Charging Methods Research Articles

Evaluation of hydrogen embrittlement in ODS-Cu, Cu–Cr–Zr, and Cu–Cr alloys using slow strain rate technique test

Precipitation-hardened Cu–Cr–Zr alloy is proposed as a heat sink material for various components of the ITER owing to its high strength, high conductivity, and superior resistance against neutron irradiation. Oxide-dispersion-strengthened copper (ODS-Cu) was selected as the candidate material. Hydrogen embrittlement of Cu–Cr–Zr, Cu–Cr, and ODS-Cu (GlidCop® CuAl60) alloys was evaluated using the slow strain rate technique (SSRT) in 0.1 M sodium sulfate (Na2SO4) solutions under cathodic hydrogen charging or after D2 gas exposure. Thermal desorption spectroscopy (TDS) measurements were performed to estimate the differences in the hydrogen-trapping sites using hydrogen charging methods. According to the TDS results, the quantity of hydrogen retained in ODS-Cu exceeded that in the other alloys by an order of magnitude because of hydrogen trapping at the grain boundaries and the particle/matrix interface. Cu–Cr–Zr alloys tend to trap more hydrogen than Cu–Cr alloys because of the addition of Zr. As a result of the SSRT, no hydrogen embrittlement was observed in any alloy, regardless of the hydrogen charging method. All alloys exhibited excellent hydrogen embrittlement resistance under the conditions adopted in this study.

Implementation of Wireless Charging Unit for Pacemaker Based on Vital Data Analysis Using IOT

This research paper focuses on the implementation of a wireless charging unit for pacemakers based on vital data analysis using the Internet of Things (IoT). Pacemakers are essential medical devices that require regular charging to ensure their uninterrupted operation. However, conventional charging methods involve invasive procedures, which can be uncomfortable and pose risks to patients. By leveraging IoT and vital data analysis, this study aims to develop a non-invasive and efficient wireless charging system for pacemakers. Through an analysis of vital data and real-time monitoring, the system will intelligently charge the pacemaker based on the patient's needs. This paper discusses a proposed system that uses machine learning to improve the monitoring of patients with artificial pacemaker. The system collects data from implanted pacemakers, as well as other health metrics such as temperature, blood pressure, and glucose levels. This data would be stored in a database and analyzed using machine learning algorithm.

Suppressing Anodic Degradation of Lithium-Ion Batteries by Sinusoidal Waveform Charging Method

The effects of Constant current-Constant voltage charging and combined sinusoidal waveform charging methods on the internal structure of LiFePO4 battery have been discussed in detail in this study. Experimental results clearly indicated that after 600 cycles, the battery that utilized the charging method had retained about 94% of state of health. In the electrochemical impedance analysis and cyclic voltammetry tests, the portion of the SEI film impedance was increased about 0.08 mΩ. In the micro structured view, no significant SEI film formation was observed on the surface of the negative electrode that used the battery in the present charging method. Finally, in the analysis of the SEI film composition, it was found that the Li2CO3 and Li2O content in the Li element was only about 15.97% and 4.42% in the battery employing this charging method, and the battery component contents in the CC-CV charging method were 27.2% and 6.69% respectively.

Electromobility: Safety or a Threat to Poland’s Transport?

The trend following the purchase of electric-powered vehicles is currently the biggest challenge of the Polish automotive industry. Increasing restrictions and looming deadlines for selling electric-only cars contribute to their increasing purchase numbers. It is known that electric vehicles require a stable charging infrastructure. From 2020 to 2022, infrastructure development is significant in Poland, but is it sufficient? Is this the main drawback of owning an electric vehicle? More and more users are charging their cars locally at their places of residence, but not everyone has this option. This raises the question of whether it is safe to own an electric vehicle. Is it possible to cover the route from point A to point B without much trouble? Awareness of the need to stop longer to charge an electric vehicle is not a problem among the Polish public; a bigger and more significant issue is the number of publicly available charging points. Therefore, these topics will be analyzed more extensively in this article; the possibilities of alternative charging and energy harvesting methods will be presented, as the growing interest in electric-powered vehicles and the indicated questions regarding the development of charging infrastructure and safety for electric vehicle users will be answered.

