Capacitor Charging Research Articles

Binder-free, multidentate bonding-induced carbon nano-oligomer assembly for boosting charge transfer and capacitance of energy nanoparticle-based textile pseudocapacitors

Energy storage performance of pseudocapacitors (PCs) critically depends on the integration and distribution of electrochemically active materials and conductive fillers as well as the intrinsic energy storage capacity of active materials. This is particularly challenging for nano-sized pseudocapacitive materials that offer high energy density but suffer from low electrical conductivity. Additionally, conventional electrode fabrication methods often neglect crucial interfacial interactions and electrolyte wettability essential for nanoparticle-based PC electrodes in a 3D structure, which can lead to performance degradation. Here, we present a novel approach to fabricate 3D-structured pseudocapacitor electrodes by directly and sequentially assembling hydrophobic energy nanoparticles (NPs) and hydrophilic carbon nano-oligomers (CNOs) with branched space arms onto 3D textile current collectors, eliminating the need of insulating and hydrophobic organic components. This assembly based on direct interfacial multidentate interactions between MnOx NPs and CNOs ensure a uniform nano-level distribution over the entire metallic textile surface. The resulting positive electrodes (i.e., MnOx NP/CNO-based textiles) exhibit the outstanding areal capacitance of ∼1,725 mF cm−2 at 5.0 mA cm−2. This capacitance can be further increased to ∼3,244 mF cm−2 at 10 mA cm−2 via a multi-stacking method. When paired with negative electrodes (i.e., Fe3O4 NP/CNO-based textiles) fabricated using the same approach, asymmetric full-cell demonstrate remarkable areal energy/power densities that surpass those of conventional pseudocapacitors.

A wind-driven rotating micro-hybrid nanogenerator for powering environmental monitoring devices based on a brush-type triboelectric unit

Abstract The rapid rise of the IoT (Internet of Things) technology and microelectronics technology has promoted the development of sensors to ultra-low power consumption. However, for conventional wired power supply and chemical battery power supply, there are difficulties in wiring, inconvenient battery replacement and environmental pollution problems, so there is an urgent need for a green power supply. The low cost and simple structure of TENG (Triboelectric nanogenerator) have attracted much attention from researchers. However, for most of the existing TENG, there are some problems such as narrow operating frequency range, short life of TENG, insufficient traditional flexible friction contact, and serious wear of rigid friction contact. Herein, we propose a rotary brush-type triboelectric-electromagnetic hybrid nanogenerator. Through the experimental tests, the TENG part can output the maximum power of 0.88 mW under the external load of 8 MΩ at 400 rpm (wind speed of about 8.3 m/s). The EMG (Electromagnetic Generator) part can output the maximum power of 15.5 mW under external load of 360 Ω. The LED lighting test proves that the generator broadens the frequency of energy harvesting. In the capacitor charging test, the high voltage characteristics of tribological power generation play the advantages of continuous voltage boost, and the high current characteristics of electromagnetic power generation play the advantages of high power. The hybrid nanogenerator can realize the wind energy harvesting under the broadband wind speed of 3 m/s~14 m/s. At a wind speed of 5.6 m/s, the hybrid nanogenerator ran at about 225 rpm and successfully powered the anemometer after 21 s. After 80,000 cycles, the maximum open circuit voltage only drops by 5.6%, which proves that the rotary TENG unit has a long generation life, and can realize the harvesting of wind energy and the power supply of wind speed sensor.

Increasing the Sensitivity of pH Glass Electrodes with Constant Potential Coulometry at Zero Current.

It has recently become possible to increase the sensitivity of ion-selective electrodes (ISEs) by imposing a constant cell potential, allowing one to record current spikes with a capacitor placed in series in the circuit. The approach requires a transient current to pass through the measurement cell, which unfortunately may introduce measurement errors and additionally excludes the use of high-impedance indicator electrodes, such as pH glass electrodes. We present here an electronic circuit that overcomes these limitations, where the cell is measured at zero current in combination with a voltage follower, and the current spike and capacitor charging occur entirely within the instrument. The approach avoids the need for a counter electrode, and one may use any electrode useful in potentiometry regardless of its impedance. The characteristics of the circuit were found to approach ideality when evaluated with either an external potential source or an Ag/AgCl electrode. The current may be linearized and extrapolated to further reduce the measurement time. The circuit is further tested with the most common yet very challenging electrode, the pH glass electrode. A precision of 64 μpH was obtained for 0.01 pH change up to 0.05 from a reference solution. Similar pH changes were also measured reliably further away from the reference solution (0.5-0.55) and resulted in a precision of 377 μpH. The limitations of this experimental setup were explored by performing pH calibrations within the measuring range of the probe.

