Charge Method Research Articles

Innovative Nanoparticle Synthesis and Multifaceted Applications in Medicine and Cancer Therapy

Nanotechnology has far-reaching implications and applications in multiple fields. The biomedical and health sectors can use nanotechnology concepts for medication delivery and treatment. Under controlled conditions, it can target and initiate administering drugs and several other therapeutic agents. Since cancer is the largest cause of death worldwide, prompt diagnosis and effective anticancer treatments are crucial. In this particular context, nanotechnology reduces side effects and directs drug delivery to specifically target cancer cells, providing unique benefits for cancer therapy. In the present thorough review, the most noteworthy new findings for 2010–2023 were compiled, which address the development and use of nanosystems for cancer treatment. Nanoparticles allow precise and controlled release of therapeutic substances at specific action locations, enabling targeted medication delivery. Size, shape, surface, charge, and loading methods impact its efficiency. Researchers have made advancements in encapsulating drugs into nanoliposomes and nanoemulsions, including paclitaxel and fisetin, and are currently testing their suitability in ongoing clinical trials. The purpose of this review is to serve as a continuous path toward recognizing the extraordinary potential of various nanoparticles in cancer therapies.

Dynamic characterization of permanent magnet electrodynamic suspension system with a novel passive damping magnet scheme

In the paper, a 3D electromagnetic force analytical model incorporating the vertical vibration velocity of the permanent magnet is derived using the virtual magnetic charge method, which is used to examine the system’s dynamic properties. Then, a novel passive damping scheme based on permanent magnets is developed to enhance the system stability without increasing the complexity of the system. Finally, the dynamic experiment is carried out on the rotating platform employing a dynamic test apparatus, where the validity of the analytical model is checked and the effect of the damping magnet is explored. The results exhibit that the permanent magnet electrodynamic suspension system is self-stabilizing yet underdamped, and the vertical damping coefficient decreases as the velocity and airgap increase. The system has favorable stability in the absence of disturbance with a fluctuation of roughly 0.5 mm. The proposed damping scheme reduces the vibration overshoot from 41.18% to 32.47% and shortens the settling time from 3.29 s to 0.97 s. Meanwhile, the system is especially sensitive to long-wave irregularities in the high-speed range throughout the experiment with the track irregularity, where the vibration amplitude of the guidance system can be reduced by approximately 8 times from 4.6 mm to 0.57 mm by applying the damping magnet scheme. As a result, the proposed passive damping magnet scheme offers a pretty damping effect, which is capable of significantly improving the stability of the permanent magnet electrodynamic suspension system.

Properties of dynamical black hole entropy

We study the first law for non-stationary perturbations of a stationary black hole whose event horizon is a Killing horizon, that relates the first-order change in the mass and angular momentum to the change in the entropy of an arbitrary horizon cross-section. Recently, Hollands, Wald and Zhang [1] have shown that the dynamical black hole entropy that satisfies this first law, for general relativity, is Sdyn = (1 − v∂v)SBH, where v is the affine parameter of the null horizon generators and SBH is the Bekenstein-Hawking entropy, and for general diffeomorphism covariant theories of gravity Sdyn = (1 − v∂v)SWall, where SWall is the Wall entropy. They obtained the first law by applying the Noether charge method to non-stationary perturbations and arbitrary cross-sections. In this formalism, the dynamical black hole entropy is defined as an “improved” Noether charge, which is unambiguous to first order in the perturbation. In the present article we provide a pedagogical derivation of the physical process version of the non-stationary first law for general relativity by integrating the linearised Raychaudhuri equation between two arbitrary horizon cross-sections. Moreover, we generalise the derivation of the first law in [1] to non-minimally coupled matter fields that are smooth on the horizon, using boost weight arguments rather than Killing field arguments, and we relax some of the gauge conditions on the perturbations by allowing for non-zero variations of the horizon Killing field and surface gravity. Finally, for f(Riemann) theories of gravity we show explicitly using Gaussian null coordinates that the improved Noether charge is Sdyn = (1 − v∂v)SWall, which is a non-trivial check of [1].

