Charged Ones Research Articles

Rethinking nanofiltration membrane design for breaking the trade-off in Li/Mg separation: A comprehensive analysis based on the separation factor-lithium flux (S-JLi) framework

Nanofiltration (NF) membranes are crucial for lithium (Li) recovery from salt-lake brine, but efficient Li/magnesium (Mg) separation remains challenging. This study employs the recently proposed S-JLi (separation factor vs Li flux) framework to evaluate NF membrane performance for Li/Mg separation, addressing limitations in traditional S-A (separation factor vs water permeance) frameworks. Using the Donnan Steric Pore Model with Dielectric Exclusion (DSPM-DE), we systematically investigate how operating conditions, feedwater properties, and membrane characteristics affect Li/Mg separation. Our results reveal that positively charged membranes outperform negatively charged ones, despite experiencing performance drops in high-salinity environments. We identify a trade-off between Li/Mg selectivity and Li flux that cannot be overcome by adjusting single membrane parameters. Multi-parameter synergistic regulation, particularly minimizing effective membrane thickness while optimizing charge density and pore size, emerges as a promising strategy to enhance separation performance. Our numerical simulations align well with experimental data, providing theoretical insights for designing high-performance Li/Mg separation membranes and emphasizing the importance of considering both selectivity and Li recovery in membrane development and evaluation.

Adsorption of polyelectrolytes in the presence of varying dielectric discontinuity between solution and substrate.

We examine the interactions between polyelectrolytes (PEs) and uncharged substrates under conditions corresponding to a dielectric discontinuity between the aqueous solution and the substrate. To this end, we vary the relevant system characteristics, in particular the substrate dielectric constant ɛs under different salt conditions. We employ coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulations with rodlike PEs in salt solutions with explicit ions and implicit water solvent with dielectric constant ɛw = 80. As expected, at low salt concentrations, PEs are repelled from the substrates with ɛs < ɛw but are attracted to substrates with a high dielectric constant due to image charges. This attraction considerably weakens for high salt and multivalent counterions due to enhanced screening. Furthermore, for monovalent salt, screening enhances adsorption for weakly charged PEs, but weakens it for strongly charged ones. Meanwhile, multivalent counterions have little effect on weakly charged PEs, but prevent adsorption of highly charged PEs, even at low salt concentrations. We also find that correlation-induced charge inversion of a PE is enhanced close to the low dielectric constant substrates, but suppressed when the dielectric constant is high. To explore the possibility of a PE monolayer formation, we examine the interaction of a pair of like-charged PEs aligned parallel to a high dielectric constant substrate with ɛs = 8000. Our main conclusion is that monolayer formation is possible only for weakly charged PEs at high salt concentrations of both monovalent and multivalent counterions. Finally, we also consider the energetics of a PE approaching the substrate perpendicular to it, in analogy to polymer translocation. Our results highlight the complex interplay between electrostatic and steric interactions and contribute to a deeper understanding of PE-substrate interactions and adsorption at substrate interfaces with varying dielectric discontinuities from solution, ubiquitous in biointerfaces, PE coating applications, and designing adsorption setups.

Nutmeg and SPICE: Models and Data for Biomolecular Machine Learning.

We describe version 2 of the SPICE data set, a collection of quantum chemistry calculations for training machine learning potentials. It expands on the original data set by adding much more sampling of chemical space and more data on noncovalent interactions. We train a set of potential energy functions called Nutmeg on it. They are based on the TensorNet architecture. They use a novel mechanism to improve performance on charged and polar molecules, injecting precomputed partial charges into the model to provide a reference for the large-scale charge distribution. Evaluation of the new models shows that they do an excellent job of reproducing energy differences between conformations even on highly charged molecules or ones that are significantly larger than the molecules in the training set. They also produce stable molecular dynamics trajectories and are fast enough to be useful for routine simulation of small molecules.

Formation of Doubly and Triply Charged Fullerene Dimers in Superfluid Helium Nanodroplets.

