Charging Service Research Articles

Development of the electric vehicle market in Russia and China

The scientific problem of the energy transition and building a “green” economy remains one of the most pressing both abroad and in Russia. The main directions are the development of environmentally friendly production, achieving carbon neutrality, developing the car market using new energy sources, etc. In this regard, the object of this paper is to conduct a more in-depth study and analysis of the regulation of electric vehicles sales globally, in China and Russia. This article presents a proactive transportation strategy and forecast that prioritizes the expansion of the electric vehicle segment and the technologies used in production in Russia and China. The legal and economic basis for regulating the use of electric vehicles is characterized, and a comparative characterization of production and development of the transport market is made. As the main recommendation, the need to improve Russian transportation legislation with further changes and adjustments to the regulatory framework can be outlined. It seems appropriate to develop a number of additional incentive measures for both manufacturers of electric vehicles and their consumers, providing the emerging market with the necessary service and electric charging infrastructure, which confirms the proposed research hypothesis. The results of the work may be useful to experts and specialists in the field of green energy and transport, government authorities, as well as researchers studying scientific problems of developing environmentally friendly and intelligent electric vehicles.

Robo-Chargers: Optimal Operation and Planning of a Robotic Charging System to Alleviate Overstay

Charging infrastructure availability is a major concern for plug-in electric vehicle users. Nowadays, the limited public chargers are commonly occupied by vehicles which have already been fully charged. Such phenomenon, known as overstay, hinders other vehicles' accessibility to charging resources. In this paper, we analyze a charging facility innovation to tackle the challenge of overstay, leveraging the idea of Robo-chargers - automated chargers that can rotate in a charging station and proactively plug or unplug plug-in electric vehicles. We formalize an operation model for stations incorporating Fixed-chargers and Robo-chargers. Optimal scheduling can be solved with the recognition of the combinatorial nature of vehicle-charger assignments, charging dynamics, and customer waiting behaviors. Then, with operation model nested, we develop a planning model to guide economical investment on both types of chargers so that the total cost of ownership is minimized. In the planning phase, it further considers charging demand variances and service capacity requirements. In this paper, we provide systematic techno-economical methods to evaluate if introducing Robo-chargers is beneficial given a specific application scenario. Comprehensive sensitivity analysis based on real-world data highlights the advantages of Robo-chargers, especially in a scenario where overstay is severe. Validations also suggest the tractability of operation model and robustness of planning results for real-time application under reasonable model mismatches, uncertainties and disturbances.

Competition and Pricing Strategy of Electric Vehicle Charging Services Considering Mobile Charging

Competition and Pricing Strategy of Electric Vehicle Charging Services Considering Mobile Charging

Bargaining Game-based Pricing for Electric Vehicle Roaming Charging Services

Bargaining Game-based Pricing for Electric Vehicle Roaming Charging Services

Empowering Consumer Electric Vehicle Mobile Charging Services With Secure Profit Optimization

Empowering Consumer Electric Vehicle Mobile Charging Services With Secure Profit Optimization

Joint Optimization of Deployment and Flight Planning of Multi-UAVs for Long-Distance Data Collection From Large-Scale IoT Devices

Internet of Things (IoT) devices have been widely deployed to build smart cities. How to efficiently collect data from large-scale IoT devices is a valuable and challenging research topic. Benefiting from agility, flexibility, and deployability, an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) has great potential to be an aerial base station. However, given the limited battery capacity, the flight time of a UAV is limited. This paper focuses on using multi-UAVs to execute long-distance data collection from large-scale IoT devices. We design a multi-UAVs-assisted large-scale IoT data collection system. The core facilities of this system are the data center and charging stations, which are equipped with a limited number of charging piles to provide charging services for UAVs. To ensure the efficient operation of the system, the problem of deployment and flight planning of UAVs is formulated as a joint optimization problem. To solve the problem, a population-based optimization algorithm with a three-layer structure, namely EDDE-DPDE, is proposed. It includes two core components: elite-driven differential evolution (EDDE) and differential evolution with a dynamic population (DPDE), which are two variants of differential evolution. Thanks to ideas of reusing elite individuals and historical information, the proposed EDDE-DPDE shows an improvement of at least 11.11% compared with four powerful algorithms in terms of average travel time.