Spherical image potentials for an N-charged particle system

The potential energy interaction between a system of N -charged particles and a spherical conducting surface is obtained by means of direct integration of the electrostatic energy density. Making use of the image charge method, we show that the full potential can be split into a sum of one-body central potentials and two-body contributions related to particle–particle and particle–sphere interactions. Analytical expressions are provided for all contributions. The spherical surface of radius R can be considered to correspond to a cavity inside a conductor or a metallic ball, with two different electric conditions, namely the grounded and isolated charged cases. By taking the limit R → ∞ of the spherical case, one recovers the image potential for an N -charged particle system interacting with a planar conductor. While the final results for the potential do not appear as unexpected, the provided analytical expressions should help in diverse physical applications modelled by a number of charged particles interacting close to a spherical surface.

New definitions of the effective nuclear charge and its application to estimate the matrix element [formula omitted]

New definitions of the effective nuclear charge are proposed to evaluate the orbital wave function and the dipole matrix element ⟨n,l|r|n′,l′⟩ for the non-hydrogenic atoms or ions. It is found that the commonly used effective nuclear charge defined by the orbital energy is insufficiently precise to estimate the orbital wave functions and matrix elements ⟨n,l|r|n′,l′⟩. Instead, the effective nuclear charge defined by ⟨r⟩ or ⟨r2⟩ are more advantageous. It is shown that the effective nuclear charge method becomes increasingly precise to predict wave functions and matrix elements as the orbital angular momentum, the principle quantum number and the degree of ionization increase. Good accuracy is achieved when principal quantum numbers are identical n=n′ or when both orbital quantum numbers l and l′ are non-zero. When s-orbitals are involved (l or l′ equal to zero) the precision is decreasing.

The utility of MOF-based materials in direct air capture (DAC) application to ppm-level CO2

Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are well-suited materials for CO2 removal and have robust capture capacity and selectivity. Although the adsorption of CO2 in MOFs has been studied, the implementation of ppm-level CO2 uptake in MOFs and the effects of the pore size and charge have not been fully explored. We performed grand canonical Monte Carlo (GCMC) simulations combined with the Density Functional Theory plus U (DFT + U) charge method to investigate MOF screening for ppm-level CO2 uptake and its application in a direct air capture (DAC) system. Three types of MOFs containing eight members were studied: i.e., ZIF-68, 69, 70; UiO-66, 67, 68; CAU-10; and MIL-125. The pore landscape characterization, electrostatic field-induced enhancement, and preferential binding sites of these MOFs were examined for CO2 capture. MOFs with pore limited diameters (PLD) 1.5 times the size of CO2 molecules and with large cavity diameters (LCD) smaller than 10 Å exhibit robust confinement capacity. Polar functional groups and metal ions dominate the electrostatic contributions and subsequently enhance the surface adhesion of CO2 molecules. For a given framework, favorable CO2 binding occurs in the following order: small pores/cages > polar functional group/metal ions > larger pores/cages. ZIF-69 which comprises smaller pores (7.5 Å) and robust polar functional groups (–Cl) collectively enhances CO2 capture; thus, ZIF-69 outperforms other MOFs; the performance of ZIF-69 is followed by that of CAU-10 which has an optimal pore size of 6 Å. These findings are of fundamental and practical importance for the application of MOFs in DAC technologies for CO2 removal.

Comparing PEMFC state-of-health characteristics obtained by Galvanostatic Charge Method with and without nitrogen flush

