body composition changes associated with TB and to assess the severity and pattern of wasting. The study was conducted at a charitable support house for poor and homeless HIV-infected people in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Male patients who were HIV-positive and receiving treatment for active TB (HIVTB+) and HIV-infected controls without TB (HIVTB-) were studied. Total body water (TBW) and extracellular water (ECW) were measured by giving oral doses of deuterium oxide and sodium bromide, respectively, and determining enrichment in plasma after 4 hours. Intracellular water (ICW), body cell mass (BCM), lean body mass (LBM) and fat mass were calculated from these parameters using standard equations. HIVTB+ (n = 11) and HIVTB- (n = 12) groups were similar in age, height, CD4 count and HIV risk factors. HIVTB+ men had significantly lower mean ICW (13.2 versus 16.6 kg; p = .02) and BCM (18.4 versus 23.0 kg; p = .02), a relative expansion of ECW (35.0 versus 30.0 L/kg body weight; p = .04), and small and nonsignificant reductions in total body weight (58.0 versus 62.1 kg; p = .26), LBM (45.5 versus 47.7 kg; p = .33) and fat mass (12.5 versus 14.4 kg; p = .51) compared with HIVTB- controls. BCM in the HIVTB+ group was similar to reference values for severe malnutrition. The relative depletion of BCM appeared excessive in comparison with reference values for uncomplicated starvation. The nutritional status of HIVTB+ patients was significantly worse than HIVTB- patients. Body weight and LBM underestimated the nutritional deficit, and measurement of BCM is therefore necessary to appreciate the extent of malnutrition in such patients. Malnutrition in HIVTB+ patients is severe and may therefore contribute to decreased survival. Hypermetabolism appears to play a role in the wasting process in patients coinfected with HIV and TB.

Mettray, Delinquent Youth and the Cult of Religious Honour

The Agricultural Colony and Penitentiary of Mettray, an institution for wayward boys and youths, was founded near Tours in 1840 and closed down in 1937 by the Popular Front Government It functioned for ninety-eight years as a national but privately controlled reformatory for male juveniles who had fallen foul of the French justice system and had been brought there from adult prisons to be rehabilitated through a strictly organised regime of religious education and political indoctrination, elementary schooling, hard physical work, and agricultural and military training. The co-founders of Mettray and its governing philanthropic body, the Société Paternelle, were Frédéric-Auguste Demetz and the Vicomte Brétignières de Courteilles, both religious laymen with mystical beliefs influenced by Pestalozzi They agreed with Tocqueville that no “human power is comparable to religion to reform criminals, and on this rests the future of penitentiary reform”.This paper focuses on the religious ideology created by the founders that underpinned development of Mettray as a correctional institution. The religious significance of rustic architectural design of Mettray is also analysed in some detail As well, the religio-mystical qualities of the private Société Paternelle as a philanthropic organisation is given attention. As an association it developed as a layman's order of charity of three grades symbolised by the wearing of three distinctive types of rings made of silver, gold and silver, and finally pure gold—which was reserved for the founders themselves. Demetz was the grand master and God, Honour, Remembrance and Alliance were the four words that symbolically embodied the association and were engraved on the rings themselves. The Société as well as governing the Colony, also provided charitable and religious support for ex-inmates throughout their lives.While Mettray in one sense was a manifestation of clerical conservatism and religious fervour and enthusiasm, its military and carceral character cannot be denied, especially during its decline. It represented, nevertheless, an important innovation and a solution to the problems of the society of the time.

Would employment-based health savings accounts help Medicare

The health systems of Australia and New Zealand are built on common foundations which largely reflect the social and institutional underpinnings of the British health sector. Both countries initially relied upon a combination of privately-funded services for those who could afford them and charitable support for those who were less well off. They introduced formalised regulation and licensing of health professionals and government-funded and delivered public health services. Senior medical staff divided their time between fee-earning private practice and pro bono work in the charitable/voluntary sector, and so on.

Gilds in the Medieval Countryside: Social and Religious Change in Cambridgeshire c. 1350-1558 (review)