Optimizing Urban Parking Utility: Strategic and Operational Planning of Fixed and Mobile EV Charging Services in Hybrid Parking Systems

Optimizing Urban Parking Utility: Strategic and Operational Planning of Fixed and Mobile EV Charging Services in Hybrid Parking Systems

Design of Blockchain-Based Multi-Domain Authentication Protocol for Secure EV Charging Services in V2G Environments

Design of Blockchain-Based Multi-Domain Authentication Protocol for Secure EV Charging Services in V2G Environments

Strategic investment in electric vehicle charging service: Fast charging or battery swapping

With the increasing adoption of electric vehicles (EVs), there is a growing need for public charging infrastructure. As a result, significant investments have been made in charging services, particularly, fast-charging (FC) and battery-swapping (BS) services. This paper examines the impact of technical and operational factors, as well as market conditions, on the pricing and profitability of each service to explore whether and how EV charging service providers should invest in these emerging charging services. The analysis with benchmark to private-use slow-charging (SC) services reveals that if the valley electricity price is high and the potential market size is small, lowering service costs does not make BS services a viable option. When the valley electricity price is low, reducing battery loss will not give FC services an advantage. However, in such scenarios, BS services can gain an edge by decreasing service costs. Interestingly, even if both SC and BS services are negatively affected by higher valley electricity prices, the impact on the profitability of BS services is more severe. Our results provide implications for the development of public EV charging service infrastructure. We recommend that implementing energy storage solutions can help alleviate the negative consequences of escalating valley electricity prices and wider peak–valley electricity price differences on BS services and FC services, respectively.

Expectations and experiences of urban and rural in-school adolescents of adolescent reproductive health services in oyo state, Nigeria.

Reproductive health information and services are fundamental to health, well-being and opportunities for women and young people, yet throughout the world, women and youths do not have access to quality reproductive health care thereby exposing them to unplanned pregnancy, teen birth, induced abortion as well as increased exposure to sexually transmitted diseases, HIV inclusive. This study is meant to explore the expectation of adolescents of an adolescent reproductive health services as well as to assess the experiences of those who had visited an ARHS at the centers. It was a descriptive cross-sectional prospective study, analytic in design using a multistage sampling technique where 452 secondary school pupils in both rural and urban communities were interviewed using a pretested validated questionnaire. Data was analyzed using SPSS version 21. Chi square was used to test for association between both rural and urban adolescents in issues relating to their expectation and experiences, with P-value of #x003C;0.05. More of the respondents in the urban communities (73,32.4%) have the expectation that Adolescent Reproductive Health Services (ARHS) should be provided in an existing health service with special attention to adolescents while a larger percentage of those who preferred a special adolescent health institution were from the rural communities (122, 54.2%) which was statistically significant with a P-value of 0.001. More of respondents from the rural communities also expect that contraception services should be provided in an ARHS center while life skill services are expected by more of the respondents from the urban communities (122, 55.6%). More of the rural community respondents (57,25.3%) expect that fee at the ARHS centers should be provided at a subsidized rate while more of the urban dwellers have the expectation that services provided should be free of charge. For respondents who had been to an ARHS center, more of the urban respondents were attended to by a Medical doctor and a large percentage (34, 94.4%) of those who had visited ARHS center before professed to be satisfied with the services rendered there. Expectations from adolescents from ARHS are very high. However, most of them prefer a free of charge service as well as a service area nearer to residential area. Confidentiality and having a young health professional at the service centers cannot be overemphasized in the provision of quality ARHS.