Onboard determination of state-of-health (SoH) parameters becomes increasingly important with tightened lifetime requirements for automotive polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) fuel cell systems. One way to electrochemically characterize SoH parameters like active catalyst surface area (roughness factor, RF), double layer capacitance and membrane permeability is the nitrogen-flush-requiring Galvanostatic Charge Method (GCM). In this publication, a nitrogen-flush-free and thus, onboard-compatible adapted version of GCM (AGCM from Möller et al. (2023)), is directly compared to its original method, GCM. A 20-cell automotive shortstack was frequently characterized with both GCM and AGCM methods as well as standard Cyclic Voltammetry (CV) during a degradation test. Additionally, the evaluation model for AGCM was varied in two aspects: Firstly, modeling the hydrogen partial pressure difference (ΔpH2) responsible for hydrogen crossover and secondly, modeling hydrogen diffusion in the cathode volume with a 0-D transport model. The characterization results prove that all investigated model variations of AGCM can reproduce double layer capacitance results from GCM and CV, as well as the decreasing trend in roughness factor results. RF-values characterized by AGCM agree with either GCM or CV results, depending on the evaluation model. A thorough analysis revealed the neglected short circuit resistance in combination with the chosen modeling approach of ΔpH2 in AGCM as the reason. The two modeling approaches for ΔpH2 base on extreme assumptions about the homogeneity of hydrogen distribution in the anode volume. Neither of them could reproduce the membrane permeability of GCM. Instead, one overestimates, one underestimates it, indicating the truth to be in between the two extreme models. However, AGCM measurement conditions are identified as a lever to improve the AGCM permeability results and their robustness, even if the modeling approaches remain unchanged. Furthermore, this study showed that neglecting hydrogen diffusion in the cathode volume in the AGCM evaluation model leads to overestimation of the membrane permeability.

Numerical simulation of interior ballistics two-phase flow in modular charge based on the particle element method

The full combustibility and strong discontinuity characteristics of module charge result in significant differences from conventional mode, making it challenging for traditional two-fluid methods to effectively reveal its particle dispersion mechanism. In this study, the particle element method for module charge were developed and applied for modeling the interior ballistics to overcome above drawback. Firstly, based on the characteristics of module charge and particle aggregation, criteria for dividing particle elements and methods for motion calculation are proposed. Next, particle element solver and CFD solver are constructed and mutually coupled for solution. Finally, validation is conducted under the condition of three modules charging. The computational results show that the particle element method can effectively predict the pressure and velocity inside the chamber, consistent with experimental results, the pressure error is 5.55 % and the velocity error is 0.79 %. The particle element method reproduces the combustion process with variable particle mass, accurately presenting the distribution of the flow field and temperature. Moreover, it fundamentally explains that pressure fluctuations occur due to the presence of free space and changes in the flow field caused by the movement of the propellant bed. The particle element method can provide scientific research methods and technical support for the development of module charge technology.

Evolution characteristics of an induced electric charge signal and identification method of charge for instability failure in loaded coal

A coal-loaded charge induction monitoring system is developed to effectively forecast the dynamic disasters caused by coal failure. Specifically, a digital finite impulse response (FIR) filter is designed to denoise and filter the signal, and the time-frequency domain evolution of induced charge signals is analyzed during coal failure experiments. The quantitative relationships between the induced electric charge and stress-strain energy, and ultimately, between induced electric charge and coal deformation/failure, are revealed. Ultimately, the electric charge sensor exhibits high signal collection frequency and high sensitivity, and the FIR low-pass filter constructed in MATLAB effectively denoises and filters induced charge signals. The main frequency range of the white noise is 50–500 Hz, and the main frequency of the charge signal induced by coal deformation and failure is concentrated in the range of 0–50 Hz. The optimal distances for monitoring cubic and cylindrical raw coal samples using this sensor are 9 mm and 11 mm, respectively. Notably, strain energy is released faster when it can dissipate more readily, and induced charge pulses become denser when more intense signals produce large fluctuations. A method is proposed to identify coal deformation and failure based on changes in the induced electric charge. This study provides a new means of monitoring the early warning signs of dynamic coal mine disasters. Based on our experimental results and conclusions, a new method is proposed to identify coal deformation and failure based on changes in the induced electric charge. The precursor to the moment of coal failure can be identified by monitoring the amplitude of the induced charge, the dynamic trend of fluctuation, and the cumulative number of induced electric charge pulses during the process of coal deformation.

