Charged Body Research Articles

CHMP4C regulates lung squamous carcinogenesis and progression through cell cycle pathway.

BackgroundLung cancer is a common kind of human malignancies. Lung squamous cell carcinoma (LUSC) is a key subtype of lung cancer. Cell cycle plays an important role in the development and occurrence of LUSC, however, there is still a lack of cell cycle-related genes in LUSC diagnosis and prediction of prognosis.MethodsWe identified differentially expressed genes (DEGs) with “limma” package in R software, and determined the biomarkers of LUSC in diagnosing by performing receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis, the biomarker effectiveness in diagnosing LUSC was assessed by performing five-fold cross-validation with logistic regression. Kaplan-Meier plot and the nomogram assessed the relationship between the biomarker and patient survival, and WB and qRT-PCR detected the biomarker expression in cells and tissues. Flow cytometry detects the role of the biomarker in the cell cycle.ResultsIntegration analysis with The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database obtained a unique gene related to cell cycle in LUSC (Charged multivesicular body protein 4C, CHMP4C), and the protein of CHMP4C was highly expressed in LUSC tissues. ROC analysis indicated that CHMP4C was a biomarker for the diagnosis of LUSC. Bioinformatic analysis indicated that CHMP4C might be associated with cell cycle in LUSC. CHMP4C knockdown resulted in S-phase arrest of cells with LUSC. According to the survival rate analysis, CHMP4C overexpression indicated poor prognosis in patients with LUSC.ConclusionsCHMP4C regulates the proliferation process of tumor cells through the cell cycle. It can be used as a potential diagnostic and prognostic biomarker for LUSC.

Modeling and analysis of the nonlinear rotatory motion of an electromagnetic gyrostat

This paper investigates the three-dimensional rotary motion of a charged rigid body (gyrostat) about a fixed point close to the case of Lagrange. We mainly consider the motion under the influence of some forces and moments, on the gyrostat, such as a Newtonian force field in addition to perturbing, gyrostatic, and restoring moments. The body is assumed to have an initially extremely large angular velocity along the direction of the axis of dynamical symmetry and the perturbing moments are smaller than the moment of restoring. Next, the averaging method is used to obtain the averaging system of motion in view of these conditions. The angles of precession and nutation are evaluated asymptotically as new aspects of the orientation of the body at any instant. The graphical performance of these angles is plotted to display the good influence of the applied moments on the motion. In addition, the Runge-Kutta method of fourth-order is applied to get the numerical results of the governing system of motion and these results are represented in other plots. The significance of the current work is due to its various implementations in the theory of gyroscopic motion especially in the design of aircraft, spaceships, and submarines because they are mainly responsible for directing these vehicles.

Approximate Kerr-Newman-like metric with quadrupole

The Kerr metric is known to have issues when trying to find a physical interior solution. In this work we continue our efforts to construct a more realistic exterior metric for astrophysical objects. A new approximate metric representing the spacetime of a charged, rotating and slightly-deformed body is obtained by perturbing the Kerr-Newman metric to include the mass-quadrupole and quadrupole-quadrupole orders. It has a simple form because it is Kerr-Newman-like.

The 3D motion of a charged solid body using the asymptotic technique of KBM

This paper attempts to explore the general rotatory 3D motion of a magnetic heavy solid body around one fixed point under the impact of a gyrostatic moment when the body awarded initially high angular velocity about one of its inertia principal axes. The asymptotic technique of Krylov-Bogoliubov-Mitropolski and its adjustment are applied to achieve new asymptotic periodic solutions of the controlling equations of motion. Discussion of these solutions is presented taking into consideration their graphs representations. The graphical depictions of such solutions and their corresponding phase planes are plotted to give an induction about its behaviour during the interval time of motion and to reveal the good effect of the different applied forces and moments on the body's motion. The application of the achieved results of the present work can be widely found in gyroscopic devices especially that used inertia reference systems like in satellites, airplanes, and missiles. Moreover, for devices that are responsible for the stability of motion for these applications.

Organelle tethering, pore formation and SNARE compensation in the late endocytic pathway.