Electric vehicle charging scheduling with mobile charging stations

Mobile charging station (MCS) is a brand-new technology to electric vehicle charging, which is a supplementary service for addressing the shortcomings associated with fixed charging station (FCS), such as prolonged waiting time of charging, charging congestion of FCS, and user travel anxiety. While MCSs offer convenience to electric vehicle users, the challenge faced in the MCS operation is that MCS equipped with large batteries to provide charging services to users by visiting them one by one not only leads to high operating costs, but also prolongs the waiting time for users to utilize MCS services. To overcome the issues, a novel framework is proposed by optimizing the MCS operation in economic efficiency. In this study, a variant of mixed integer linear programming (MILP) model is developed to maximize the MCS operator's profits with considering the user's perspective, including clustering, and covering user demands, setting temporary charging location for users, dispatching MCSs for charging and discharging, and scheduling EV charging. As the scale of the problem increases, the solution time of using the proposed MILP model is inefficient. Whereas an improved genetic algorithm is developed for solving a large-scale of the proposed model. Solomon's benchmarking instance data is adopted to evaluate the performance and validity of the proposed algorithm, complemented by various sensitivity analyses aimed at providing managerial insights into MCS operations.

Intelligent and Fair IoV Charging Service Based on Blockchain With Cross-Area Consensus

The emergence of electric vehicles promotes the development of Internet of Vehicle (IoV). However, there are a series of security problems to be solved in the IoV. Firstly, how to allow vehicle users to find the nearest non-queuing charging pile without detours is a challenge. Secondly, applications in the IoV are delay-sensitive, while high communication delays caused by security mechanisms would bring serious consequences to vehicles. Thirdly, the verifiability and fairness between charging and payment are difficult to be guaranteed. Aiming at the efficiency and security problems of the charging service in the IoV, this paper proposes a blockchain-based intelligent and fair IoV charging service system. According to the multi-factor constraints between vehicles and charging piles, a multi-factor IoV branch and bound algorithm is proposed to intelligently recommend charging piles for vehicles and maximize the overall energy saving. We propose the cross-area consensus protocol to achieve low latency in vehicle communication. In addition, we ensure the fairness between charging and payment through a payment channel protocol based on verifiable encrypted signatures. Finally, we implement the proposed scheme, and we put the project prototype on an open source platform is available at: https://github.com/chenruonan/blockchain-based-intelligent-and-fair-IoV-charging-service-protocol. The experimental results demonstrate the low latency and energy-saving advantages of our proposal. When the payment is executed 250 times, the delay of our proposal is only 1.54% of the normal on-chain payment time.

Simulation-Based Analytical Framework for M2M Autonomous Charging Infrastructure

While a computerized simulation can be useful to gather user inputs during the new service development (NSD) process, it requires the active involvement of users/customers and can be costly and time-consuming compared to other practices such as surveys, focus groups, and interviews. However, when the service is rendered in the machine-to-machine (M2M) environment, the NSD process can exploit a simulation platform to assess service alternatives without customer involvement. This article contributes to the NSD research by identifying the services in the M2M environment as the suitable application area where a simulation platform can be effectively and efficiently implemented for data collection and analysis. We consider the autonomous charging service to demonstrate how a simulation-based analytical framework can help developing a new service in the M2M environment. As the electric vehicle (EV) industry has been evolving tremendously over the past decade, it becomes necessary to undertake significant modernization and autonomy adoption in the future charging infrastructure. Since the currently deployed charging infrastructure has not been designed to service autonomous EVs (AEVs) in an unsupervised manner, service plans to upgrade this infrastructure need to be developed to serve AEVs without any human intervention. Numerical experiments demonstrate how the simulation platform helps analyze autonomous charging station alternatives, provides recommendations for operational decisions, and creates a potential value for stakeholders and businesses during the NSD process.

Expectations and experiences of urban and rural in-school adolescents of adolescent reproductive health services in Oyo State.

