Nuclear Size Research Articles

Design of a microwave spectrometer for high-precision Lamb shift spectroscopy of antihydrogen atoms

We have developed a microwave spectrometer for a measurement of the 2S1/2-2P1/2\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\\varvec{2S_{1/2}-2P_{1/2}}$$\\end{document} Lamb shift of antihydrogen atoms towards the determination of the antiproton charge radius. The spectrometer consists of two consecutive apparatuses, of which the first apparatus, Hyperfine Selector (HFS), filters out 2S1/2(F=1)\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\\varvec{2S_{1/2}(F=1)}$$\\end{document} hyperfine states and pre-selects the 2S1/2(F=0)\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\\varvec{2S_{1/2}(F=0)}$$\\end{document} state, and the second apparatus, MicroWave Scanner (MWS), sweeps the frequency around the target transition to obtain the spectrum. We optimized the geometry of the apparatuses by evaluating the S-parameter that represents the ratio of the reflected microwave signal over the input, utilizing microwave simulations based on the finite element method. The HFS was designed to obtain a resonant property at 1.1 GHz for an efficient removal of the 2S1/2(F=1)\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\\varvec{2S_{1/2}(F=1)}$$\\end{document} hyperfine states, and the MWS was designed to realize weak frequency-dependency in the signal reflection. Also, the spatial distributions of microwave electric field were simulated. We report the design of the spectrometer and discuss an expected precision of the first measurement.

A hospital-based study of prostate biopsy results in Indian males.

The prostate is a gland belonging to the male reproductive system. Aging results in the dysfunction of the prostate that may present as inflammation, enlargement, and cancer. Additionally, the diseases of the prostate including cancers are slow in progression, and therefore, it is difficult to diagnose them early. Hence, it is increasingly important for physicians to recommend histopathological examination of the prostate gland to identify, manage, and treat prostate cancers. This study was conducted to assess prostate diseases among biopsy specimen collected from patients with signs of prostate diseases. This prospective study was conducted in the Department of Pathology, Deccan College of Medical Sciences, Owaisi Hospital, Hyderabad, between June 2012 and September 2014. All gross specimens (n = 300) of the prostate such as the needle biopsies of the prostate, transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) chips, and excised specimens of the prostate were included in the study. Histopathological examinations of the biopsies were performed for nuclear size, chromatin material, nucleoli, membrane thickness, irregularity, cytoplasmic granularity, staining, and cell border conspicuity. The biopsies were also assessed for lobule formation, secretions, polymorphonuclear leukocytes, lymphocytes, macrophages, connective tissue stromal cells, their arrangements, and acellular connective tissue material. Of 300 total prostatic biopsies performed, 56 (18.66%) were identified as inflammatory lesions of the prostate (prostatitis), 98 (32.66%) revealed benign prostatic lesions (benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)), 112 (37.33%) were identified as BPH with premalignant lesions, and 34 (11.33%) were revealed as malignant tumors of the prostate. Chronic prostatitis (67.85%) was the common inflammatory lesion. The majority (91.42%) revealed epithelial lesions compared to stromal lesions (08.58%). BPH was predominantly (28.00%) noticed among patients in the age group of 61-70 years. Prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN) was observed majorly (53.35%) in the age group of 61-70 years. Most of the prostatic cancers were identified as adenocarcinomas. However, three variants were also categorized as small cell carcinoma, signet ring cell carcinoma, and transitional cell carcinomas. The results reveal that prostatic adenocarcinomas are predominant among the study population. Additionally, prostatic diseases including cancer are commonly noticed among people belonging to the age group of 61-70 years. More than one-third of patients showed BPH with premalignant lesions, and a majority of the study population showed evidence of chronic prostatitis.

XENONnT and LUX-ZEPLIN constraints on DSNB-boosted dark matter

We consider a scenario in which dark matter particles are accelerated to semi-relativistic velocities through their scattering with the Diffuse Supernova Neutrino Background. Such a subdominant, but more energetic dark matter component can be then detected via its scattering on the electrons and nucleons inside direct detection experiments. This opens up the possibility to probe the sub-GeV mass range, a region of parameter space that is usually not accessible at such facilities. We analyze current data from the XENONnT and LUX-ZEPLIN experiments and we obtain novel constraints on the scattering cross sections of sub-GeV boosted dark matter with both nucleons and electrons. We also highlight the importance of carefully taking into account Earth's attenuation effects as well as the finite nuclear size into the analysis. By comparing our results to other existing constraints, we show that these effects lead to improved and more robust constraints.