Sequential ionization of fullerene cluster ions (C_{60})_{n}^{+} within multiply charged helium nanodroplets leads to the intriguing phenomenon of forming and stabilizing doubly and triply charged fullerene oligomers. While the formation of doubly charged dimers (C_{60})_{2}^{2+} has been predicted in earlier studies, the observation of even triply charged ones (C_{60})_{2}^{3+} is highly surprising. This remarkable resilience against Coulomb explosion is achieved through efficient cooling within the superfluid environment of helium nanodroplets and a sequential ionization scheme that populates covalently bound or physisorbed fullerene dimers. Calculations support the stability of four differently bonded (C_{60})_{2}^{2+} and (C_{60})_{2}^{3+} isomers and predict a low Coulomb barrier (<0.4 eV) preventing even dissociation of cold van der Waals complexes.

Review on Electric Vehicles Battery Swapping Technology

The goal of research and development organizations is to intelligently design the architecture of battery swapping stations (BSSs), with the hope of offering a reliable platform for the successful installation of a large fleet of electric vehicles (EVs) and hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs). The BSS can calibrate its subsystem for the deployment of electric vehicles (EVs) by implementing a similar concept to those found in current gas stations, which involve exchanging or swapping out discharged batteries for partially or fully charged ones after a short while. Because it gives the relevant stakeholders a more comprehensive understanding of the business prospects, the BSS approach has emerged as a promising technological alternative to the conventional EV recharging station approach. This paper addresses the introduction to BSS, covering its methods, infrastructure, advantages over charging stations, and main obstacles. Index Terms: Battery Swapping Station (BSS), Battery Charging Stations (BCS), Electric Vehicles (EVs), Hybrid Electric Vehicles (EHVs).

In Situ Species Analysis of a Lithium-Ion Battery Electrolyte Containing LiTFSI and Propylene Carbonate.

In this study, we analyzed the species in a model electrolyte consisting of a lithium salt, lithium bis(trifluoromethane sulfone)imide (LiTFSI), and a widely used neutral solvent propylene carbonate (PC) with excess infrared (IR) spectroscopy, ab initio molecular dynamics simulations (AIMD), and quantum chemical calculations. Complexing species including the charged ones [Li+(PC)4, TFSI-, TFSI-(PC), TFSI-(PC)2, and Li(TFSI)2-] are identified in the electrolyte. Quantum chemical calculations show strong Li+···O(PC) interaction, which suggests that Li+ would transport in the mode of solvation-carriage. However, the interaction energy of each hydrogen bond in TFSI-(PC) is very weak, suggesting that TFSI- would transport in hopping mode. In addition, the concentration dependences of the relative population of the species were also derived, providing a scenario for the dissolving process of the salt in PC. These in-depth studies provide physical insights into the structural and interactive properties of the electrolyte of lithium-ion batteries.

Battery swapping, vehicle rebalancing, and staff routing for electric scooter sharing systems

Electric scooter (e-scooter) sharing systems provide on-demand electric scooter rental services. E-scooters are equipped with swappable batteries managed by staff who visit each scooter and replace depleted batteries with charged ones. The e-scooters in this system are free-floating; they can be located anywhere without having to be returned to designated stations. Due to this characteristic of the scattered location of e-scooters, operation decisions with associated staff routing are more challenging than station-based services. Thus, it is critical to implement the efficient management of e-scooter redistribution and charging decisions with proper staff routing to successfully prepare for user demand within a limited operation time while minimizing the total operating cost. To this end, we introduce a battery swapping and vehicle rebalancing problem with staff routing for e-scooter sharing systems, formulated as a mixed integer programming (MIP) model. To derive solutions efficiently for a large-scale instance in practice, we propose a clustered iterative construction approach where the problem is decomposed into two phases. The first phase clusters regions using an approximation of intra-region and inter-region operation costs with the minimum spanning tree approach. The second phase efficiently derives multiple candidate regional sequences by our partial permutation procedure and following the sequences, iteratively solves a significantly reduced size of the problem to construct operation assignments. Our numerical experiments on the generated instances and real-world instances demonstrate that the proposed two-phase algorithm shows significantly superior performance in practically large scale instances than the benchmarks without clustering or the iterative procedures of our algorithm.

Accelerated Activity-Based Sensing by Fluorogenic Reporter Engineering Enables to Rapidly Determine Unstable Analyte.