Reproductive health information and services are fundamental to health, well-being and opportunities for women and young people, yet throughout the world, women and youths do not have access to quality reproductive health care thereby exposing them to unplanned pregnancy, teen birth, induced abortion as well as increased exposure to sexually transmitted diseases, HIV inclusive. This study is meant to explore the expectation of adolescents of an adolescent reproductive health services as well as to assess the experiences of those who had visited an ARHS at the centers. It was a descriptive cross-sectional prospective study, analytic in design using a multistage sampling technique where 452 secondary school pupils in both rural and urban communities were interviewed using a pretested validated questionnaire. Data was analyzed using SPSS version 21. Chi square was used to test for association between both rural and urban adolescents in issues relating to their expectation and experiences, with P-value of <0.05. More of the respondents in the urban communities (73,32.4%) have the expectation that Adolescent Reproductive Health Services (ARHS) should be provided in an existing health service with special attention to adolescents while a larger percentage of those who preferred a special adolescent health institution were from the rural communities (122, 54.2%) which was statistically significant with a P-value of 0.001. More of respondents from the rural communities also expect that contraception services should be provided in an ARHS center while life skill services are expected by more of the respondents from the urban communities (122, 55.6%). More of the rural community respondents (57,25.3%) expect that fee at the ARHS centers should be provided at a subsidized rate while more of the urban dwellers have the expectation that services provided should be free of charge. For respondents who had been to an ARHS center, more of the urban respondents were attended to by a Medical doctor and a large percentage (34, 94.4%) of those who had visited ARHS center before professed to be satisfied with the services rendered there. Expectations from adolescents from ARHS are very high. However, most of them prefer a free of charge service as well as a service area nearer to residential area. Confidentiality and having a young health professional at the service centers cannot be overemphasized in the provision of quality ARHS.

Spatial Accessibility of Public Electric Vehicle Charging Services in China

Decarbonizing the transport sector using electric vehicles (EVs) is a vital pathway for China to achieve the carbon peak and carbon neutrality goals. Despite the unprecedented growth of EV diffusion in China, little information is available for the spatial accessibility of public electric vehicle charging services (EVCSs). This study developed an applicable accessibility measurement framework to examine the city-level accessibility of EVCSs in China using the Gaussian two-step floating catchment area (G2SFCA) method. G2SFCA takes the EV charging stations with charging piles as supply and the EV ownership data as demand. The results indicate that (1) the eastern region of China has the highest density of EV charging stations (69.1%), followed by the central region, while the western region has the lowest density; (2) the spatial accessibility of EVCSs has a different pattern, where the central region has the highest accessibility, followed by the eastern and western regions; (3) the spatial mismatch between EVCSs and EV diffusion in the eastern region is larger than that of the other two regions, which may be attributed to the suboptimal layout of EV charging stations and the inconsistent pace between EV penetration and EV charging station construction; and (4) there is a significant spatial inequity in the accessibility of EVCSs across both all three regions and the entirety of China, with the western region exhibiting the highest inequity, followed by the central and eastern regions. Based on these findings, policy implications are drawn for different regions in China, which may aid policymakers in crafting strategic policies and subsidy programs to foster the advancement of EVCSs.

Promotion and application of Convenient Photovoltaic Charging Car Sheds and Charging Piles

&#x0D; The purpose of this study is to explore China's national strategy to cope with global climate change, with a special focus on solar photovoltaic power generation projects in renewable energy, as well as convenient photovoltaic carports and charging pile projects under the requirements of energy development in Shandong Province. The author analyzes the photovoltaic project of Shandong Energy Building through research, including project situation, environmental resources, project construction and other aspects. The use of the idle carport roof of Shandong Energy Building to build distributed photovoltaics, the use of "self-generation, surplus electricity grid" mode to provide power supply services for enterprises, and for employees to provide charging services for new energy vehicles. Under the climatic conditions of Jinan, the photovoltaic power generation project has good feasibility.

Multiobjective Electric Vehicle Charging Network Planning Considering Chance-Constraint on the Travel Distance for Charging

Electric vehicle charging stations (EVCSs) are important infrastructures to support sustainable development of electric vehicles (EVs), by providing convenient, rapid charging services. Therefore, the planning of electric vehicle charging network (EVCN) has attracted wide interest from both industry and academia. In this paper, a multiobjective planning model for EVCN is developed, where a fixed number of EVCSs are planned in the traffic network (TN) to achieve two objectives, i.e., minimizing both average travel distance for charging (TDfC) of EVs and investment costs of EVCN. According to the random characteristics of EVs’ TDfC, its constraint is presented as a chance constraint in the developed EVCN planning model. The nondominated sorting genetic Algorithm II with the constraint domination principle (NSGA-II-CDP) is customized to solve the developed multiobjective EVCN planning model, by designing a special coding scheme, a crossover operator, and a mutation operator. Then, a maximum gradient principle of investment revenue is designed to select the optimal planning strategy from the Pareto-optimal solution set, when taking the investment return ratio as primary consideration. A 25-node TN is used to justify the effectiveness of the developed methodology.