The Role of β-Dystroglycan in Nuclear Dynamics.

Dystroglycan is a ubiquitously expressed heterodimeric cell-surface laminin receptor with roles in cell adhesion, signalling, and membrane stabilisation. More recently, the transmembrane β-subunit of dystroglycan has been shown to localise to both the nuclear envelope and the nucleoplasm. This has led to the hypothesis that dystroglycan may have a structural role at the nuclear envelope analogous to its role at the plasma membrane. The biochemical fraction of myoblast cells clearly supports the presence of dystroglycan in the nucleus. Deletion of the dystroglycan protein by disruption of the DAG1 locus using CRISPR/Cas9 leads to changes in nuclear size but not overall morphology; moreover, the Young's modulus of dystroglycan-deleted nuclei, as determined by atomic force microscopy, is unaltered. Dystroglycan-disrupted myoblasts are also no more susceptible to nuclear stresses including chemical and mechanical, than normal myoblasts. Re-expression of dystroglycan in DAG1-disrupted myoblasts restores nuclear size without affecting other nuclear parameters.

Water, starch, and nuclear behavior in ray parenchyma during heartwood formation of Catalpa bungei ‘Jinsi’

Catalpa bungei ‘Jinsi’, a cultivar of C. bungei C. A. Mey., is valued for its heartwood with good overall mechanical properties, naturally durable and golden-yellow color. Little is known about heartwood formation in C. bungei ‘Jinsi’ trees. The behavior of starch, water, and nuclei was studied in the xylem tissue of C. bungei ‘Jinsi’ concerning aging in ray parenchyma cells. Blocks containing heartwood, golden zone, transition zone, and sapwood were collected from the stems of six C. bungei ‘Jinsi’ trees. The moisture content of the blocks was measured by oven drying. Changes in starch and nuclei in ray parenchyma were investigated in radial profiles from sapwood to heartwood blocks using microscopy and various staining techniques. The nuclear size and starch content gradually decreased to heartwood. While the horizontal distribution of moisture content of C. bungei ‘Jinsi’ was very varied, with the heartwood and golden zone being lower than sapwood but slightly higher than the transition zone. Starch grains were rare, but nuclei were still present in some ray parenchyma cells in the heartwood and golden zone. The nuclei showed irregular shape and elongation before disintegration. These results suggest that the most apparent change occurs in the transition zone, the critical location involved in forming C. bungei ‘Jinsi’ heartwood. Water and starch appear to be actively engaged in heartwood formation. The loss of function of ray parenchyma cells results from heartwood formation.

Pion and kaon electromagnetic and gravitational form factors

A unified set of predictions for pion and kaon elastic electromagnetic and gravitational form factors is obtained using a symmetry-preserving truncation of each relevant quantum field equation. A key part of the study is a description of salient aspects of the dressed graviton + quark vertices. The calculations reveal that each meson’s mass radius is smaller than its charge radius, matching available empirical inferences; and meson core pressures are commensurate with those in neutron stars. The analysis described herein paves the way for a direct calculation of nucleon gravitational form factors.

Utilizing Differences in Mercury Injection Capillary Pressure and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Pore Size Distributions for Enhanced Rock Quality Evaluation: A Winland-Style Approach with Physical Meaning

Pore structure is a fundamental parameter in determining the hydrocarbon storage capacity and flow characteristics of a reservoir. Mercury injection capillary pressure (MICP) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) are two commonly utilized techniques for characterizing rock pore structures. However, current studies indicate that disparities in testing methodologies due to distinct physical characteristics lead to a partial misalignment in pore size distributions. We conducted MICP (dynamic) and NMR (static) experiments on eight tight sandstone and eight shale samples and proposed a method to utilize information from the differences in MICP and NMR pore size distributions, aiming to enhance the accuracy of rock quality analysis. We observed that in rock cores where large pores are interconnected with smaller pore throats, MICP tends to overestimate the proportion of these smaller pores and underestimate the larger ones. Furthermore, we integrated information from both dynamic and static experimental processes based on physical significance and found that the fitting accuracy of the newly proposed method is superior to the Winland r35 equation. Compared to the Winland r35 equation, our new method significantly improves fitting accuracy, increasing the R-squared value from 0.46 to 0.93 in sandstones and from 0.80 to 0.87 in shales. This represents a potential high-precision, comprehensive tool for rock quality analysis, offering a new perspective for an in-depth understanding of rock properties.