A Survey of Wireless Charging Methods and Optimization Techniques of Electric Vehicles

Since the 1990s, electric vehicles have been extensively utilized, with a focus on extending the life of storage systems, lowering costs, and providing flexible grid connectivity—a feature that is currently being studied. The substitution of alternative energy sources for conventional fuels has resulted in significant advancements in energy conservation and greenhouse gas emission reduction. Electric vehicle power sources are discovered in power plants. Traditionally, the power grid supplies the power plant with its electricity. A power plant that uses a hybrid solar-wind system can save more energy and reduce greenhouse gas emissions more significantly. An overview of the latest wireless charging methods and optimization techniques is given in this article. Firstly, the essential characteristics of an electric car (EV), wireless charging techniques, and the type of charging system that is dependent on the location of the vehicle charging have been provided in detailed descriptions. After that, a few of the most common optimization techniques to determine the location and size of EV charging stations are presented. With a focus on its explicit application in electric vehicles, the paper provided researchers and scholars with an in-depth knowledge of the fundamentals of WPT and its mechanism of operation.

Pulse-Charging Techniques for Advanced Charging of Batteries

Batteries are remarkable devices. Nowadays, they power devices everywhere, from small children toys to IoT devices, cellphones and automobiles, especially rechargeable ones. The need to have healthy batteries ready to be reused in a very short time is essential. Unfortunately, charging a battery is a trivial task that can lead to battery degradation and wear, even thermal escape and fire. The faster the charging process, the more the problems that arise in the charging battery. In this work, several charging algorithms and noteworthy, although mostly unknown, methods are presented and commented. For example, a common algorithm that produces good charging results is the Constant Current/Constant Voltage, abbreviated CC/CV, that is used in most battery chargers. Yet, the pulse charging algorithm, as presented, exhibits remarkable results compared to the common CC/CV algorithm. The pulse charging methods, as evaluated, keep the batteries healthy, achieving better charging results and lower charging time.

Design and implementation of magnetically coupled inductive power transfer system for electric vehicle charging applications

A research paper or proposal on designing a 1.6 kW Resonant Inductive Power Transfer (IPT) system for electric vehicles (EVs). Design, Modeling, and Analysis of a 1.6 kW Resonant IPT System for EVs. To Enhance Design Performance: Improve the efficiency and effectiveness of power transfer compared to traditional EV charging systems. Conduct Loss Analysis and Analyze and minimize losses associated with the IPT system. The Advantage Highlight advantages of the proposed system over existing EV charging methods. Methodology, Integration with AC Grid: Despite EV systems being connected to the grid, this research proposes further integration and improvement using resonant (Compensated Network) circuits within IPT systems. Resonant Circuit Utilization: By matching the supply frequency with the circuit’s resonant frequency, optimal performance is achieved, addressing current IPT system drawbacks. Implementation Steps, Simulation: Evaluate primary and secondary circuits through simulation. Component Selection: Determine component values based on derived equations. Hardware Implementation: Construct the system in hardware based on simulation results. Feasibility Testing: Validate calculations through simulation and practical hardware testing. Contribution, this research aims to contribute to the field by demonstrating, improved performance through resonant IPT systems. Feasibility of integrating such systems into EV applications. Practical benefits over conventional EV charging methods. By leveraging resonant circuits in IPT systems, this study aims to demonstrate enhanced performance and efficiency suitable for EVs, thereby contributing to the advancement of EV technology and grid integration. This structured summary encapsulates the key aspects and goals of the research paper as described.

Design of Wireless Charging Station for EV

Abstract: Humans must address the problems of fuel scarcity and environmental pollution if they are to reduce pollution and fuel consumption. Electric vehicles are a necessity, but their uptake is still constrained by a scarcity of charging stations and their high price. This article reviews important studies on IoT charging stations, the charging methods they employ, and contrasts them. It also discusses the power sources for these stations, which could be both renewable and non-renewable, as well as the potential to install charging stations in parking lots and public areas as well as the ability to locate charging stations using a mobile application. The Internet of Things reduces the amount of time users must spend looking up station locations, making the transition to using these new vehicles easier.