Impact of downstream emissions cap-and-trade policy on electric vehicle and clean utility adoption

In this research, we incorporate emissions cap-and-trade policy into a decision making model for the adoption of electric vehicles (EVs). We consider a fleet environment that includes a taxicab company (TC, a downstream tailpipe emitter) and an infrastructure-service provider (SP, an upstream energy user) that provides fast charging services. Both SP and TC must have allowances to account for their own emissions. We examine several scenarios including (i) an equilibrium case, where the selling and buying prices of carbon are equal, (ii) a “buy-low-sell-high” case with financial derivatives, and (iii) a “transient” case based on market conditions. We combine both analytical and computational approaches to assess the impact of various emission cap values and carbon pricing on TC’s adoption of EVs, SP’s utility provider selection, total emissions, and the profitability of both entities. For instance, in both buy-low-sell-high and transient scenarios, penalizing upstream utility emissions more than tailpipe emissions is preferred if electric vehicles are likely to be adopted; otherwise, tighter tailpipe emissions restrictions should be preferred. In the equilibrium case, we show that policymakers will require additional mandates or market mechanisms to influence TC and SP choices, as both entities prefer dirty technologies. Additionally, we demonstrate that providing intermediate utility options – less expensive, but dirtier or more expensive, but cleaner – did not result in reduced emissions. This indicates that expanding utility options may not be a necessary or high-priority policy.

The construction of Bert fusion model of speech recognition and sensing for South China electricity charge service scenario

Electric charge service and management is an important part of electric power work. The effective recovery of the electric charge relates to the smooth development of daily work and continuous improvement of the operation and management of power supply enterprises. With the large-scale implementation of the card prepayment system, the problem of electricity customers defaulting on electricity charges has been solved to a large extent, but some large electricity users still fail to pay electricity charges on time. Therefore, under the current situation of power grid development, it is still necessary to strengthen the service and management of electricity charges to promote efficient recovery of electricity charges. Speech recognition technology has increasingly become the focus of research institutions at home and abroad. People are committed to enabling machines to understand human speech instructions and hope to control the machine through speech. The research and development of speech recognition will greatly facilitate people's lives shortly. The development of 5G technology and the proposal of 6G technology make the interconnection of all things not only a hope but also a reality. To realize the interconnection of all things, one of the key technical breakthroughs is the development of a new human–computer interaction sensing system. Under the guidance of relevant theories and methods, this paper systematically analyzes the user structure, electricity charge recovery management and service system, existing problems and causes in South China, and clarifies the necessity of design and application of electricity charge service system in South China power supply companies. The experimental data and empirical analysis results show that the optimized Bert fusion model can provide more digital support for the power supply companies in South China in terms of electricity charge recovery efficiency, management level system improvement, and electricity charge service.

A secure system for electric vehicle battery swap stations using blockchain

As electric vehicles become more popular, battery swap stations are gaining attention as a new type of charging facility. However, the charging process for electric vehicles involves privacy information such as user location and charging mode, which can be easily stolen or leaked, posing security risks and personal privacy concerns for users. Therefore, protecting the privacy of electric vehicle battery swap station users has become an important issue. This paper aims to study a privacy protection system for electric vehicle battery swap stations using blockchain technology. First, the basic principles and application scenarios of blockchain technology are introduced. Second, potential privacy leaks in electric vehicle battery swap stations are analysed, and a privacy protection scheme based on blockchain is proposed, including anonymous identity authentication, zero-knowledge proof, and encrypted communication. Third, a blockchain-based privacy protection system for electric vehicle battery swap stations is designed and implemented, and its performance is experimentally evaluated and compared with traditional privacy protection schemes in terms of security and efficiency. This paper demonstrates that the blockchain-based privacy protection scheme for electric vehicle battery swap stations possesses high levels of security and reliability, effectively safeguarding users' privacy information. Furthermore, this scheme exhibits promising application prospects and potential for widespread adoption. With the continuous development and utilization of blockchain technology, the privacy protection scheme for electric vehicle battery swap stations using blockchain is expected to provide users with more secure, reliable, and convenient charging services.