Lithium-Ion-Sieve-Embedded Hybrid Membranes for Anion-Exchange- and Cation-Concentration-Driven Li/Mg Separation.

There is an urgent need to develop efficient and environmentally friendly technologies for separating Li+ from brines containing abundant Mg2+ to meet the growing demand for lithium resources. In this work, we prepared hybrid membranes by integrating hydrogen manganese oxide (HMO), a lithium-ion sieve, as a filler into anion-exchange membranes (AEMs), the quaternary ammonium-functionalized poly(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene oxide) (QPPO) and poly(m-terphenyl piperidinium) (m-PTP). Cations are transported by electrostatic attraction originating from anions and the concentration difference across membranes. Because of the effects of electrostatic repulsion of the fixed cationic groups and steric resistance in AEMs, Li+ with less charge and smaller radius will preferentially pass through the membrane. In addition, the presence of HMO provides an additional fast transport channel for Li+, resulting in an enhanced Li+/Mg2+ separation performance. The results show that 20%HMO@m-PTP exhibits high Li+ flux (0.48 mol/m2·h) and Li+/Mg2+ selectivity (βLi+/Mg2+ = 14.1). Molecular dynamics simulations show that m-PTP has more free volume than QPPO, which is beneficial for rapid cation transport. Spectral analysis confirms the insertion and sieving of Li+ in HMO. This work illustrates the great potential of anion-exchange- and cation-concentration-driven hybrid membranes based on lithium-ion sieves for low-energy and efficient Li+ extraction processes.

Towards Precision Muonic X-ray Measurements of Charge Radii of Light Nuclei

We, the QUARTET Collaboration, propose an experiment to measure the nuclear charge radii of light elements with up to 20 times higher accuracy. These are essential both for understanding nuclear physics at low energies, and for experimental and theoretical applications in simple atomic systems. Such comparisons advance the understanding of bound-state quantum electrodynamics and are useful for searching for new physics beyond the Standard Model. The energy levels of muonic atoms are highly susceptible to nuclear structure, especially to the mean square charge radius. The radii of the lightest nuclei (with the atomic number, Z=1,2) have been determined with high accuracy using laser spectroscopy in muonic atoms, while those of medium mass and above were determined using X-ray spectroscopy with semiconductor detectors. In this communication, we present a new experiment, aiming to obtain precision measurements of the radii of light nuclei 3≤Z≤10 using single-photon energy measurements with cryogenic microcalorimeters; a quantum-sensing technology capable of high efficiency with outstanding resolution for low-energy X-rays.

Calculation of momentum correlation functions between π, K , and p for several heavy-ion collision systems at sNN=39 GeV

Momentum correlation functions between π, K, and p are calculated for several heavy-ion collision systems, namely B510+B510, O816+O816, Ca2040+Ca2040, and Au79197+Au79197 in central collisions as well as Au79197+Au79197 collision in different centralities at center-of-mass energy sNN=39 GeV within the framework of a multiphase transport model complemented by the Lednický and Lyuboshitz analytical method. The results present the centrality and system-size dependence of the momentum correlation functions among pairs of π, K, and p, from which the emission source-size can be deduced. It is found that the deduced source sizes increase with the decreasing of centrality for Au + Au system or with the increasing of system size in central collisions with different nuclear size. In addition, through the momentum correlation functions of nonidentical particle pairs gated on velocity, the average emission sequence of nonidentical particles can be indicated. The results illustrate that in the small relative momentum region, protons are emitted in average earlier than π+ and K+, and K+ are emitted averagely earlier than π+. Furthermore, it seems that larger interval of the average emission order among them is exhibited for smaller collision systems. The present study sheds light on the dynamics of light particle emission at RHIC energy. Published by the American Physical Society 2024

Dynamic Allometry of Nuclei in Early Embryos of Caenorhabditis elegans

Allometric relations between two observables are a widespread phenomenon in biology. The volume of nuclei, for example, has frequently been reported to scale linearly with cell volume, VN∼VC, but conflicting, sublinear power-law correlations have also been found. Given that nuclei are vital organelles that harbor and maintain the DNA of cells, an understanding of allometric nuclear volumes that ultimately define the concentration and accessibility of chromatin is of great interest. Using the model organism , we show here that the allometry of nuclei is a dynamically adapting phenomenon; i.e., we find VN∼VCα with a time-dependent scaling exponent α (“dynamic allometry”). This finding is due to relaxation growth of nuclear volumes at a rate that scales with cell size. If cell division stops the relaxation of nuclei in a premature stage, α<1 is observed, whereas completion of relaxation yields α=1 (“isometry”). Our experimental data are well captured by a simple and supposedly generic model in which nuclear size is determined by the available membrane area that can be integrated into the nuclear envelope to relax the expansion pressure from decondensed chromatin. Extrapolation of our results to growing and proliferating cells suggests that isometric scaling of cell and nuclear volumes is the generic case. Published by the American Physical Society 2024

