Charge Controller Research Articles

On the Factors Affecting Battery Unit Contributions to Fault Currents in Grid-Connected Battery Storage Systems

This article investigates factors affecting the contributions of battery units to fault currents in grid-connected battery storage systems (BSSs). The work in this article is intended to examine the effects of the state-of-charge (SOC) on battery currents that are drawn due to faults. This article also examines the impacts of charger controller actions on the currents drawn from battery units to faults in grid-connected BSSs. The impacts of the SOC and charger controller on battery currents due to faults are examined for the lead-acid, lithium-ion, and nickel–cadmium battery units. Examination results show that the battery currents due to faults are directly dependent on the SOC. Moreover, these results show that actions of charger controller can support the battery terminal voltage, thus preventing the fast reduction of the SOC. The support of the battery terminal voltage helps in limiting the currents drawn from battery units during faults. The effects of the SOC and charger controller are verified using a 1-MW, <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$3\phi$</tex-math></inline-formula> grid-connected BSS, which has lead-acid battery units. Several faults have been created during charging and discharging operations, and at different values of SOC. Test results confirm the direct dependence of battery currents (due to faults) on the SOC. In addition, obtained results demonstrate the ability of charger controller to limit the currents drawn from battery units due to faults in different parts of a grid-connected BSS.

Strategic integration of battery energy storage and photovoltaic at low voltage level considering multiobjective cost-benefit

Renewable energy sources, such as solar photovoltaic (PV) systems and battery energy storage systems (BESS), help reduce greenhouse gas emissions while fulfilling the world?s growing energy demand. The inclusion of BESS reduces the peak hour demand, and control of charging and discharging of BESS can be economical for distributors facing time-based energy pricing. This paper discusses a novel multiobjective Horse herd optimisation algorithm (MOHHOA) approach, which is inspired by the social behaviour of horses in herds for PV and BESS optimal allocation in the radial distribution system. The proposed algorithm combines multiple benefits like benefits from economic gain per day, reduction in CO2 emission per day, and reduction in energy loss per day. IEEE 69-bus radial distribution system (RDS) is used for testing the suggested approach. The case studies and simulation results show that the suggested model effectively accommodated PV power generation in IEEE 69-bus RDS without violating any system constraints. Results indicate improvement in node voltage profiles, security margins and energy losses, and peak energy savings, and system characteristics as a whole, and there were significantly improved techno-economic performance of the distribution system.

Analisa Perencanaan Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Surya Atap dengan Sistem Hybrid di PT. Koloni Timur

&lt;p&gt;This study discusses the Planning of a Rooftop Solar Power Plant with a Hybrid System at PT East Colony Kudus. The&lt;br /&gt;model is set as a PLTS whose solar panels are adjusted to the roof area of the building. This PLTS is functioned as a new&lt;br /&gt;renewable energy resource (EBT) in the form of a hybrid between PLTS and PLN's electrical energy source, this is done to&lt;br /&gt;help supply electricity. Parameters determined include: roof area, solar panel capacity, inverter capacity, battery capacity&lt;br /&gt;and payback period. The results show that PLTS with a total of 80 solar panels installed with a capacity of each panel 405&lt;br /&gt;Watt peak, then obtained a power capacity of 32.4 kilo Watt peak which is divided into 5 arrays, with a solar charger controller&lt;br /&gt;and inverter using a 10kW capacity of 5 units, 80 batteries with a capacity of 400Ah. So that PLTS is able to contribute 39.3%&lt;br /&gt;of the total power needed by PT East Colony (electric power from PLN is 60.7%). This hybrid payback period will return after&lt;br /&gt;8 years and 7 months.&lt;/p&gt;

Simulation of Standalone Hybrid Solar-Battery Fed Water Pumping System

A hybrid battery-based solar (Photovoltaic) water pumping system for agriculture applications has been presented in this research. The battery hybrid power generation is utilized as an energy source to accomplish full-scale continuous water delivery, regardless of climatic conditions. The solar photovoltaic (PV) battery system is used as the primary source, with the battery acting as a backup. With that, when the photovoltaic cluster is insufficient to handle water pumping due to weather conditions or around night time, the battery supplies power. Moreover, it is charged by the solar cluster when the water conveyance isn't needed. As a result, no external inventory is used to charge the batteries. A bidirectional charging control allows to change the battery's activity mode by using a buck-boost converter. Artificial neural network is proposed as the controller for switching the pulse of the bidirectional converter. MATLAB/SIMULINK software is used for analysing performance of the proposed system.