ABSTRACTTo provide insights into the kiss-and-run and full fusion events resulting in endocytic delivery to lysosomes, we investigated conditions causing increased tethering and pore formation between late endocytic organelles in HeLa cells. Knockout of the soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptors (SNAREs) VAMP7 and VAMP8 showed, by electron microscopy, the accumulation of tethered lysosome-associated membrane protein (LAMP)-carrier vesicles around multivesicular bodies, as well as the appearance of ‘hourglass’ profiles of late endocytic organelles attached by filamentous tethers, but did not prevent endocytic delivery to lysosomal hydrolases. Subsequent depletion of the SNARE YKT6 reduced this delivery, consistent with it compensating for the absence of VAMP7 and VAMP8. We also investigated filamentous tethering between multivesicular bodies and enlarged endolysosomes following depletion of charged multi-vesicular body protein 6 (CHMP6), and provide the first evidence that pore formation commences at the edge of tether arrays, with pore expansion required for full membrane fusion.

Imagined communities and blind nationalism in South Asian Cinema: The case of war films Ghazi Shaheed (1998) and The Ghazi Attack (2017)

ABSTRACT Anderson argued that it was not just the ‘innovation’ of nations as an entity that is important but also the material conditions. The extent of nationalism and patriotism used as a tool in mass media (printed texts and popular culture) in India and Pakistan is evidence of the persisting enmity between neighboring states, which popular culture not only depicts but also ends up reinforcing with its construction of ‘the other’ and ‘the enemy’. The paper analyzes two films, Pakistan’s Ghazi Shaheed (1998) and India’s The Ghazi Attack (2017), which are war-at-sea and submarine films, respectively, To answer the research questions: How do these movies depict ‘imagined’ community and ‘blind’ nationalism? How is this depiction of ‘imagined’ community and ‘blind’ nationalism, similar or different in the two movies made on the same theme, given the backdrop of war and its outcome? In my analysis of the two films, I explore two facets of the concept of blindness: first, referencing Anderson’s definition of being unable to see the community members or enemies, and the blindness one experiences while underwater in a submarine. The paper argues that these ‘imagined’ communities find their stronghold in religion, culture, language, and ways of being in order to justify the existence of separate nations despite being part of the same landmass and empire for centuries. The ‘submarine’ is both an abode for men at sea and a weapon run for the enemy. The submarine, as a patriotically charged body at sea, serving the idea of nationhood, is an extension of the nation’s body in water, unable to see but functioning on the perception and identity gained from the ‘motherland’.

Radial component of vortex electric field force

he differential equations of motion of electrically charged bodies in an uneven vortex electric field at all possible range of velocities are obtained in the article. In the force interaction, in addition to the two components – the Coulomb and Lorentz forces – the third component of a hitherto unknown force is involved. This component turned out to play a crucial role in the dynamics of movement. The equations are written in the usual 3D Euclidean space and physical time.This takes into account the finite speed of electric field propagation and the law of electric charge conservation. On this basis, the trajectory of the electron in an uneven electric field generated by a positively charged spherical body is simulated. The equations of motion are written in vector and coordinate forms. A physical interpretation of the obtained mathematical results is given. Examples of simulations are given.