Accurate detection of labile analytes through activity based fluorogenic sensing is meaningful but remains a challenge because of nonrapid reaction kinetic. Herein, we present a signaling reporter engineering strategy to accelerate azoreduction reaction by positively charged fluorophore promoted unstable anion recognition for rapidly sensing sodium dithionite (Na2S2O4), a kind of widespread used but harmful inorganic reducing agent. Its quick decomposition often impedes application reliability of traditional fluorogenic probes in real samples because of their slow responses. In this work, four azo-based probes with different charged fluorophores (positive, zwitterionic, neutral, and negative) were synthesized and compared. Among of them, with sequestration effect of positively charged anthocyanin fluorophore for dithionite anion via electrostatic attraction, the cationic probe Azo-Pos displayed ultrafast fluorogenic response (∼2 s) with the fastest response kinetic (kpos' = 0.373 s-1) that is better than other charged ones (kzwi' = 0.031 s-1, kneu' = 0.013 s-1, kneg' = 0.003 s-1). Azo-Pos was demonstrated to be capable to directly detect labile Na2S2O4 in food samples and visualize the presence of Na2S2O4 in living systems in a timely fashion. This new probe has potential as a robust tool to fluorescently monitor excessive food additives and biological invasion of harmful Na2S2O4. Moreover, our proposed accelerating strategy would be versatile to develop more activity-based sensing probes for quickly detecting other unstable analytes of interest.

Cytotoxicity of amine-modified polystyrene MPs and NPs on neural stem cells cultured from mouse subventricular zone

Microplastics (MPs) and nanoplastics (NPs) are found in various environments such as aquatic, terrestrial, and aerial areas. Once ingested and inhaled, these tiny plastic debris damaged the digestive and respiratory organ systems in animals. In humans, the possible connection between MPs and various diseases such as lung diseases has been raised. Yet, the impact of MPs on the human nervous system has been unclear. Previous research using animals and cultured cells showed possible neurotoxicity of MPs and NPs. In this study, we used neural stem cells cultured from mouse subventricular zone to examine the effects of polystyrene (PS) NPs and MPs with sizes of 0.1 μm, 1 μm, and 2 μm on the cell proliferation and differentiation. We observed that only positively charged NPs and MPs, but not negatively charged ones, decreased cell viability and proliferation. These amine-modified NPs and MPs decreased both neurogenesis and oligodendrogenesis. Finally, fully differentiated neurons and oligodendrocytes were damaged and removed by the application of NPs and MPs. All these effects varied among different sizes of NPs and MPs, with the greatest effects from 1 μm and the least effects from 2 μm. These results clearly demonstrate the cytotoxicity and neurotoxicity of PS-NPs and MPs.

Daptomycin Liposomes Exhibit Enhanced Activity against Staphylococci Biofilms Compared to Free Drug.

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the anti-staphylococcal activity of liposomal daptomycin against four biofilm-producing S. aureus and S. epidermidis clinical strains, three of which are methicillin-resistant. Neutral and negatively charged daptomycin-loaded liposomes were prepared using three methods, namely, thin-film hydration (TFH), a dehydration-rehydration vesicle (DRV) method, and microfluidic mixing (MM); moreover, they were characterized for drug encapsulation (EE%), size distribution, zeta-potential, vesicle stability, drug release, and drug integrity. Interestingly, whilst drug loading in THF and DRV nanosized (by extrusion) vesicles was around 30-35, very low loading (~4%) was possible in MM vesicles, requiring further explanatory investigations. Liposomal encapsulation protected daptomycin from degradation and preserved its bioactivity. Biofilm mass (crystal violet, CV), biofilm viability (MTT), and growth curve (GC) assays evaluated the antimicrobial activity of neutral and negatively charged daptomycin-liposomes towards planktonic bacteria and biofilms. Neutral liposomes exhibited dramatically enhanced inhibition of bacterial growth (compared to the free drug) for all species studied, while negatively charged liposomes were totally inactive. Biofilm prevention and treatment studies revealed high antibiofilm activity of liposomal daptomycin. Neutral liposomes were more active for prevention and negative charge ones for treating established biofilms. Planktonic bacteria as well as the matured biofilms of low daptomycin-susceptible, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and Staphylococcus epidermidis (MRSE) strains were almost completely eradicated by liposomal-daptomycin, indicating the need for their further exploration as antimicrobial therapeutics.

Supralinear scaling behavior of ionic transport in membrane nanochannels regulated by outer-surface charges.