Maximum Power Point Tracking of an Off-Grid Photovoltaic System Consisting of a Series Connected Supercapacitor with a Step-Down Converter

An off-grid photovoltaic (PV) system's PV array is connected with a charge controller as the first power conversion stage. The average efficiency of the power stage of charge controllers is around 90%. Supercapacitor (SC) battery hybrid PV system is a novel PV system that utilizes some of the wasted energy of a typical system and enhances the system's efficiency up to 98%. However, the feasibility of maximum power point tracking (MPPT) for this system is yet to be validated. This paper presents a comparative study to adapt MPPT for the proposed system consisting of a series-connected SC bank with PV array and step-down DC-DC converter. The step-down converter is used as the impedance matching network. Different solar irradiance profiles were emulated to check the feasibility and efficiency of MPPT. Experimentally, it was shown that the typical MPPT could be adapted to the proposed PV system with very high MPPT efficiency.

ALTERNATIVE APPROACH TO SMALL SCALE PHOTOVOLTAIC SOLAR POWER AND ENERGY STORAGE

Photovoltaic solar panels remain one of the most commonly available avenues for acquiring renewable energy for small-scale end users but despite their promising potential their implementation continues to remain outside the realm of possibility for most. The combination of high upfront costs, long payback periods, and complex installation requirements results in a disincentive to purchase the technology and relies on significant appeals to morality as a driving force as opposed to purely economic incentives. An alternative implementation of photovoltaic arrays for small scale use combined with grid power supplement is herein proposed that better matches energy consumption profiles in the household and seeks to reduce cost and complexity. The system comprises a hydronic thermal storage system acting as hot water supply, furnace, and air conditioning for power regulation and distribution in combination with electrical distribution to home appliances using minor modification to the power supply. Currently used batteries, charge controllers, and inverters are eliminated and replaced with a single specialized outdoor central air-conditioning condenser unit that distributes electrical and thermal energy but would not supply electricity onto the grid. Examination of minor electronic modifications on common switched mode power supply topologies has found that regulation of a wide range of variable voltage solar electricity input is currently possible and does not cause overheat or other harm to the power supply. The proposal provides a workable solution to alleviate financial and technical burden on the individual and promotes the vision of a 100% renewable energy society while working within economic constraints.

Electric Vehicle Charging Station Design by Using NI-LAB View

Global environmental concerns &amp; rising energy demand, along with ongoing advancements in renewable energy technology, are creating new prospects for renewable energy consumption. Solar energy is perhaps the most plentiful, in- exhaustible, and environmentally friendly form of renewable energy currently available. Global warming has accelerated the development of Electric Vehicles (EVs), which look to be the greatest alternative to internal combustion engines (IC engines). Due to the rising number of electric cars on the road, charging them through the traditional fossil fuel-based grid is neither cost-effective or efficient. Thus, a charging station powered by renewable energy offers enormous possibilities &amp; control for electric car charging. A charging station for electric vehicles that integrates solar energy or a storage battery (BEES) has been built for the present circumstances. To provide continuous electricity at the charging station, additional grid assistance is contemplated without adding to the system’s strain. Taking into account the dynamic charging requirements of EVs, the charging station design is developed and evaluated using the LAB VIEW programme.