One-pot radiolytically synthesized reduced graphene oxide-gold nanoparticles composites and exploration in energy storage

Graphene and its composites are of primary importance, particularly in the field of energy storage. Numerous bottom-up and top-down methods have been proposed in the literature to produce these materials with enhanced physicochemical properties. Recently, an innovative and green methodology was developed based on ionizing radiation, allowing the quantitative synthesis of graphene oxide-based materials. With the aim to extend this strategy for the preparation of hybrid nanomaterials, the objective of this work was the one-pot synthesis of nanocomposites composed of reduced graphene oxide – gold nanoparticles (rGO-AuNPs) via gamma ray-induced radiolytic reduction. UV–Vis Absorption Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy, Raman Spectroscopy and X-ray Photoemission Spectroscopy were utilized to comprehensively evaluate the reduction degree of graphene oxide and the formation of gold nanoparticles. Atomic Force Microscopy and Scanning Electron Microscopy were employed to obtain the morphological and topographical information on synthesized nanocomposites. Thermal properties were investigated by Thermogravimetric Analysis and electrical properties were investigated using Cyclic Voltammetry and Potentiostatic Charge and Discharge method. The results demonstrated the successful reduction of graphene oxide and gold ions through the drastic transformation of oxygen-containing functional groups and the formation of gold nanoparticles. Electrical characterization results highlighted the excellent electrical properties of radiosynthesized rGO-AuNPs composites and their great potential for supercapacitance application.

Effect of defective cells on the temperature distribution of a proton exchange membrane fuel cell stack

Proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) stacks may encounter performance degradation or even damage during long-term operations, while the influence of defective cells on the stack performance still remains inadequately understood. In this study, the effect of defective cells on the stack temperature distribution was experimentally investigated. Two defective cells of different defect degrees were prepared by controlling hydrogen starvation time and quantitively characterized by the polarization curves, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and galvanostatic charge method (GCM) tests. Results show that the presence of defective cells reduces the stack performance and the temperature distribution uniformity. The increment of stack temperature and decrement of stack temperature uniformity is more prominent (with 0.9 °C and 0.31 °C at 0.8 A cm−2, respectively) when the defective cell is located at central stack. The peak sub-cell regional temperature rise can even reach 2.9 °C. For defective cells with a relatively low degree of defect, the reverse current density is high, thus leading to an increased heat generation with the average sub-cell regional temperature increment of 0.5 °C and causing adjacent normal cells to operate at higher temperature. For defective cells with an excessive degree of defect, polarization reverse occurs at low current densities, resulting in significant voltage losses and reduced performance of the stack. The present results are insightful for developing thermal management strategies for the long-term operation of PEMFC stacks.

High-Throughput Fluorometric Assay For Quantifying Polysorbate In Biopharmaceutical Products Using Micelle Activated Fluorescence Probe N-Phenyl-1-Naphthylamine.

Polysorbates are among the most used surfactants in biopharmaceutical products containing proteins. Our work aims to develop a high-throughput fluorometric assay to further diversify the analytical toolbox for quantification of PSs. The assay leverages the micelle activated fluorescence signal from N-Phenyl-1-Naphthylamine (NPN). The development and optimization of assay parameters were guided by the pre-defined analytical target profile. Furthermore, NMR was used to probe the interaction between protein, PS80 and NPN in the measurement system and understand protein interference. All assay parameters including excitation and emission wavelengths, standard curve, NPN concentration, and incubation time have been optimized and adapted to a microplate format, making it compatible with automated solutions that will be pursued in the near future to drive consistency and efficiency in our workflows. The specificity, accuracy, and precision of the assay have been demonstrated through a case study. Furthermore, NMR results provided additional insight into the change of the interaction dynamics between PS80 and NPN as the protein concentration increases. The results indicate minimal interaction between the protein and PS80 at lower concentration. However, when the concentration exceeds 75mg/mL, there is a significant interaction between the protein and PS-80 micelle and monomer. A high-throughput fluorometric assay has been developed for quantification of polysorbates in biopharmaceutical samples including in-process samples, drug substance and drug product. The assay reported herein could serve as a powerful analytical tool for polysorbate quantification and control, complementing the widely used liquid chromatography with charged aerosol detection method.