The peculiarity of ion transport at the nanoscale is revealed through electrophysiological studies of two biological ion channels: the cation-selective bacterial porin-OmpF and the mitochondrial voltage-dependent anion channel (VDAC). We provide evidence of an unprecedented scaling behavior in the power-law relationship between conductivity and concentration G ∼ c α with α > 1 when functional groups attached to the pore inner wall have opposite charges to those located in the nanochannel's outer surface. Indeed, we find α ∼ 1.4 both for OmpF in positively charged membranes and for VDAC in negatively charged ones. The experiments are analyzed using different levels of theoretical models, starting with an equivalent circuit where total electrical current is described as the sum of ionic currents. Subsequently, we show that electrical circuits incorporating simplifying assumptions such as local electroneutrality and Donnan equilibrium consistently account for the measured G-c relationships yielding extremely similar results to the numerical results of structure-based Poisson-Nernst-Planck equations computed without these assumptions. We demonstrate that unexpected scaling exponents do not correspond to deviations from these classical equilibrium/electroneutrality assumptions, but rather to the structural features of the pore that are not included in oversimplified models in terms of shape and/or charge distribution. In contrast to the predictions of widely accepted models, we demonstrate both experimentally and theoretically that the conductance of ion-selective nanochannels can be drastically reduced in dilute solutions through a mechanism in which membrane charges and pore charges do not compensate for each other but act as interacting sites of opposite charge. Our insights into the critical role of external surface charges aim to open new conceptual avenues for developing nanofluidic devices with enhanced capabilities for energy conversion and sensing properties.

The annealing kinetics of the F-type defects in MgAl2O4 spinel single crystals irradiated by swift heavy ions

The annealing kinetics of the F and F+ color centers induced in MgAl2O4 single crystals under irradiation by 156-MeV 132Xe and 2.25-GeV 197Au ions are precisely measured via relevant optical absorption bands and analyzed in terms of the diffusion-controlled reactions between two pairs of anion Frenkel defects which determine thermal stability of irradiated material. It is demonstrated that two types of mobile oxygen interstitials (neutral and charged ones) are involved into recombination process with very different activation energies, which are practically independent on radiation fluencies.

Electrolyte-induced aggregation of zein protein nanoparticles in aqueous dispersions

Ion specific effects on the charging and aggregation features of zein nanoparticles (ZNP) were studied in aqueous suspensions by electrophoretic and time-resolved dynamic light scattering techniques. The influence of mono- and multivalent counterions on the colloidal stability was investigated for positively and negatively charged particles at pH values below and above the isoelectric point, respectively. The sequence of the destabilization power of monovalent salts followed the prediction of the indirect Hofmeister series for positively charged particles, while the direct Hofmeister series for negatively charged ones assumed a hydrophobic character for their surface. The multivalent ions destabilized the oppositely charged ZNPs more effectively and the aggregation process followed the Schulze-Hardy rule. For some multivalent ions, strong adsorption led to charge reversal resulting in restabilization of the suspensions. The experimental critical coagulation concentrations (CCCs) could be well-predicted with the theory developed by Derjaguin, Landau, Verwey and Overbeek indicating that the aggregation processes were mainly driven by electrical double layer repulsion and van der Waals attraction. The ion specific dependence of the CCCs is owing to the modification of the surface charge through ion adsorption at different extents. These results are crucial for drug delivery applications, where inorganic electrolytes are present in ZNP samples.

Design and Analysis of a Peak Time Estimation Framework for Vehicle Occurrences at Solar Photovoltaic and Grid-Based Battery-Swappable Charging Stations

Due to global environmental impacts, the electric vehicle (EV) adoption rate is increasing. However, unlike conventional petrol vehicles, EVs take a considerable time to charge. EVs on the road with different battery charging statuses and driving demographics may cause uncertain peak time arrivals at charging stations. Battery-swappable charging stations are a quick and easier way to replace uncharged batteries with charged ones. However, charging due to uncertain EV arrival causes higher charging profiles posing load to the grid, management of charged and discharged batteries, and peak time charging tariffs. These challenges hinder the wide operation of battery-swappable charging stations. Nevertheless, a pre-assessment of peak hours using EV demographics can reduce congestion. In recent literature surveys for battery-swappable charging stations, spot congestion has not been given much attention, which has a direct influence on the sizing and operation of battery-swappable charging stations. This research study is focused on estimating peak time events using a novel integrated techno-economic assessment framework. A fuzzy-based parametric assessment tool is developed that identifies the factors that influence higher congestion events. Based on the peak event assessment, grid, and solar PV-based generation is optimized using mixed integer linear programming. In the final step, an environment analysis of a swappable charging station is performed. Furthermore, the results achieved using the proposed framework for battery-swappable charging stations (BSCSs) were compared with fast-charging (FC) stations. FC can economically perform well if integrated with solar PV systems; however, the capital cost is 80% greater than the BSCSs designed under the proposed framework. The operational cost of BSCSs is 39% higher than FC stations as they use 29% higher grid units than FC stations due to night operations under congestion.