Arduino Based Efficient Energy Storage Systems Using Solar and Wind Power

The aim of this work to investigate and create a solar-powered UPS for the Bangladeshi market as an alternative energy source. It comprises of a design that was created based on our study. Solar and wind UPS systems are made up of a solar charge controller with inverter circuit, and solar panel. Many circuit simulations were performed during this procedure to meet the work’s requirement. It also demonstrates that solar and wind-powered UPSs will be very effective and profitable in the electrical UPS industry. In this project, the solar panel is made up of solar cells that convert solar energy into electrical energy. We also have a charging circuit that charges a 12V DC (direct current) battery and an inverter circuit that converts the voltage to AC (alternative current).

Energy Management in Hybrid Microgrid using Artificial Neural Network, PID, and Fuzzy Logic Controllers

Microgrids are described as linking many power sources (renewable energy and traditional sources) to meet the load consumption in real-time. Because renewable energy sources are intermittent, battery storage systems are required, typically used as a backup system. Indeed, an energy management strategy (EMS) is required to govern power flows across the entire Microgrid. In recent research, various methods have been proposed for controlling the micro-grids, especially voltage and frequency control. This study introduces a microgrid system, an overview of local control in Microgrid, and an efficient EMS for effective microgrid operations using three smart controllers for optimal microgrid stability. We design the Microgrid, which is made up of renewable solar generators and wind sources, Li-ion battery storage system, backup electrical grids, and AC/DC loads, taking into account all of the functional needs of a microgrid EMS and microgrid stability. In addition, the battery energy storage is managed through the performance control of battery charging and discharging using an efficiency controller. The proposed system control is based on the optimum supply of loads through the available renewable sources and the battery State of Charge (SOC). The simulation results using Matlab Simulink show the performance of the three techniques (PID, ANN, and FL) proposed for microgrid stability.

Investigation on Solar-Powered Electrocoagulation (SPEC) for the Treatment of Domestic Wastewater (DWW)

Solar-powered electrocoagulation (SPEC) was used for the treatment of domestic wastewater by using aluminum electrodes. As a single-unit process for treating household wastewater, the EC is solar-powered. The aim of this research was the removal of chemical oxygen demand (COD), TDS, and turbidity by SPEC. Optimization of various operating parameters such as pH, voltage/current, electrode gap, and pollutant concentration was first performed using direct electrical current. By using batteries and charge controllers with panels, the SPEC reactor has achieved consistent and efficient performance. The effects of COD, turbidity, and TDS exclusion of functioning parameters such as density (8–40 A/m2) and detention time (5–30 min) were examined. The COD reduction was 85%, and removal efficiency of TDS and turbidity was 70.18% and 87.4%. The results have shown the technical feasibility of SPEC design as a potential method for domestic wastewater treatment by electrocoagulation. Further analytical study of sludge was also performed by FTIR and XRD analysis.

Design A Battery Charger with Arduino Uno-Based for A Wind Energy Power Plant

In 2019, fossil energy produced more than 88% of Indonesia's electrical energy. For this reason, innovation in supplying electrical energy via renewable energy is required. One of them is wind energy with a potential of 60.6 GW, which has only been utilized at 0.15 GW or only 0.25% of the existing potential. One of the essential components in this power plant is the battery. The process of charging the battery that is not suitable can cause a decrease in battery performance. Therefore, a battery charger is built that uses a buck converter to lower the voltage while employing PI control to regulate the output voltage. From system testing, it is found that the output voltage of the charge controller is stable, where the most significant error value from the output voltage value is 0.972%. The average output current from the buck converter test using the PI approach is 16.84 mA, while the average input current is 15.73 mA. As a result, this charge controller can improve the battery charger's charging efficiency and hence lengthen the battery's lifetime.