A Study on Impedance Change of Lithium-Ion Batteries Depending on Charging Current Profile at Low Temperature

Lithium-ion batteries(LIBs) are used in various portable electronic devices due to their advantages such as high energy density, power, and long lifespan. Therefore, various studies are being conducted to improve the capacity and power of LIBs and to increase their stability. As a result, LIBs has become a key component of electric vehicles(EVs) and hybrid vehicles(HEVs), which are rapidly increasing in recent years. However, even in these LIBs, the electrochemical reaction and the diffusion rate of lithium ions rapidly decrease at low temperatures, resulting in serious performance degradation. Therefore, low-temperature charging causes lithium plating and dendrite formation to reduce cell life and in severe cases cause cell rupture. In particulary, in the case of EVs and HEVs that are charged outdoors, low-temperature charging can cause serious problems such as battery rupture as well as shortened lifespan. Therefore, in this study, we analyze the effect of various charging techniques such as CC-CV, multi-stage CC, and pulse on the low-temperature impedance change of LIB and propose an optimal charging technique for stable charging.AT first, test cells for the experiment were fabricated and activated, and then capacity and impedance were measured at room temperature. After that, the charge/discharge cycle experiment of each test cell was performed by applying the CC-CV, multi-step CC, and pulse charging methods at low temperature. After the cycle experiment, the capacity and impedance change of each test cell were measured at room temperature, and the correlation between the capacitance change and the impedance change was analyzed. As a result, the greatest change occurred in the resistance and capacitance components of the SEI (Solid Electrolyte Interface) layer, which is common to all charging methods. However, among the three charging methods, the pulse charging method had the smallest change in capacity and impedance. This is because the repetitive rest period of pulse charging gives relaxation time for diffusion of Li-ions. Next, morphological changes of the LIB anode were confirmed using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). As a result, it was confirmed that the lithium plating and dendrite generated during low-temperature charging additionally reacted with the electrolyte to form an additional SEI layer, thereby changing the thickness and shape of the SEI layer. Therefore, it was confirmed that the change of the SEI layer caused the LIB impedance change. Finally, we confirmed that a low current density or charging current with sufficient break time such as pulse charging is most effective in maintaining the endurance of LIBs at low temperatures.

Irrigation Water Use Payments and Policies in Developing Countries

Nowadays, water tariffs in economic developing countries are considered one of the important factors and it is not a secret that one of the reasons for the water crisis in Central Asian Countries is the growing demand for water resources. The resource is becoming scarce like in other continent of earth. It is measured as the most important natural resource and abundant liquid on earth. In this study irrigation water charging case of Uzbekistan and foreign practices, model of tariffs for water services and pricing elements have been analyzed. Irrigation water charging methods in different countries are used in different ways.

Microcontroller Based Li-ion Battery Charger

Lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries have emerged as a primary secondary power source for portable systems. Their notable advantage lies in their ability to be recharged numerous times before disposal, offering a clean energy source devoid of toxic elements. However, charging these batteries requires careful consideration. Fast charging or overcharging can elevate battery temperature, potentially leading to explosions and accidents. Various charging methods exist, but the Constant Current-Constant Voltage (CC-CV) approach stands out as particularly suitable for Li-ion batteries due to its ability to prevent critical overcharging. This paper introduces a Li-ion battery charger circuit leveraging an 89S52 microcontroller. The charger employs the CC-CV method to achieve a full charge for the battery.

Wireless Charging Methods of Electric Vehicles

Wireless Charging Methods of Electric Vehicles

Cost-effective optimization for electric vehicle charging in a prosumer household

The operating expenditures of electric vehicles (EVs) consist mainly of the electricity used to charge the EV battery and of the replacement of wearing parts. This paper aims to optimize the EV battery charging as cost-effectively as possible for a household with a small-scale photovoltaic (PV) power plant. The optimization is carried out by problem-based optimization to closely match the average Finnish user behavior. For reference, an optimization was also performed disregarding the user behavior to make EV charging as cost-effective as possible. Cost minimization was done by using Nord Pool Spot market data to find the cheapest grid electricity prices, employing a perfect PV forecast, and using only surplus PV electricity for EV charging. Six years’ worth of data were analyzed, and it was found that the annual savings with average user behavior ranged between 25.4% and 51.9% when comparing optimized charging with uncontrolled charging. When disregarding the typical user behavior and having the EVs chargeable at all times, the annual savings ranged between 38.3% and 54.5%. The results show that the more the user uses the EV daily, the more cost-effective the optimization becomes compared with uncontrolled charging methods. The results also show that depending on daily fluctuations in the electricity prices, it is sometimes more beneficial to sell the produced PV power rather than use it to charge the EV and instead charge the EV with grid electricity at nighttime.