AbInitio Calculation of the Alpha-Particle Monopole Transition Form Factor.

We present a parameter-free abinitio calculation of the α-particle monopole transition form factor in the framework of nuclear lattice effective field theory. We use a minimal nuclear interaction that was previously used to reproduce the ground state properties of light nuclei, medium-mass nuclei, and neutron matter simultaneously with no more than a few percent error in the energies and charge radii. The results for the monopole transition form factor are in good agreement with recent precision data from Mainz.

Recent Results on Proton Charge Radius and Polarizabilities

Recent Results on Proton Charge Radius and Polarizabilities

Damage characteristics of ribbed cylinder in motion under near-field underwater explosion

The damage characteristics of a ribbed cylinder in the torpedo compartment shell is explored. An arbitrary Lagrange–Euler method is used to establish the fluid–structure interaction model for analyzing the ribbed cylinder’s response under near-field underwater explosion while in motion. The influence of detonation direction and standoff distance on the dynamic response of the moving ribbed cylinder is considered. The investigation reveals that the cylinder’s motion causes an uneven distribution of bubble load and secondary load, stemming from cavitation zone collapse, on the shell. This imbalance leads to a notable deflection difference between the shell’s front and rear sections, with maximum deformation concentration at the rear. In addition, in comparison to the lateral condition, static state analysis shows reduced average deflection and increased maximum deflection when the explosion point is above or below the shell, while in the sailing state, both average and maximum deflections increase. Notably, when the charge radius is between 6 and 15 times, the average damage rate in the sailing state consistently remains lower than that in the stationary state, while the maximum damage rate is higher at a specific burst distance.

Abstract A024: Ploidy as a predictive biomarker for gemcitabine sensitivity in triple-negative breast cancers

Abstract The polyploid giant cancer cell (PGCC) state is a common response of cancer cells to various stressors including chemotherapy, irradiation, hypoxia and viral infection. Upon stress, PGCCs adopt an endoreplication in which the genome replicates, mitosis is omitted, and cells grow in size, causing drug resistance. How accessible endoreplication is to a cell, therefore, directly translates to its resistance to therapy. In this study, we hypothesized that endoreplication and PGCC state are more accessible to cancer cells that already have a higher ploidy content prior to therapy. To test this hypothesis, we developed a comprehensive three-tier framework consisting of i) computational, ii) in-vitro and iii) in silico components. First, we designed a set of ordinary differential equations (ODEs) to mathematically model how cells enter and exit the PGCC state in response to a given stressor. We engineered how this in silico approach interacts with in vitro experiments into a broadly applicable software solution called CLONEID. The software uses computer vision to monitor phenotypic changes in cell and nuclear size from standard bright-field microscopy and classify cells into PGCC and non-PGCC states. We used CLONEID to test various therapeutic agents for their ability to select for a stable near-tetraploid (4N) population in a set of near-diploid (2N) cell lines. Through spontaneous cell fusions, we also obtained tetraploid breast cancer cells matched with their parental lines. Altogether, this framework enabled us to i) monitor the PGCC state experimentally in ii) two sets of matched isogenic cell lines with 2N and 4N DNA content to iii) model the successful entry and exit rates to and from the endoreplication state, respectively. As the first application of this framework, we tested the ability of our 2N and 4N TNBC lines (SUM159 and MDA-MB-231) to access the PGCC state upon treatment with 18 chemotherapy agents. Among those drugs, we observed that only gemcitabine caused continued cell growth without cell division in both tetraploid SUM159 and MDA-MB-231 cells whereas near-diploid parental lines were hypersensitive to the treatment. Consequently, tetraploid cancer cells continued to safely grow in the presence of gemcitabine. Furthermore, these PGCCs re-entered the proliferative cell cycle and grew in cell number when treatment is terminated. Gemcitabine-based chemotherapy is a standard treatment for patients with TNBC although its efficacy is limited mainly due to drug resistance. We expect our findings and three-component framework strategy to help stratify the TNBC patient population by their response to gemcitabine. In addition, our mathematical modelling approach has the promising potential to inform personalized dose optimization and to effectively decrease administered gemcitabine dose for a subset of patients, which would alleviate severe therapy-associated side effects and co-morbidities. Citation Format: Vural Tagal, Jackson Cole, Daria Miroshnychenko, Andriy Marusyk, Noemi Andor. Ploidy as a predictive biomarker for gemcitabine sensitivity in triple-negative breast cancers [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference in Cancer Research: Translating Cancer Evolution and Data Science: The Next Frontier; 2023 Dec 3-6; Boston, Massachusetts. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2024;84(3 Suppl_2):Abstract nr A024.