The study of acidic/basic nature of metallothioneins and other metal-binding biomolecules in the soluble hepatic fraction of the northern pike (Esox lucius)

Since fish metalloproteins are still not thoroughly characterized, the aim of this study was to investigate the acidic/basic nature of biomolecules involved in the sequestration of twelve selected metals in the soluble hepatic fraction of an important aquatic bioindicator organism, namely the fish species northern pike (Esox lucius). For this purpose, the hyphenated system HPLC-ICP-MS was applied, with chromatographic separation based on anion/cation-exchange principle at physiological pH (7.4). The results indicated predominant acidic nature of metal-binding peptides/proteins in the studied hepatic fraction. More than 90 % of Ag, Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Mo, and Pb were eluted with negatively charged biomolecules, and >70 % of Bi, Mn, and Zn. Thallium was revealed to bind equally to negatively and positively charged biomolecules, and Cs predominantly to positively charged ones. The majority of acidic (negatively charged) metalloproteins/peptides were coeluted within the elution time range of applied standard proteins, having pIs clustered around 4–6. Furthermore, binding of several metals (Ag, Cd, Cu, Zn) to two MT-isoforms was assumed, with Cd and Zn preferentially bound to MT1 and Ag to MT2, and Cu evenly distributed between the two. The results presented here are the first of their kind for the important bioindicator species, the northern pike, as well as one of the rare comprehensive studies on the acidic/basic nature of metal-binding biomolecules in fish, which can contribute significantly to a better understanding of the behaviour and fate of metals in the fish organism, specifically in liver as main metabolic and detoxification organ.

Optimization of battery swapping stations with heterogeneity, charging degradation and PV-option

Greenhouse gas emissions-related issues have been extensively discussed in the past years, with over 70 countries already committed to a carbon-neutral economy by 2050. The electrification of transportation modals has increased following these goals, where Electric Vehicles (EVs) are starting to take Internal Combustion Engine Vehicles (ICEV) market share all over the globe. Besides the particular complexity in comparing EVs and ICEVs, challenges involving the nature of EVs and their integration with cities, such as the lack of public locals for charging, are also critical and interfere with their development. In this context, this work aims at studying the problem of a Battery Swapping Station (BSS), a structure where the EVs users swap their depleted batteries for fully or partially charged ones. In order to simulate the BSS daily operations and battery charging schedule, a novel Mixed Integer Linear Programming (MILP) model is proposed, taking into account battery heterogeneity, the use of local photovoltaic (PV) production, and battery degradation based on charging profile. A collection of BSS operation metrics are designed to evaluate the solution quality of the proposed scheduling model. A numerical experiment comprising four case studies based on real data from the US power and transportation systems is presented, with insights and analyses on the PV and grid power use, as well as a BSS financial comparison against close-related benchmark scheduling approaches, together with sensitivity analyses on BSS sizing plan and costumers service. Results highlight the importance of battery degradation in the optimization model, since its consideration as an operational cost brought a reduction of 16%.

Investigation of Rh/NR3 catalytic systems in sequential stages of reductive hydroformylation engaging in situ X-ray absorption spectroscopy

Nowadays reductive hydroformylation over Rh/NR3 catalysts is of great interest to both industry and academia, however, some of its aspects remain controversial or unclear, including those which might turn essential for developing new active catalysts and optimization of parameters. In this work, we studied in depth separately both stages of the process – hydroformylation of olefins and hydrogenation of aldehydes, – and estimated the role of the amine structure in them. Also, for the first time, we investigated Rh/NR3 catalytic system under the reaction conditions by in situ XAS method to gain the additional structural information, and observed the correlation of the obtained data with the results of catalytic experiments. Catalytic and in situ XAS measurements shown that tertiary amines suppress Rh clusterization, forming species of lower nuclearity. These Rh/amine species may include both charged and uncharged ones. The addition of amines, which are effective promotors of the hydrogenation step, decelerates hydroformylation, presumably, through the formation of amine containing Rh complexes.