Hydrogen Embrittlement Characteristics of Tempered Martensitic Steels under Electrochemical and High-Pressure Hydrogen Environments

The effect of hydrogen charging methods on the hydrogen embrittlement characteristics of tempered martensitic steels were discussed in terms of hydrogen diffusion behavior. Two tempered martensitic steels with different Si content were fabricated by quenching and tempering. The steel with high Si content had a lower cementite fraction because the addition of Si changed the morphology of cementite from a long film-like shape to a short-rod shape by suppressing the precipitation and growth of the cementite. To evaluate the hydrogen embrittlement resistance of the two tempered martensitic steels with different Si content, slow strain-rate tensile testing was employed after introducing hydrogen using three types of hydrogen charging methods (ex-situ electrochemical hydrogen charging, in-situ electrochemical hydrogen charging, and in-situ high-pressure gaseous hydrogen environment). For the hydrogen pre-charged tensile specimens using the ex-situ electrochemical charging method, the steel with high Si content had a better hydrogen embrittlement resistance, with a higher relative reduction in area. On the other hand, there was no significant difference in the relative notch tensile strength of the two tempered martensitic steels with different Si content, regardless of the hydrogen charging methods. In addition, the ex-situ hydrogen charging method exhibited higher relative notch tensile strength compared to the in-situ hydrogen charging method due to the release of hydrogen during the tensile test, after exsitu hydrogen charging. This implies that hydrogen embrittlement resistance can be differently estimated depending on the kind of hydrogen charging methods.

Revolutionizing Green Transport: An Extensive Review of Hybrid Electric Vehicle Charging Stations and Electric Microgrid Integration

Electric vehicles (EVs), recognized as a strategic approach to reducing oil consumption and greenhouse gas emissions, rely on electricity instead of traditional fuels like petrol or diesel for battery charging, positioning them as a significant player in future energy landscapes. The anticipated decline in oil demand aligns with the increasing prevalence of EVs, making attention to charging infrastructure crucial. This paper extensively explores charging infrastructure considerations, emphasizing their significance in both urban and rural contexts, especially in regions with unstable or absent power supplies. Examining off-grid, grid-connected, and hybrid charging modes, the research delves into various EV designs, including those utilizing fuel cells or batteries.
 A thorough understanding of energy-source-based charging techniques and diverse power-level charging stations is presented, catering to readers' interests. With a focus on enhancing the longevity and efficiency of electric vehicles, researchers are investigating innovative charging methods, including microgrid concepts within charging stations. Recognizing electric vehicles as multi-energy systems, the paper underscores the importance of effective power management and control for optimal energy utilization.
 Additionally, the review scrutinizes the impact of electric vehicles on utility grid infrastructure & maintenance, evaluating various power management and control systems. This comprehensive review serves as a valuable resource for electric vehicle operators and research engineers, offering insights into the current state of the field and potential avenues for future exploration.

Systematic analysis of advanced wireless charging technology for electric vehicles

With the development of electronic technology, more and more electronic devices in life are converted from wireless to wired. Electric toothbrushes, mobile phones around, and new energy vehicles on the road have all changed from traditional wired charging to wireless charging. Traditional charging methods have many disadvantages. Some of them may be mechanically aged, some may leak electricity, and some take up space. But wireless charging can optimize most problems. And it has higher safety and functionality. This paper expends on Capacitive Power Transfer (CPT), Microwave Power Transfer(MPT), Electromagnetic induction that the three mainstream wireless charging methods. The article introduces the working principles of the three wireless charging methods and their respective advantages and disadvantages. And through comparison, to provide a strategy for the method of choosing a wireless charging method.