Magnetostatic analysis by BEM for multiply connected problem

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to demonstrate the novel approach in treating multiply connected problems in magnetostatic.Design/methodology/approachThe new double layer approach (DLA) to be proposed is based on the use of the exciting double layer on the cut-surface. Applying Ampere’s circuital law to the circuital path along a toroidal core of M–C model, this paper derives unified exciting potential (UEP) from the common exciting potential. The UEP is applicable to the simply or M–C analysis. To check the effectiveness of the UEP, this paper analyze typical M–C problems and compares the results with those of other benchmark problems and also those obtained by surface charge method (SCM). Because the SCM encounters a cancellation error, this paper overcomes this problem by using the concept of direct boundary element method (BEM).FindingsUsing the improved DLA, this paper analyzed a typical multiply connected model and compared the results with those of the SCM, which has been improved to overcome cancellation errors. This paper has confirmed that the results obtained by the improved DLA are the same as those obtained by the improved SCM and Steklov–Poincaré operator formulation, tested at the well-known benchmark problems given in Andjelic et al. (2010). From these results, this paper concluded that the Improved DLA works well and that the improved SCM becomes available for analyzing both the simply and multiply connected problems.Originality/valueExpanding a concept of the exciting double layer on the cut-surface, this paper improve the DLA to analyze the M–C problems. Applying Ampere’s circuital law to the full circuital path along the toroidal core of M–C problem, this paper derive UEP from the original exciting potential to get the governing BIE. The BIE is applicable to either simply or multiply connected analysis.

Jet charge identification in the e+e− → Z → qq¯\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$ \ extrm{q}\\overline{\ extrm{q}} $$\\end{document} process at Z pole

Accurate jet charge identification is essential for precise electroweak and flavor measurements at the high-energy frontier. We propose a novel method called the Leading Particle Jet Charge method (LPJC) to determine the jet charge based on information of the leading charged particle. Tested on Z →bb¯\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$ b\\overline{b} $$\\end{document} and Z →cc¯\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$ c\\overline{c} $$\\end{document} samples at center-of-mass energy of 91.2 GeV, the LPJC achieves an effective tagging power ϵeff of 20%/9% for c/b jet, respectively. In combination with the Weighted Jet Charge method (WJC), we develop a Heavy Flavor Jet Charge method (HFJC), which achieves an effective tagging power ϵeff of 39%/20% for c/b jet, respectively. This paper also discusses the dependencies between jet charge identification performance and the fragmentation process of heavy flavor jets, as well as critical detector performances.

Experimental study on the flow electrification of liquid nitrogen in turbulent flow

Flow electrification occurs in all fluid flow scenarios involving solid–liquid interfaces. Due to electrostatic safety considerations, extensive research, both experimental and theoretical, has been conducted in the petroleum transportation field. However, research on flow electrification related to cryogenic fluids is relatively scarce, with even fewer experimental studies conducted. With the increasing use of cryogenic fluids such as liquid hydrogen and liquefied natural gas in aerospace and energy fields, there is an urgent need to expand the experimental database on cryogenic fluid flow electrification. In this context, a study focusing on cryogenic flow electrification using liquid nitrogen (LN2) as the working fluid was initiated, accompanied by the establishment of a flow electrification experimental platform capable of capturing ultra-low electrical signals at cryogenic conditions. Three measurement methods were designed and implemented, including charge, potential, and current measurements. By comparing their performance, the streaming charge method was identified as the optimal choice due to the stability and linearity of the raw signal. Subsequently, extensive testing was conducted to analyze the effects of various parameters, including flow velocity, pipe diameter, pipe material, and pipe roughness, on flow electrification intensity. The conclusions drawn include: within the experimental measurement range, the current induced by flow turbulence is on the order of 10−12 A for LN2. Moreover, increasing pipe diameter and roughness exacerbate the charge transported. Among the four materials tested, PTFE exhibits the highest intensity of flow electrification, followed by aluminum and stainless steel, with copper showing the weakest effect. Finally, based on the experimental data obtained, a modified semi-empirical correlation formula for the streaming current was proposed, which can reflect the specific effects of flow velocity, pipe diameter, material, and pipe roughness. Our measurement research has significant implications for the study of flow electrification in LN2 and its applications in aerospace and energy security fields.