Interplay among gravitational waves, dark matter and collider signals in the singlet scalar extended type-II seesaw model

We study the prospect of simultaneous explanation of tiny neutrino masses, dark matter (DM), and the observed baryon asymmetry of the Universe in a Z3-symmetric complex singlet scalar extended type-II seesaw model. The complex singlet scalar plays the role of DM. Analyzing the thermal history of the model, we identify the region of the parameter space that can generate a first-order electroweak phase transition (FOEWPT) in the early Universe, and the resulting stochastic gravitational waves (GW) can be detected at future space/ground-based GW experiments. First, we find that light triplet scalars do favor an FOEWPT. In our study, we choose the type-II seesaw part of the parameter space in such a way that light triplet scalars, especially the doubly charged ones, evade the strong bounds from their canonical searches at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). However, the relevant part of the parameter space, where FOEWPT can happen only due to strong SM doublet-triplet interactions, is in tension with the SM-like Higgs decay to a pair of photons, which has already excluded the bulk of this parameter space. On the other hand, the latest spin-independent DM direct detection constraints from XENON-1T and PANDA-4T eliminate a significant amount of parameter space relevant for the dark sector assisted FOEWPT scenarios, and it is only possible when the complex scalar DM is significantly underabundant. In short, we conclude from our analysis that the absence of new physics at the HL-LHC and/or various DM experiments in the near future will severely limit the prospects of detecting a stochastic GW at future GW experiments and will exclude the possibility of electroweak baryogenesis within this model.

Understanding and predicting the adsorption and rejection of pesticides and metabolites by hollow fiber nanofiltration membranes

Layer-by-layer Hollow fiber Nanofiltration (LbL HF-NF) membranes have shown great potential in the removal of micropollutants from water. Nonetheless, further research is required as the number of tested compounds remains limited. In this study, the adsorption and rejection of 164 micropollutants by two commercial HF-NF membranes with MWCO of 400 and 800 Da, were investigated. The investigation was conducted by evaluating the influence of 11 physicochemical micropollutants’ properties on the separation performances. Results showed that highly adsorbed compounds had average log D values above 3, while no or low adsorption was observed for compounds with negative log D values. Furthermore, adsorption was more frequently observed for neutral compounds compared to negatively charged ones. Micropollutants rejection results showed that steric exclusion plays the most important role in the rejection of micropollutants, and that the charge of micropollutants can also heavily influence their rejection. Likewise, negatively charged compounds were better rejected than neutral ones. Finally, the study demonstrated that adsorption and rejection of micropollutants can be predicted with good accuracy using the random forest algorithm. The prediction accuracy for adsorption was 80% and 73% for the 800 and 400 Da MWCO membranes, respectively. The RMSE for rejection predictions was 10.6% and 6% for the two membranes respectively.

Pickering emulsions stabilized by ternary complexes involving curcumin-modified zein and polysaccharides with different charge amounts for encapsulating β-carotene

In this research, zein was modified with curcumin to obtain covalent and non-covalent complexes. They were further covered with polysaccharides (gum arabic or gum karaya) possessing different surface charge amounts to obtain ternary nanoparticles for preparing novel antioxidant Pickering emulsions. The addition of curcumin to the zein-polysaccharide system significantly retarded the UV degradation of the encapsulated β-carotene (maximum retention ∼ 97%) and effectively inhibited the lipid oxidation of the emulsions. In vitro gastrointestinal digestion assays showed that gum karaya significantly delayed the release of free fatty acids, thereby improving the bioaccessibility of β-carotene (the highest bioavailability ∼ 38%). By comparing the performance of the complex particles, the weakly charged polysaccharides were superior to the highly charged ones, while zein-curcumin covalent binding was superior to non-covalent binding in the above experiments. This study provides innovative perspectives on the use of novel Pickering emulsions to provide ideal protection and bioavailability of lipophilic nutraceuticals.