The ESCRT-III molecules regulate the apical targeting of bile salt export pump

BackgroundThe bile salt export pump (BSEP) is a pivotal apical/canalicular bile salt transporter in hepatocytes that drives the bile flow. Defects in BSEP function and canalicular expression could lead to a spectrum of cholestatic liver diseases. One prominent manifestation of BSEP-associated cholestasis is the defective canalicular localization and cytoplasmic retention of BSEP. However, the etiology of impaired BSEP targeting to the canalicular membrane is not fully understood. Our goal was to discover what molecule could interact with BSEP and affect its post-Golgi sorting.MethodsThe human BSEP amino acids (a.a.) 491-630 was used as bait to screen a human fetal liver cDNA library through yeast two-hybrid system. We identified a BSEP-interacting candidate and showed the interaction and colocalization in the co-immunoprecipitation in hepatoma cell lines and histological staining in human liver samples. Temperature shift assays were used to study the post-Golgi trafficking of BSEP. We further determine the functional impacts of the BSEP-interacting candidate on BSEP in vitro. A hydrodynamically injected mouse model was established for in vivo characterizing the long-term impacts on BSEP.ResultsWe identified that charged multivesicular body protein 5 (CHMP5), a molecule of the endosomal protein complex required for transport subcomplex-III (ESCRT-III), interacted and co-localized with BSEP in the subapical compartments (SACs) in developing human livers. Cholestatic BSEP mutations in the CHMP5-interaction region have defects in canalicular targeting and aberrant retention at the SACs. Post-Golgi delivery of BSEP and bile acid secretion were impaired in ESCRT-III perturbation or CHMP5-knockdown hepatic cellular and mouse models. This ESCRT-III-mediated BSEP sorting preceded Rab11A-regulated apical cycling of BSEP.ConclusionsOur results showed the first example that ESCRT-III is essential for canalicular trafficking of apical membrane proteins, and provide new targets for therapeutic approaches in BSEP associated cholestasis.

Metformin-Enhanced Cardiac AMP-Activated Protein Kinase/Atrogin-1 Pathways Inhibit Charged Multivesicular Body Protein 2B Accumulation in Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury.

Background: Cardiac autophagic flux is impaired during myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (MI/R). Impaired autophagic flux may exacerbate MI/R injury. Charged multivesicular body protein 2B (CHMP2B) is a subunit of the endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT-III) complex that is required for autophagy. However, the reverse role of CHMP2B accumulation in autophagy and MI/R injury has not been established. The objective of this article is to elucidate the roles of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)/atrogin-1 pathways in inhibiting CHMP2B accumulation in ischemia–reperfusion injury.Methods: Male C57BL/6 mice (3–4 months) and H9c2 cardiomyocytes were used to evaluate MI/R and hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R) injury in vivo and in vitro, respectively. MI/R was built by a left lateral thoracotomy and occluded the left anterior descending artery. H9c2 cells were firstly treated in 95% N2 and 5% CO2 for 15 h and reoxygenation for 1 h. Metformin (100 mg/kg/d) and CHMP2B (Ad-CHMP2B) transfected adenoviruses were administered to the mice. The H9c2 cells were treated with metformin (2.5 mM), MG-132 (10 μM), bafilomycin A1 (10 nM), and compound C (20 μM).Results: Autophagic flux was found to be inhibited in H/R-treated cardiomyocytes and MI/R mice, with elevated cardiac CHMP2B accumulation. Upregulated CHMP2B levels in the in vivo and in vitro experiments were shown to inhibit autophagic flux leading to the deterioration of H/R-cardiomyocytes and MI/R injury. This finding implies that CHMP2B accumulation increases the risk of myocardial ischemia. Metformin suppressed CHMP2B accumulation and ameliorated H/R-induced autophagic dysfunction by activating AMPK. Activated AMPK upregulated the messenger RNA expression and protein levels of atrogin-1, a muscle-specific ubiquitin ligase, in the myocardium. Atrogin-1 significantly enhanced the interaction between atrogin-1 and CHMP2B, therefore, promoting CHMP2B degradation in the MI/R myocardium. Finally, this study revealed that metformin-inhibited CHMP2B accumulation induced autophagic impairment and ischemic susceptibility in vivo through the AMPK-regulated CHMP2B degradation by atrogin-1.Conclusion: Impaired CHMP2B clearance in vitro and in vivo inhibits autophagic flux and weakens the myocardial ischemic tolerance. Metformin treatment degrades CHMP2B through the AMPK-atrogin-1-dependent pathway to maintain the homeostasis of autophagic flux. This is a novel mechanism that enriches the understanding of cardioprotection.