Data-driven study of container handling charges in coastline ports of China

With the rapid development of networking and digitization, the data generated by various industries has shown exponential growth. The seaport industry is the fundamental industry to support the operation of the national economy, and undertakes the vast majority of China's foreign trade, materials, and coal transport along the sea. In response to some of China's major seaports of container handling charges for different extent of the upward event. In this paper, by researching the main seaports of China's coastal ports, we have obtained the level of container handling charge, and operating cost of container section. Meanwhile, this paper combines the reform history of China's port container charging policy and the comparison of domestic and foreign charging levels to discover the cost structure of the container handling charges. It establishes the benchmark for the optimization of the container handling charges. Utilizing data analysis related to production and operations, this paper proposes an optimization method of container handling charges based on the cost analysis of container port companies with macro and micro coupling and puts forward effective suggestions on this basis. This paper suggests the establishment of a mechanism for regulating container handling charges. It also proposes a mechanism for monitoring and regular announcement of container costs.

Design of Battery Charging System with CC-CV Method Using Interleaved Buck-Boost Converter

The transition of renewable energy has become an interesting issue and a worldwide concern that is frequently discussed. Solar panels are regarded to have the most potential in tropical areas like Indonesia. However, weather and sunlight intensity have a substantial impact on the amounts of electricity generated by solar panels. Therefore, a battery which functions as a backup supply is required. Lead acid batteries are used in numerous applications. The performance of lead-acid battery is commonly influenced by temperature and charging time, which makes it vulnerable to overcharging. Multistage charge methods, namely Constant Current-Constant Voltage (CC-CV), are used to extend battery life, reduce charging time, and avoid the risk of overcharging. Fuzzy Logic Controller (FLC) is used to adjust charging current and voltage on the battery based on the setpoint. Based on the CC-CV charging system simulation results, a constant current value can be obtained when the CC condition is 4.5 A, and a transition to the CV condition occurs when the voltage value on the battery reaches 14.4 V. When the battery reaches its maximum capacity, the current is reduced to 3% of the battery’s capacity. The rate of fully charged current triggers the relay to turn on, to ensure that the charging process has been completed.

Обзор методов контроля и диагностики систем накопления электрической энергии

Goal: review of the current situation and perspective directions for the development of technology for testing electrical energy storage systems based on lithium-ion batteries. Methods: using literature analysis, a review and systematization of the history of lithium-ion battery system monitoring technology development was conducted and the advantages and disadvantages of the most common state of charge (SOC) methods were compared. Results: lithium-ion battery systems represent an inevitable trend in the future of electrochemical energy storage. To increase their stability and economic efficiency, it is necessary that diagnostic systems allow the internal parameters of the battery to be determined with sufficient accuracy and the types of faults to be quickly determined. In the future, research in this area will continue to improve the accuracy of data acquisition systems and create accurate digital battery models. Practical significance: a review and systematization of the history of development of technology for monitoring the condition of lithium-ion battery systems was carried out in order to identify current problems and promising directions for future research in this area.

Charge Accumulation Dependence on Electric Field, Temperature, and Voltage Application Time in Polymeric Insulating Materials by Current-Integrated Charge Method

Charge Accumulation Dependence on Electric Field, Temperature, and Voltage Application Time in Polymeric Insulating Materials by Current-Integrated Charge Method

Development of a novel signal restoration algorithm to eliminate the distorted components in space charge measurement excited by femtosecond laser irradiation

AbstractFor the space charge measurement method with optical excitation for electrical insulation, the distortion of the excitation laser on the measurement signal and the accumulation of space charge have not been discussed before. Both experiment and simulation results show that three types of distorted components introduced by optical excitation can lead to distortion of the upper interface signal. Further, the factors causing distortion of the measured signal and the formation mechanism are analysed. A virtual electrode potential compensation method and a distorted component extraction method are proposed. Meanwhile, an attenuation restoration and charge conversion correction factor is introduced, leading to a novel signal processing algorithm adapted to space charge optical measurement methods. Compared with the traditional algorithm, the novel algorithm has an error of less than 1% in the calculation of charge and electric field strength, with an increase in accuracy of 47.7% and 9.81%, respectively. By applying the novel restoration algorithm, the comparison shows that the space charge accumulation does not change significantly under laser irradiation, verifying the reliability of the optical excitation. The given algorithm can provide a theoretical and technical foundation for the realisation of the optical measurement method for space charge.