Nuclear charge radius predictions by kernel ridge regression with odd–even effects

Nuclear charge radius predictions by kernel ridge regression with odd–even effects

E+e−→Λc+Λ¯c− Cross Sections and the Λc+ Electromagnetic Form Factors within the Extended Vector Meson Dominance Model

Within the extended vector meson dominance model, we investigate the e+e−→Λc+Λ¯c− reaction and the electromagnetic form factors of the charmed baryon Λc+ . The model parameters are determined by fitting them to the cross sections of the process e+e−→Λc+Λ¯c− and the magnetic form factor |G M| of Λc+ . By considering four charmonium-like states, called ψ(4500), ψ(4660), ψ(4790), and ψ(4900), we can well describe the current data on the e+e−→Λc+Λ¯c− reaction from the reaction threshold up to 4.96 GeV. In addition to the total cross sections and |G M|, the ratio |G E/G M| and the effective form factor |G eff| for Λc+ are also calculated, and found that these calculations are consistent with the experimental data. Within the fitted model parameters, we have also estimated the charge radius of the charmed Λc+ baryon.

Nuclear anaplasia of positive and negative hormonal receptor (estrogen and progesterone receptor) in breast cancer cytology

Background: Breast epithelial duct cells show response to sex hormone such as estrogen and progesterone since they have receptor for estrogen and progesterone. Consequently, malignant cells from breast epithelial ductuli (Breast Ductal Carcinoma) show positivity for estrogen and progesterone receptor (ER and PR). However, when this neoplasm becomes poorly differentiated, they lost these characteristics and became ER and PR negative. On the other hand, poorly differentiated cancer cells show more nuclear enlargement that was accompanied by increase nuclear pleomorphism. This study wants to compare area of breast cancer cells nuclei and nuclear pleiomorphism in positive and negative ER and PR. Material and method: Positive and negative ER and PR breast cancer cases were collected from archive of Anatomic Pathology Department each consisting of ten to fourteen cases. Image analysis was made from each case to measure the area, diameter, and nuclear pleiomorphism. Result and discussion: There were no differences in nuclear size and pleomorphism of breast cancer cells with positive and negative ER and PR. This result show that poorly differentiated cancer cells did not accompany by increase of nuclear anaplasia. Conclusion: There is no difference of cancer cells morphology in positive and negative ER and PR. Hormonal status and anaplasia of cell nuclei can be used as independent prognostic factor to breast cancer progression.

Nuclear size and pleiomorphism of breast cancer cells at high and low Ki-67 proliferation index

Background: Breast cancer cells are characterized by enlargement of nuclei and variation of nuclear size. The more anaplastic of cell nuclei reflect more aggressive and malignant cells that affect increase proliferation rate. The aim of this study is to reveal whether there was any difference of anaplastic characteristic of breast cancer cells in high and low degree of proliferation rate. Material and Methods: Twenty-three cases of breast cancer were collected from archive of Pathology Department composed of high and low Ki-67 proliferations index. Anaplastic characteristics of cancer cells were obtained by measuring the area and pleomorphism of breast cancer cells in cytologic specimen from aspiration biopsy material. Result and Discussion: There were no differences between breast cancer cells’ size between high and low Ki-67 proliferation index while there was a difference pleomorphism between high and low Ki67. Conclusion: The degree of anaplasia in breast cancer cells has a relationship with cancer cells proliferation. Further research should be made to reveal the mechanism of this phenomenon.

Nuclear radii from total reaction cross section measurements at intermediate energies with complex turning point corrections to the eikonal model

Nuclear radii from total reaction cross section measurements at intermediate energies with complex turning point corrections to the eikonal model