Supercapacitors based energy storage system for mitigating solar photovoltaic output power fluctuations

PurposeNon-linear power–voltage characteristics of solar cell and frequently changing output due to variation in solar irradiance caused by movement of clouds are the major issues need to be considered in photovoltaic (PV) penetration to maintain the power quality of the grid. It is important for a PV module to always function at its maximum available power point to increase the efficiency and to maintain the grid stability. A possible solution to mitigate these generation fluctuations is the use of an electric double-layer capacitor or supercapacitor energy storage device, which is an efficient storage device for power smoothing applications. This study aims to propose a power smoothing control approach to smoothen out the output power variations of a solar PV system using a supercapacitor energy storage device.Design/methodology/approachTo extract the maximum possible power from a PV panel, there are several maximum power points tracking (MPPT) algorithms developed in literature. Fuzzy logic controller-MPPT method is used in this work as it is a very efficient and popular technique which responds quickly under varying ecological conditions, reduced computational complexity and does not depend on any system constraints. Fuzzy logic-based MPPT controller by Boost DC–DC converter is developed for operating the PV panels at available maximum power point. Fuzzy logic-proportional integral (PI) charge controller is implemented by Buck–Boost converter to provide the constant current and suitable voltage for supercapacitor and to achieve better power smoothing. PI charge controller is preferred in this work as it offers better outcomes and is very easy to implement.FindingsSimulation results conclude that the proposed power smoothing control approach can efficiently smooth out the power variations under variable irradiance and temperature situations. To confirm the accurateness of the proposed system, it is validated for poly-crystalline PV module and comparison of results is done by using different case study with and without the use of an energy storage system under change in irradiance condition. The proposed system is developed and examined on MATLAB/Simulink environment.Originality/valueThe performance comparison between PV power output with and without the use of a supercapacitor energy storage device under different Case Studies shows that the improved performance in smoothing of power output was achieved with the use of a supercapacitor energy storage device.

Developing a System for Climate, Light Frequency Control in Economical Off-grid Vertical Farm using MPPT Solar Charge Controller

Developing a System for Climate, Light Frequency Control in Economical Off-grid Vertical Farm using MPPT Solar Charge Controller

Cat Swarm Optimization for Sizing Photovoltaic-Battery based Stand-Alone System

Abstract Stand-Alone Photovoltaic (SAPV) systems have been a popular mode of electricity generation especially in remote areas which deprived of grid electricity. However, one of the main challenges in the development of such systems is optimal system sizing. An undersized system causes failure of meeting the load demand. Thus, this paper presents Cat Swarm Optimization (CSO) for optimal sizing of an SAPV system. A single objective function was formulated for the sizing optimization problem in which models of system components, i.e. PV module, battery, charge controller and inverter, each represented in integer codes, were transcribed as decision variables whereas the Loss of Power Supply Probability (LPSP) was set as the objective function that needs to be minimized. Prior to the optimization, an Iterative Sizing Algorithm (ISA) was initially developed to produce the optimal sizing solution using non-computational intelligence approach. The solution from ISA served as benchmark for CSO. Later, CSO was used to select the optimal model of PV module, battery, charge controller and inverter such that the LPSP was minimized. The results showed that CSO was able to yield similar LPSP as recommended by ISA. Besides having computation time of approximately 3.65 times lower than ISA, CSO was also found to be superior by producing lower LPSP when compared with Evolutionary Programming (EP).

Development of a New Controller for Solar Home System: PWM Charge Controller &amp; DC to DC Converter (12V to 120V)

Development of a New Controller for Solar Home System: PWM Charge Controller &amp; DC to DC Converter (12V to 120V)

Perancangan Alat Micro Hydroelectric Portable dengan Menggunakan Sistem Turbin Archimedes Screw

Micro Hydroelectric portable is a small-scale hydroelectric power plant (&lt; 100 kW) which has many advantages, especially without the use of reservoirs, is environmentally friendly, and is a renewable energy, so many are built for power generation purposes in rural areas. Micro Hydro is generally a permanent generator, so the main problem faced is the relatively expensive construction cost. The prototype of a Portable Micro Hydro Power Plant using an Archimedes screw turbine is a power plant that is capable of working on small-scale water discharge in the form of a beam with a length of 80 cm, a width of 40 cm, a turbine housing slope of 45o and a total weight of 8 Kg, making it a portable Micro Hydro. Micro Hydro works at a water flow rate of 0.1 - 1.1 m3/second using an Archimedes screw turbine which can work at low heads. Power from the Archimedes screw turbine is channeled to the generator using a 1:3 ratio, where one rotation of the turbine produces three rotations of the generator producing an average voltage of 7.3 Volts DC, then the voltage is converted by the inverter, charger controller, battery for 12 Volt loads, 12 Watt generated power capacity