Enhancing Electrochemical Properties of Walnut Shell Activated Carbon with Embedded MnO Clusters for Supercapacitor Applications

AbstractActivated carbon (AC) materials from renewable sources are widely used in electrochemical applications due to their well‐known high surface area. However, their application as electrode material in double‐layer electrochemical devices may be limited due to their relatively low electrical conductivity and lightweight. To overcome these limitations, the incorporation of pseudocapacitance metal oxide nanoparticles is an optimum approach. These nanoparticles can provide a second energy storage mechanism to the composite, mitigating the loss of surface area associated with their incorporation. As a result, the composite material is endowed with increased conductivity and higher density, making it more suitable for practical implementation in real devices. In this study, we have incorporated a fine dispersion of 1 % of MnO clusters into a highly porous activated carbon synthesized from walnut shells (WAC). The high‐resolution electron microscopy studies, combined with their related analytical techniques, allow us to determine the presence of the cluster within the matrix carbon precisely. The resulting MnO@WAC composite demonstrated significantly improved capacitive behavior compared with the WAC material, with increased volumetric capacitance and higher charge retention at higher current densities. The composite‘s electrochemical performance suggests its potential as a promising electrode material for supercapacitors, addressing drawbacks associated with traditional AC materials.

Tribovoltaic performance of the Schottky contact between metal and PZT ceramic

The sliding contact between a metal or semiconductor with another semiconductor can lead to a new charge generation mechanism known as the tribovoltaic effect. This effect has several advantage over the more common triboelectric effect, such as a higher rate of charge transfer and the ability to produce a direct current (DC) output directly via the junction interface. During operation, the junction interface produces a built-in electric field. In this study, we investigate the tribovoltaic effect on sliding between copper and unpoled lead zirconate titanate (PZT) ceramic. It was found that the contact between the metal and semiconducting oxide ceramic leads to the Schottky junction effect, which can effectively drive frictionally excited charges to an external load. By increasing the applied stress to PZT, we observed different current-voltage characteristic curves. The proposed electronic band behavior determines the electrical output direction in the tribovoltaic nanogenerator (TVNG). This direction depends on the built-in electric fields formed at the junction. The performance of the TVNG was tested in both series and parallel connections, observing clearly improved electrical outputs for both. The proposed TVNG can efficiently power small electronic devices, such as LEDs, and charge capacitors in a short period of time. This work expands the understanding of unconventional transport mechanisms through the Schottky contact of PZT and metal, and provides fundamental knowledge for the future development of tribovoltaic devices.

Effect of length and attack angle of the splitter plates on circular cylinder piezoelectric water energy harvester

With the micro-miniaturization of offshore wireless sensors, signal lights, and other devices and the emergence of the problem of self-powering in the distant sea, how to harvest energy from low-speed currents has become a hot spot of research nowadays. To improve the energy output power and conversion efficiency of low-speed water flow, we propose a vertical cantilever beam circular cylinders fitted with a rigid splitter plate piezoelectric energy harvester (CSPPEH). In this paper, the influence of the length and the attack angle of the splitter plate on CSPPEH has been experimentally investigated. The vibration response mechanism involving the mutual transition between vortex-induced vibration and galloping was analyzed through particle image velocimetry flow field visualization. The experimental results indicate that the vibration and piezoelectric characteristics of the CSPPEH increase initially and then decrease with the length of the splitter plates (L/D = 0–2.4) at the attack angle of 0°, which can be explained by the theoretical model of the energy harvester. It is found that the optimal vibration and piezoelectric characteristics occur at a rigid splitter plate length of 1.40D with an attack angle of 90°. The maximum values for amplitude, vibration swing angle, voltage, power, and power density are 4.96D, 21.7°, 42.68 V, 910.81 μW, and 1.94 mW/cm3, respectively. Efficiency was up to 2.2% at 0.4D length and 90° attack angle of the splitter plate. Compared to the bare circular cylinder energy harvester, the output power and efficiency are significantly improved. The demonstration of continuous charging and discharging of capacitors and light emitting diode lights is performed to show the practicability of the designed CSPPEH. Overall, the present study enables the applications of CSPPEH for realizing self-powered wireless sensing and signal lights under low-water-speed environments.