Investigation of high-frequency pulse charging profiles with different frequencies, duty cycles and end-of-charge voltages

The topic of fast charging lithium-ion batteries is of great importance, especially with regard to e-mobility. Thereby, fast charging while retaining a long life-time in particular is of special significance. The common charging methods are usually based on a continuous charging current. In this work, a different type of charging process is considered – the so-called pulse charging. The focus is set on high-frequency pulse charging profiles. A variation of the parameters frequency, duty cycle, amplitude current as well as the end-of-charge voltage is investigated and their influence on a commercial high-energy cylindrical cell in 21,700 format is determined. Profiles with a frequency of 100 Hz, 500 Hz and 1 kHz and a duty cycle of 50 %, 70 % and 90 % are analyzed. In addition, end-of-charge voltages from 4.2 V up to 4.4 V are investigated. The continuous current (CC) charging process is used as a reference. A cycle test is also performed with a promising pulse charging profile. The results indicate that the investigated pulse charging profiles cannot be recommended as an innovative charging method. It is true that an acceleration of the charging process is achieved. However, this is due to the fact that less capacity is charged into the cell. Significantly more capacity can be charged into the cell by increasing the end-of-charge voltage. However, lithium plating may occur and there is a strong decrease in capacity during the cycle test.

Operation and Control of an Active Power Collector for Roadside Feeding Electric Road System

The integration of electric vehicles (EVs) as an environmentally sustainable alternative to traditional fossil fuel cars faces a range of technological obstacles, including battery technology, charging infrastructure, and standardization. Dynamic conductive road charging (DCRC) of EVs at high speed has the potential to overcome the technical limitations of existing static charging methods. An intelligent motorway system for EVs called tracked electric vehicle (TEV) was proposed to incorporate the latest technologies of dynamic road charging, autonomous driving, and smart city data into transport infrastructure. This paper presents the operation and control of an active bipolar power collection unit (PCU) for the TEV system. The PCU is seamlessly integrated within the wheel structure of an EV using the concept of a stationary-hub wheel, enabling conductive power transfer from roadside conduction rails while the vehicle is in motion. The PCU is equipped with various features designed to maintain the contact force (CF) with the conduction rails, effectively handle instances of wheel bouncing and vibrations, and ensure a consistently smooth dynamic power transfer. This paper presents the experimental validations of the active PCU controls, including the operation sequence of the PCU, CF control, and PCU interaction with wheel bouncing.

Strategies for dynamic pricing competition between differentiated sellers: Considering platform fees and strategic consumers

AbstractIn the dynamic realm of the platform economy, the intricate relationship between platform charging mechanisms, seller tactics, and consumer behavior is crucial. This study delves into this relationship by constructing a two‐period dynamic game model, examining how different platform charging approaches impact pricing strategies among two distinct sellers, all while considering consumer strategic actions. Our findings reveal that the combination of seller quality differentiation and platform charging methods profoundly shapes consumer strategic actions. Interestingly, strategic consumers do not invariably harm seller profits. In specific settings, such as when using a revenue‐sharing model with slight quality differentiation, high‐quality sellers might even reap greater benefits than when dealing with short‐sighted consumers. Moreover, the decision for sellers to adhere to a specific price isn't always advantageous. For instance, under a revenue‐sharing model with limited competition, a price commitment from a lower quality seller might backfire. Additionally, in scenarios with a fixed‐fee model, there's a noticeable lack of incentive for differentiated sellers to commit to prices. This study accentuates the subtle yet significant influence of consumer strategic actions on seller profits in the platform economy context. It underscores the imperative for both sellers and platforms to remain vigilant and adaptive, ensuring their strategies resonate with the ever‐evolving consumer behaviors.

The effect of battery charging method on reducing battery capacity in off-grid solar home systems

Due to the widespread use of lithium batteries in the off-grid solar home systems (SHS), to reduce system costs, it is necessary to accurately determine the required battery capacity instead of choosing a larger battery capacity, as well as ways to increase battery life. For the first time in this paper, instead of a fixed depth of discharge battery, the effect of different depths of discharges battery, that occurs during the day and night, as well as the possible and optimal battery charging method to reduce the required battery capacity in a real off-grid SHS have been investigated. It has been shown that with this method, it is possible to use a battery with a lower capacity than the usual selection method. Moreover, the comparison of both battery charging methods shows that the pulse charging method has a significant performance in increasing the battery life and thus reducing the required battery capacity.