Reviews 113 approach casts the Renaissance as a monolithic bloc instead of showing it as a period of flux. Where five images of the baptism of Christ are arranged together it is to highlight the subject matter, rather than to point out the stylistic and technical differences as art history would do. The authorial voice is not so much absent as transposed from the text to the structure. Despite the publisher's claim that this is a 'completely new and thoughtprovoking exploration', the novelty lies in the arrangement of material rather than the content. Readers will be aware of various illustrated surveys of the Renaissance, from John Hale's Time-Life Renaissance (1965), recent editions of Burckhardt, and Toman's The Art of the Italian Renaissance (Konemann, 1995) to Jardine's Wordly Goods (Doubleday, 1996) and Hale's Civilization of Europe in the Renaissance (HarperCollins, 1993). For comprehensiveness rather than personal interpretation, Hale's Encyclopaedia ofthe Italian Renaissance, also with Thames and Hudson (1981) remains an intelligent, usable and text rich resource. For quality and exhaustiveness of fine-art illustration, it is difficult to go past Hartt's History of Italian Renaissance Art, again with Thames and Hudson (4th ed., 1994). The strength of Panorama lies in the sheer number and variety of its illustrations. It is most suited as a visual resource book, for scholars or students, while still being light and small enough to hold and browse. It is less strong on literature, both in using it as a source and in its description thereof, though Aston herself avers that 'the Renaissance was in its origins, and remained always at heart, a literary movement'. Max Staples Charles Sturt University Bainbridge, Virginia R., Gilds in the Medieval Countryside: Social and Religious Change in Cambridgeshire c. 1350-1558 (Studies in the History of Medieval Religion 10), Woodbridge, Boydell Press, 1996; cloth; pp. xii, 177; 3 maps; R.R.P. £32.50. Today, popular belief tends to see the medieval gilds as the forerunners of the modern trade union movement. That is, gilds were associations of craftspeople or merchants w h o banded together for primarily economic advantage. One recent gild historian, Heather SwansOn, has focused on these craft gilds, describing their relationship with the municipal governments, but concluding that their religious and social functions were of most importance to their members. In this study, Virginia Bainbridge investigates the religious and social gilds, specifically analysing the gilds of medieval Cambridgeshire from about 1350 to 1558, by which date they had been abolished. The major fourteenth-century source for this study is the royal survey of gilds from 1388-9, along with some surviving returns in answer to a royal writ requiring gilds to describe their customs, the authority for their existence and 114 Reviews their possessions. It is disappointing that, although further returns have been found in the P R O since a history written in 1919, these have not always been used: for example, M a p 2, showing the geographical distribution of returns, is based on the earlier listing. Bainbridge has, however, usefully compared the returns with the fourteenth-century poll-tax returns and 1327 Lay Subsidy, to enable her to estimate, for example, the size of community (equal to 100 taxpayers) necessary to support a gild. From the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, wills provide most evidence, although Bainbridge also utilises parish records, government surveys (tax and disestablishment records) and a set of gild accounts from 1514-37. Bainbridge initially shows h o w the concentration of gilds was related to the geography of a region. The varying geography of Cambridgeshire affected not only agriculture and settlement patterns, but also the local administrative units. Where parishes were large and sparsely populated, free chapels came into being and with them greater participation in gilds. It is a commonplace that the number of gilds andfraternitiesincreased in Europe after 1350. Rather than attributing this increase only to the Black Death, Bainbridge follows other scholars in suggesting that this increase began in the twelfth century in response to alienation from close-knit communities following the development of towns. In particular, a new source of charitable support and assistance with burial was required. Greater...

Corporate giving: Targeting the likely donor

AbstractRecent years have seen a major change in corporate attitudes to giving. There are many accounts in the literature of a move away from a purely philanthropic motive for charity support, to an opportunity‐based paradigm where companies seek some tangible benefits in exchange for their donations.This paper reports the findings of a detailed survey of corporate givers undertaken in the county of Devon. The aim of the research was to determine the primary motivations for giving among the business community and the criteria most commonly used to select charities for support.The results clearly indicate that the primary motivation for giving remains a purely philanthropic one. The majority of businesses presently do not look for any gain to accrue from their charitable support and therefore do not monitor the success of their relationships with the charity sector.

The Effect of State Intervention in the Nonprofit Sector: The Case of the New Deal

This article raises the question of how the influx of federal money during the New Deal affected nonprofit organizations (NPOs) operating in the social welfare sector. Using data on the number of NPOs operating in six service categories in New York City, we demonstrate three distinct trends—some types of organizations fared very poorly, other types remained relatively stable, and a third set actually experienced significant growth in numbers. We hypothesize that two factors explain these variations—the extent to which NPOs were perceived to be doing work that was explicitly related to the immediate crisis appears to have influenced their success in sustaining charitable support. More importantly, the extent to which a class of organizations was excluded from participating infederal relief programs appears to have significantly influenced the overall success and failure rates. Those organizations that were included as partners in the federal relief efforts experienced significant growth.

Philanthropy in Southern California's Inland Empire

PHILANTHROPIC Inland Empire located in Riverside and San Bernardino counties reflects a society evolving from an agrarian economy to the present urban development.1 The traditional charitable community support for education, religious organizations, civic organizations, cultural groups, and pooled efforts to aid the poor is a commonly shared activity of the region's community building. This essay examines those extra efforts by citizens, who possessed of financial means, sought to improve life in Inland Empire communities through philanthropic works. Currently as the fastest growing region in southern California, and one of the fastest growing in the United States, the Inland Empire's record of philanthropy continues to develop.

PRINCIPLE AND PRAGMATISM IN THE COMPENSATION DEBATE

If there is a single principle explaining the relation between tort liability and other systems of compensating the injured and disabled, its content has never been clear on either side of the Atlantic. On the American side, 50 different jurisdictions and legislatures have produced 50 different bodies of law, and, at least in theory, 50 different relations. On the British side, according to Jane Stapleton's Disease and the Compensation Debate,' the absence of such legal Balkanization has not enabled the search for principle to fare very much better. Misfortune may be handled in a variety of ways: by reimbursing loss through tort or other third-party compensation schemes; through social insurance and welfare programmes; or by leaving victims to deal with misfortune themselves through the purchase of first-party insurance, reliance on familial or charitable support, adjustment to a change of fortune, or simply by suffering. In practice we use these approaches in different combinations to deal with different kinds of misfortune. Stapleton argues that the tort and social insurance systems have drawn an unprincipled distinction between injuries and disabilities, readily providing compensation for the victims of traumatic accidents but too often leaving the victims of disease to deal with that misfortune through their own devices.

Government and the Voluntary Sector in an Era of Retrenchment: The American Experience

AbstractPrevailing conceptions of the welfare state in the United States have failed to acknowledge the widespread partnership that exists between government and private voluntary organizations in the provision of human services. Thanks in large part to this partnership, voluntary organizations have retained a significant role in the American welfare state, delivering a larger share of government-financed human services than government agencies. By cutting back on government spending, therefore, the Reagan administration has significantly reduced the revenues of the nonprofit sector while calling on this sector to do more. Although nonprofits as a group have overcome the resulting cutbacks, they have done so chiefly by increasing their income from service charges, rather than their private charitable support.