Unveiling the non-innocence of vanadium dopant in TiO2 nanocrystals for advanced energy storage and smart windows

Vanadium doped TiO2 NCs stand out as a promising candidate for energy storage applications due to its high electrical conductivity and redox properties. However, the thermodynamical behavior of the material under working conditions has not been explored and the reasons for its superior performance remain unlocked. This study explores the use of a combination of advanced in situ spectroscopy techniques, including x-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS), spectro-electrochemistry (SEC), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) to provide unprecedented insights into the intricate electrochemical reaction mechanisms within these nanocrystals. Density functional theory calculations and EIS reveal the active role of substitutional V ions in the TiO2 anatase network as electron donors, enhancing surface charge and carrier density and improving pseudocapacitive properties. Cyclic voltammetry and in situ SEC reveal that V-doped TiO2 NCs exhibit significantly improved charge storage capacities, particularly in the pseudo-capacitance storage mechanism. In situ SEC and XAS analyses indicate that a more effective reduction of Ti4+ ions occurs during the electrochemical process in doped NCs, leading to higher charge capacitance and faster processes. Furthermore, in situ XAS measurements of the V K-edge revealed that the vanadium ions, beyond improving the redox behavior of the host, also actively participate in the reduction process. The significant changes in the V K-edge XANES and extended x-ray absorption fine structure spectra observed under reduction conditions can be ascribed to a change in the structure and oxidation state of the vanadium ions during the electrochemical reaction.

Optimization of multilayer capacitive charge division anode for MCP imaging detectors

A three-dimensional numerical model developed based on the finite element method to simulate the position-reconstruction performance of multilayer capacitive anodes is presented. The charge collection efficiency and position nonlinearity are calculated for different electrode layers, patterns, and sizes, as well as the distance between the bottom microchannel plate (MCP) and induction layer. The position nonlinearity exhibits an approximately linear relationship with the electrode size and the distance between the bottom MCP and induction layer. By increasing the electrode area in the perimeter region and designing 2.2 mm square electrodes in the central region, a position nonlinearity of 3.36% with a distance of 5 mm between the bottom MCP and induction layer is achieved. The imaging performance of the six multilayer capacitive anodes is evaluated using a custom-designed detector prototype, and the experimental results validate the simulation results. The comprehensively optimized capacitive anode shows an imaging nonlinearity of 0.91% in the experiment.

Photoinduced charge generation of nanostructured carbon derived from human hair biowaste for performance enhancement in polyvinylidene fluoride based triboelectric nanogenerator

Carbon nanostructures derived from human hair biowaste are incorporated into polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) polymer to enhance the energy conversion performance of a triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG). The PVDF filled with activated carbon nanomaterial from human hair (AC-HH) exhibits improved surface charge density and photoinduced charge generation. These remarkable properties are attributed to the presence of graphene-like nanostructures in AC-HH, contributing to the augmented performance of PVDF@AC-HH TENG. The correlation of surface morphologies, surface charge potential, charge capacitance properties, and TENG electrical output of the PVDF composites at various AC-HH loading is studied and discussed. Applications of the PVDF@AC-HH TENG as a power source for micro/nanoelectronics and a movement sensor for detecting finger gestures are also demonstrated. The photoresponse property of the fabricated TENG is demonstrated and analyzed in-depth. The analysis indicates that the photoinduced charge carriers originate from the conductive reduced graphene oxide (rGO), contributing to the enhanced surface charge density of the PVDF composite film. This research introduces a novel approach to enhancing TENG performance through the utilization of carbon nanostructures derived from human biowaste. The findings of this work are crucial for the development of innovative energy-harvesting technology with multifunctionality, including power generation, motion detection, and photoresponse capabilities.

Perovskite Nanocrystals Induced Core-Shell Inorganic-Organic Nanofibers for Efficient Energy Harvesting and Self-Powered Monitoring.