Gravitational and Electromagnetic Field of a Non-rotating and Rotating Charged Mass

A new alternative method is presented here to find out a metric for an isolated charged mass situated at the origin in empty space. Since the charged mass has the both gravitational and electromagnetic field, therefore at first a crude line element or metric is considered for the mass, and then another crude line element is considered for the electric charge of the body. The both line elements are the functions of the distance, therefore combined the both line elements and a most general form of line element is found. To solve this metric Einstein’s gravitational and Maxwell’s electromagnetic (e-m) field equations are used. In the method of solutions e-m field tensor is also used which is found from Maxwell’s e-m field equations. After a rigorous derivation the metrics are found for both positively charged and negatively charged massive particles. The new metric for an electron is different as the metric is devised by Reissner and Nordstrom. The metric for a proton is extended for the massive body and which gives some new interesting information about the mass required to stop e-m interaction. This means that above the aforesaid mass there is no electrically charged body in the universe. On the other hand we can say that life cannot survive in those massive planets which masses are greater than 1.21 times of Jupiter mass. The metric found for proton is used to find another new metric for rotating charged massive body.

РЕШЕНИЕ ОБРАТНОЙ ЗАДАЧИ НАХОЖДЕНИЯ ПОВЕРХНОСТНОЙ ПЛОТНОСТИ ЗАРЯДА ПО ИЗВЕСТНОМУ ЭЛЕКТРИЧЕСКОМУ ПОТЕНЦИАЛУ СРЕДСТВАМИ COMSOL MULTIPHYSICS

Relevance Polymer materials capable of electric charge accumulation on their surface and in volume have wide application in a great number of applied problems of electrophysics and high-voltage engineering due to their excellent dielectric property. This property can be both an advantage (in electret manufacture), and a disadvantage (when using polymers as an isolating medium). Fundamentally important here is the need to characterize and control the degree of charge using the value of surface charge density which, however, can be determined indirectly through the electric potential only. When measuring the potential using a capacitive probe, difficulties arise in solving an inverse problem of converting the potential into surface charge density, since the relationship between these values largely depends on the geometry of the charged body and the capacitive probe. An effective and universal conversion method will greatly simplify the measurement of the surface charge density that will be helpful in practical tasks of electrical technology and operation of high-voltage equipment with elements made of polymer materials. Aim of research Aim of the research is to develop a technique for restoring surface charge density distribution according to a given measured distribution of electric potential created by the surface charge; give recommendations on how to achieve an optimal balance between accuracy and labor intensity of numerical calculations. Methods The problem is solved using numerical modeling in finite element method based software Comsol Multiphysics. With the help of the created 3D model containing the reproduced design of the capacitive probe and the charged examined material, the principle of the weight coefficients matrix formation is explained, through which the relationship between a discrete set of measured potentials and the unknown distribution of the surface charge density is subsequently established. Results An effective method has been developed to recalculate the known distribution of the electric potential from a charged surface into its surface charge density. The principle of constructing and setting the boundary conditions in the 3D model required for recalculation is shown. On the example of one given distribution of electric potential, the high efficiency of the method for obtaining the distribution of the charge density was shown. It has been established that the accuracy of the method increases with a finer partition of the charged surface into elementary charged areas. Recommendations are given on the use of methods for solving the arising systems of linear algebraic equations. It was also shown how to simplify the technique used in the presence of an axisymmetric distribution of the charge density.

THE THEOREM ON THE MAGNETIC FIELD OF ROTATING CHARGED BODIES

The method of retarded potentials is used to derive the Biot-Savart law, taking into account the correction that describes the chaotic motion of charged particles in rectilinear currents. Then this method is used for circular currents and the following theorem is proved: The magnetic field on the rotation axis of an axisymmetric charged body or charge distribution has only one component directed along the rotation axis, and the magnetic field is expressed through the surface integral, which does not require integration over the azimuthal angle . In the general case, for arbitrary charge distribution and for any location of the rotation axis, the magnetic field is expressed through the volume integral, in which the integrand does not depend on the angle . The obtained simple formulas in cylindrical and spherical coordinates allow us to quickly find the external and central magnetic field of rotating bodies on the rotation axis.