Multi-mode control strategy for a stand-alone wind energy conversion system with battery energy storage

This work addresses the problem of controlling a stand-alone wind energy conversion system with battery energy storage. The study target consists of a series association of a permanent magnet synchronous aero-generator, an uncontrolled rectifier, a Zeta converter, a Li-ion battery, and a DC load. It is well-known that the intermittent nature of wind power, as well as the frequent variations in load demand, decreases battery lifetime and reduces its charging performance. To overcome these drawbacks, a battery charge controller is required to instantaneously balance the wind turbine power flow delivered to the DC load and the battery, so that the wind turbine power is properly utilized and the battery is suitably charged. Precisely, depending on the available wind power, the battery state of charge (SOC), and DC load demand, three charging modes are adapted, namely, maximum power point tracking (MPPT) charging mode, constant current (CC) charging mode, and constant voltage (CV) charging mode. Afterward, to ensure the safety of the battery a new battery energy management algorithm is designed to operate the system in one of the three aforementioned modes, taking into account the weather conditions and load demand variations. Interestingly, no wind speed or battery soc. sensors are required for the implementation of the control system. Therefore, a nonlinear adaptive is also developed to provide the online estimation of the battery SOC required for the management algorithm. The performances of the studied system are tested through a semi-experimental platform involving a Processor-in-the-Loop (PIL) under the embedded board eZdsp TMS320F28335. The obtained simulation results prove that the proposed controller meets its objectives with high performances.

Pelatihan Instalasi Sistim Listrik Tenaga Surya kepada Santri Dayah Mini Banda Aceh

Utilization of solar energy as a generator of electrical energy is growing. One of technology for the use of solar energy is to use solar panels to generate electricity. Solar panels can be installed on the roof of the house to meet electricity on a household scale. The current challenge is the lack of trained personnel who have the competence to install solar panels on the roof of the house. So it is considered it is important to educate skilled workers through solar power installation training. For this purpose, training activities for solar electricity installation are carried out for Dayah Mini Banda Aceh students through an independent community service program. This training aims to train workers to gain Panel installation competence Sun on the Roof of the House. Solar Panel Installation Practice Method is done by simulating installation of equipment ranging from solar panels, inverters, charge controllers and charging battery. The results to be achieved with the practice of installing solar panels so that students have Skills in installing rooftop solar panels.

User-involved charging control for lithium-ion batteries with economic cost optimization

Effective lithium-ion battery charging plays an essential role in promoting the development of electrified transportation. In this work, based on a coupled electrothermal model, an optimal charging control strategy is proposed by formulating a multi-objective optimization problem with comprehensively taking into account the user demand realization, economic cost optimization, energy loss reduction, and safety-related constraints. Next, the barrier method is employed to solve it to obtain the optimal charging current. This work highlights the superiorities of the multi-objective optimal charging approach that can intelligently adjust the charging current according to the user demand and peak–valley time-of-use electricity price, which can not only accomplish the user charging demand but also bring the benefit of less electricity fee and energy loss, thus alleviating the financial burden of users. At last, extensive simulation and experimental results validate the effectiveness of the designed multi-objective optimal charging control method.

Studies Regarding the Modeling of a Wind Turbine with Energy Storage

This paper presents the modeling in Matlab-Simulink of a stand-alone wind turbine system with energy storage dedicated for small power wind turbines of 3kW with a variable speed permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG), diode rectifier bridge, buck-boost converter, bidirectional charge controller, transformer, inverter, ac loads and energy storage devices. Are presented the general system configuration, the Simulink block diagram and the main simulated characteristics resulting from the dynamic performances during the wind speed variation.