The emerging field of wearable electronics requires power sources that are flexible, lightweight, high-capacity, durable, and comfortable for daily use, which enables extensive use in electronic skins, self-powered sensing, and physiological health monitoring. In this work, we developed the core-shell and biocompatible Cs2InCl5(H2O)@PVDF-HFP nanofibers (CIC@HFP NFs) by one-step electrospinning assisted self-assembly method for triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs). By adopting lead-free Cs2InCl5(H2O) as an inducer, CIC@HFP NFs exhibited β-phase-enhanced and self-aligned nanocrystals within the uniaxial direction. The interface interaction was further investigated by experimental measurements and molecular dynamics, which revealed that the hydrogen bonds between Cs2InCl5(H2O) and PVDF-HFP induced automatically well-aligned dipoles and stabilized the β-phase in the CIC@HFP NFs. The TENG fabricated using CIC@HFP NFs and nylon-6,6 NFs exhibited significant improvement in output voltage (681 V), output current (53.1 μA) and peak power density (6.94 W m-2), with the highest reported output performance among TENGs based on halide-perovskites. The energy harvesting and self-powered monitoring performance were further substantiated by human motions, showcasing its ability to charge capacitors and effectively operate electronics such as commercial LEDs, stopwatches, and calculators, demonstrating its promising application in biomechanical energy harvesting and self-powered sensing.

Memfractance of Proteinoids.

Proteinoids, or thermal proteins, are amino acid polymers formed at high temperatures by nonbiological processes. The objective of this study is to examine the memfractance characteristics of proteinoids within a supersaturated hydroxyapatite solution. The ionic solution utilized for the current-voltage (I-V) measurements possessed an ionic strength of 0.15 mol/L, a temperature of 37 °C, and a pH value of 7.4. The I-V curves exhibited distinct spikes, which are hypothesized to arise from the capacitive charging and discharging of the proteinoid-hydroxyapatite media. The experimental results demonstrated a positive correlation between the concentration of proteinoids and the observed number of spikes in the I-V curves. This observation provides evidence in favor of the hypothesis that the spikes originate from the proteinoids' capacitive characteristics. The memfractance behavior exemplifies the capacity of proteinoids to retain electrical charge within the hydrated hydroxyapatite media. Additional investigation is required in order to comprehensively identify the memcapacitive phenomena and delve into their implications for models of protocellular membranes. In a nutshell, this study provides empirical support for the existence of capacitive membrane-memfractance mechanisms in ensembles of proteinoids.

Copper Sulfide and Graphite Felt Composites as Promising Electrode Materials for Sodium-Ion Batteries.

The most prominent and widely used electrical energy storage devices are lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), which in recent years have become costly and deficient. Consequently, new energy storage devices must be introduced into the current market. Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) are starting to emerge as a promising solution because of sodium's abundance and low cost. To offer these batteries into the current market, their properties must match surpass those of LIB predecessors, necessitating the need for research in this field. In this research work, three methods of graphite felt (GF) and copper sulfide (CuxS) composite preparation using a hydrothermal approach have been explored and compared. The obtained samples exhibited different morphologies and thermal properties when different hydrothermal composite preparation methods were used. The areal charge capacitance values of these samples differed from 8.81 to 13.65 mF/cm2, and the areal discharge capacitance values differed from 10.06 to 13.65 mF/cm2. Notably, these achieved values are higher than those of the CuxS and GF single substances.

Voltage Detector Integrated Circuit as Versatile Toolbox for Charge Management of Thermally Chargeable Supercapacitor

AbstractInternet of Things (IoT) is crucial for a sustainable society from the viewpoints of optimization of energy consumption and using timing, thus aiding reduced CO2 emissions. Traditional power supply methods such as batteries are impractical for driving the trillions of sensors that future systems will likely utilize for collecting extensive environmental information. Thermoelectric power generators that enable direct heat‐to‐electricity energy conversion are considered a promising power supplying technology without maintenance because thermal energy is a ubiquitous energy source. This study develops a new class of thermoelectric modules using redox‐free electrolytes—‐thermally chargeable supercapacitor (TCS)—‐with extremely high thermoelectromotive force, generating over 2 V from a temperature difference of ≈65 °C without requiring a DC‐to‐DC converter. Additionally, using a voltage detector is demonstrated to be a versatile and efficient toolbox for the charge management of TCS. Optimization of the circuit comprising the TCS module with the ultrahigh open‐circuit voltage and voltage detector enables the automatic charging of a large capacitor, which intermittently powers different devices such as a beacon, LED, piezo speaker, and motor with the desired frequency. This approach represents a significant step toward sustainable energy in the context of low‐grade thermal energy harvesting and optimized energy consumption through IoT.