Gravitational and Electromagnetic Field of an Isolated Rotating Charged Particle

A charged isolated particle with spherically symmetry is considered at origin in empty space. The particle has both mass and charge; therefore it is under the influence of both gravitational and electro-magnetic field. So to find out a line element especial attention is given in Einstein’s gravitational and Maxwell’s electro-magnetic field equations. Initially Einstein’s field equations are considered individually for gravitational and electro-magnetic fields in empty space. In this work initially starts with Schwarzschild like solution and then a simple elegant, systematic method is used. In these methods the e-m field tensor is also used from Maxwell’s electro-magnetic field equations. Finally thus a new metric is found for both positive and negative charged particles. The new metric for electron is not same as the metric is devised by Reissner and Nordstrom. The new metric for proton is used to find another new metric for rotating charged particle. The new metric is extended for the massive body and gives us some new information about the mass required to stop electro-magnetic interaction. It gives interesting information that planet having mass more than 1.21 times of Jupiter mass, live cannot survive. Also gives information that the mass greater than the aforesaid mass there is no electrically charged body in the universe.

Electrostatically induced voltage generated in ungrounded metal boxes and on a metal box when a charged body moves away from the box

AbstractElectrical discharge and electrostatics are used for the industrial application of a copying machine and electrostatic spraying. However, the electrical discharge and electrostatics occasionally cause malfunction or failure of electronic equipment. When a human body moves in an office, it is electrified up to 10 kV or more. A microelectronic device used in the electronic equipment causes an error owing to the voltage of less than 10 V. When the charged human body moves near the electronic equipment, high induced voltage is generated in the metal box. Comprising electronic equipment, the box is occasionally used at the floating potential of an ungrounded condition. The induced voltage generated for the ungrounded metal box is higher than that generated for the grounded metal box. The results show that the induced voltage generated in an ungrounded metal box is 120% of the inverse polarity against a charged body when the charged body moves away from the box. The induced voltage generated in the ungrounded metal box is higher than that generated on the box. These results would be helpful in designing electronic equipment without malfunctions or failure.

Optineurin defects cause TDP43-pathology with autophagic vacuolar formation

We previously showed that optineurin (OPTN) mutations lead to the development of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. The association between OPTN mutations and the pathogenesis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis remains unclear. To investigate the mechanism underlying its pathogenesis, we generated Optn knockout mice. We evaluated histopathological observations of these mice and compared with those of OPTN- amyotrophic lateral sclerosis cases to investigate the mechanism underlying the pathogenesis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis caused by OPTN mutations. The Optn (−/−) mice presented neuronal autophagic vacuoles immunopositive for charged multivesicular body protein 2b, one of the hallmarks of granulovacuolar degenerations, in the cytoplasm of spinal cord motor neurons at the age of 8 months and the OPTN- amyotrophic lateral sclerosis case with homozygous Q398X mutation. In addition, Optn (−/−) mice showed TAR-DNA binding protein 43/sequestosome1/p62 -positive cytoplasmic inclusions and the clearance of nuclear TAR-DNA binding protein 43. The axonal degeneration of the sciatic nerves was observed in Optn (−/−) mice. However, we could not observe significant differences in survival time, body weight, and motor functions, at 24 months. Our findings suggest that homozygous OPTN deletion or mutations might result in autophagic dysfunction and TAR-DNA binding protein 43 mislocalization, thereby leading to neurodegeneration of motor neurons. These findings indicate that the Optn (−/−) mice recapitulate both common and specific pathogenesis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis associated with autophagic abnormalities. Optn (−/−) mice could serve as a mouse model for the development of therapeutic strategies.

Lorentz force in vortex electric field

In our time, the functions of the law of interaction of moving charged bodies have been taken over entirely by the relativistic theory under the guise of a pseudo-slogan about the inability of Galileo's transformations. In contrast, the article adapts the Lorentz force to the case of moving charges in the all-possible range of velocities in the usual three-dimensional Euclidean space and time. This takes into account the finite rate of propagation of an electric field and the law of conservation of elect­ric charge. On this basis, the trajectory of the free motion of electron in a non-uniform electric field generated by a positively charged spherical body is simulate

WITHDRAWN: LINC00342 promotes thyroid carcinoma progression by targeting miR-384/CHMP5 pathway