Electronic structures, optical properties and quantum capacitance of 2D Janus ZrMCO2 (M = Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Y, Zr, Nb, Mo, Hf, Ta, W) MXenes for supercapacitor electrodes

Double traditional metal (TM) Janus MXenes have more superior properties when compared with MXenes. The electronic and optical properties, Bader charge and quantum capacitance of ZrMCO2 (M = Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Y, Zr, Nb, Mo, Hf, Ta, W) are explored by density functional theory (DFT). The stability of these systems is confirmed by cohesive energy. The substitution of Ti/Hf atoms results in the decrease of bandgap of ZrTiCO2/ZrHfCO2, which is induced by the redshift of conduction band minimum (CBM). ZrMCO2 (M = Cr, Mn) are magnetic semiconductors and ZrMCO2 (M = Sc, V, Y, Fe) are magnetic metals. All doping atoms except Hf improve the maximum quantum capacitance of ZrMCO2 at positive bias. Wide voltage makes ZrMCO2 (M = Nb, Ta, W) change into anode material and ZrFeCO2 into cathode material. ZrMCO2 (M = Sc, Mn, Y, Hf, Zr) and ZrMCO2 (M = V, Cr) can serve as cathode and anode materials in whole voltage, respectively. Much charge accumulating between Fe and C atoms results in the smallest Fe–C bond among all M − C bonds, which indicates the strongest interaction between Fe and C atoms. Optical properties and work function are further explored.

Design and implementation of grid tied high step-up DC-DC converter with switched capacitor

In this paper, the design and implementation of a three-phase grid-connected inverter coupled with a high step-up DC-DC converter with a switched capacitor is demonstrated. In this converter two capacitors are utilized with a coupled inductor. The charging of capacitors takes place parallel and discharging in series during switch off and switch on time respectively. The energization of the coupled inductor provides the high voltage gain. The passive clamp circuit is used to recycle the leakage energy of the inductor circuit. Therefore, the switch stress is reduced. This high gain converter is given DC input of 40 V and a high voltage 538 V obtained is supplied to the grid connected inverter which uses sinusoidal pulse width modulation (SPWM), to obtain 3phase line-neutral voltage of 415 V from inverter for grid synchronization. A high voltage gain of 13 and efficiency of 96% is obtained for different load and voltage variation. The modeling and the simulation are done using physical security information management (PSIM) software and all the results are presented in this paper.

Analysis and Experiment of Homopolar Inductor Alternator With an Active Compensated Winding in Capacitor Charging Power Supply System

Analysis and Experiment of Homopolar Inductor Alternator With an Active Compensated Winding in Capacitor Charging Power Supply System

Is the Local Energy Conservation Law Valid inside the Electronic Device of Charged Capacitors?

The energy conservation is one of the most fundamental and well established principles in physics. Emmy Noether extended the energy conservation principle to the quantum field theoretical domain in empty space by relating the time translation invariance of the universe with energy conservation. While this is the case in open empty space, it seems that the local space enclosed by conducting metallic plates has unexpected property suggesting that the energy conservation principle does not necessarily apply to localized bound system of capacitors in electrodynamics. This point of view was raised by noticing the fact that the spherical capacitor has calculable electrostatic self-potential energy in both the inner and outer shells respectively which was not taken into account in the conventional consideration of the total energy stored in the capacitors. It seems like the concept of moving charges one by one into the capacitor plates has blindsided the investigators to bypass the necessary steps to account for the additional repulsive self-potential energy that accumulates simultaneously in both of the capacitor plates in the process of charging the capacitor. The investigation shows that the repulsive self-potential energies from both of the capacitor plates have indeed been omitted in the conventional calculation of the stored energy in the capacitors. We present the dynamics of the stored potential energy in capacitors and discuss its physical consequences in relation to the anomalous energy devices reported in the past.

Design and Development of Electromagnet Power Supply for Burst Mode Repetitive High Power Microwave Sources

Single frequency High-power microwave sources like Backward Wave Oscillator, Relativistic Magnetron etc., require a high magnetic field of about 1T to 4T for efficient operation. Single-shot HPM systems usually consist of pulsed magnetic systems. However, for repetitive HPM generation, a continuous magnetic field is required. To obtain a continuous high magnetic field in the required volume usually three solutions are worldwide preferred i.e., permanent magnet, DC electromagnet with cooling arrangements and superconductor-based magnetic coil. All these three systems are bulky, expensive and technologically demanding. In this paper, a novel power supply has been suggested that discharges a charged capacitor through a magnetic coil keeping the discharging current constant for a small period like hundreds of milliseconds to a second. An IGBT switch is used to discharge the capacitor1. The duty cycle of the IGBT switch is controlled using a current feedback signal from the hall sensor, thus keeping the current steady at a preset reference value. An experimental setup has been developed using a 300mF capacitor. A constant current up to 500A is achieved for 200mS. This system is scalable. For a longer duration of operation, more capacitor modules need to be added. Details of design, development and experimental results are presented in this paper.

Highly Sensitive and Stable Multifunctional Self-Powered Triboelectric Sensor Utilizing Mo2CTx/PDMS Composite Film for Pressure Sensing and Non-Contact Sensing.

Sensors based on triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) are increasingly gaining attention because of their self-powered capabilities and excellent sensing performance. In this work, we report a Mo2CTx-based triboelectric sensor (Mo-TES) consisting of a Mo2CTx/polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) composite film. The impact of the mass fraction (wt%) and force of Mo2CTx particles on the output performance of Mo-TES was systematically explored. When Mo2CTx particles is 3 wt%, Mo-TES3 achieves an open-circuit voltage of 86.89 V, a short-circuit current of 578.12 nA, and a power density of 12.45 μW/cm2. It also demonstrates the ability to charge capacitors with varying capacitance values. Additionally, the Mo-TES3 demonstrates greater sensitivity than the Mo-TES0 and a faster recovery time of 78 ms. Meanwhile, the Mo-TES3 also demonstrates excellent stability in water washing and antifatigue testing. This demonstrates the effectiveness of Mo-TES as a pressure sensor. Furthermore, leveraging the principle of electrostatic induction, the triboelectric sensor has the potential to achieve non-contact sensing, making it a promising candidate for disease prevention and safety protection.

Dielectric spectroscopy of ferroelectric nematic liquid crystals: Measuring the capacitance of insulating interfacial layers

Numerous measurements of the dielectric constant ɛ of the recently discovered ferroelectric nematic (NF) liquid crystal (LC) phase report extraordinarily large values of ɛ′ (up to ∼30 000) in the NF phase. We show that what is in fact being measured in such experiments is the high capacitance of the nonferroelectric, interfacial, insulating layers of nanoscale thickness that bound the NF material in typical cells. Polarization reorientation as a linear response to AC electric field drive renders the NF layer effectively electrically conductive, exhibiting low resistance that enables the charging of the interfacial capacitors. We analyze the commonly employed parallel-plate cell filled with NF material of high polarization , oriented parallel to the plates at zero applied voltage. Minimization of the dominant electrostatic energy renders spatially uniform and orients the polarization to make the electric field in the NF as small as possible, a condition under which the voltage applied to the cell appears almost entirely across the high-capacity interfacial layers. This coupling of orientation and charge creates a combined polarization-external capacitance (PCG) Goldstone reorientation mode requiring applied voltages orders of magnitude smaller than that of the NF layer alone to effectively transport charge across the NF layer. The NF layer acts as a low-value resistor, and the interfacial capacitors act as reversible energy storage reservoirs, lowering the restoring force (mass) of the PCG mode and producing strong reactive dielectric behavior. Analysis of data from a variety of experiments on ferroelectric LCs (chiral smectics C, bent-core smectics, and the NF phase) supports the PCG model, showing that deriving dielectric constants from electrical impedance measurements of high-polarization ferroelectric LCs, without properly accounting for the self-screening effects of polarization charge and the capacitive contributions of interfacial layers, can result in overestimation of the ɛ′ values of the LC by many orders of magnitude. Published by the American Physical Society 2024