Abstract Thyroid carcinoma (THCA) is the most common thyroid malignancy and accounts for 1% of overall malignant tumors. Long intergenic non-protein coding RNA 342 (LINC00342) has been validated to be a regulator in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). However, the biological role of LINC00342 in THCA has not been reported or discussed yet. Therefore, the present study focused on the role of LINC00342 and its mechanism in THCA. Firstly, real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) was conducted for detecting LINC00342 expression in THCA and the outcomes disclosed that LINC00342 had a high expression in THCA tissues and cells. Besides, functional assays reflected that LINC00342 silence inhibited THCA progression by anti-proliferation, anti-migration/invasion and pro-apoptosis as well as blocking epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Next, through RNA immunoprecipitation (RIP), RNA pull down and luciferase reporter assays, we confirmed that LINC00342 and charged multivesicular body protein 5 (CHMP5) could bind to miR-384. Further, the expression of CHMP5 was declined with miR-384 up-regulation or LINC00342 down-regulation. Finally, rescue experiments revealed that CHMP5 upregulation reversed LINC00342 knockdown-mediated effects on THCA cells. All data showed that LINC00342 promoted THCA progression by absorbing miR-384 to upregulate CHMP5 expression. These findings proved that LINC00342 might be a promising target for THCA treatment.

Theoretical Study for Some Physical Concept

This study aims to verify the possibility of converting the charge into energy as is the case in converting the mass into a charge according to the law of the relationship between the charge and the mass of Einstein, as well as calculating the wavelength accompanying the charge carried by the moving charged body, as well as studying the phenomenon of producing a pair more deeply.

Differences in plasma proteomes for active tuberculosis, latent tuberculosis and non-tuberculosis mycobacterial lung disease patients with and without ESAT-6/CFP10 stimulation

BackgroundTuberculosis (TB) is one of the world’s most problematic infectious diseases. The pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is contained by the immune system in people with latent TB infection (LTBI). No overt disease symptoms occur. The environmental and internal triggers leading to reactivation of TB are not well understood. Non-tuberculosis Mycobacteria (NTM) can also cause TB-like lung disease. Comparative analysis of blood plasma proteomes from subjects afflicted by these pathologies in an endemic setting may yield new differentiating biomarkers and insights into inflammatory and immunological responses to Mtb and NTM.MethodsBlood samples from 40 human subjects in a pastoral region of Ethiopia were treated with the ESAT-6/CFP-10 antigen cocktail to stimulate anti-Mtb and anti-NTM immune responses. In addition to those of active TB, LTBI, and NTM cohorts, samples from matched healthy control (HC) subjects were available. Following the generation of sample pools, proteomes were analyzed via LC-MS/MS. These experiments were also performed without antigen stimulation steps. Statistically significant differences using the Z-score method were determined and interpreted in the context of the proteins’ functions and their contributions to biological pathways.ResultsMore than 200 proteins were identified from unstimulated and stimulated plasma samples (UPSs and SPSs, respectively). Thirty-four and 64 proteins were differentially abundant with statistical significance (P < 0.05; Benjamini-Hochberg correction with an FDR < 0.05) comparing UPS and SPS proteomic data of four groups, respectively. Bioinformatics analysis of such proteins via the Gene Ontology Resource was indicative of changes in cellular and metabolic processes, responses to stimuli, and biological regulations. The m7GpppN-mRNA hydrolase was increased in abundance in the LTBI group compared to HC subjects. Charged multivesicular body protein 4a and platelet factor-4 were increased in abundance in NTM as compared to HC and decreased in abundance in NTM as compared to active TB. C-reactive protein, α-1-acid glycoprotein 1, sialic acid-binding Ig-like lectin 16, and vitamin K-dependent protein S were also increased (P < 0.05; fold changes≥2) in SPSs and UPSs comparing active TB with LTBI and NTM cases. These three proteins, connected in a STRING functional network, contribute to the acute phase response and influence blood coagulation.ConclusionPlasma proteomes are different comparing LTBI, TB, NTM and HC cohorts. The changes are augmented following prior blood immune cell stimulation with the ESAT-6/CFP-10 antigen cocktail. The results encourage larger-cohort studies to identify specific biomarkers to diagnose NTM infection, LTBI, and to predict the risk of TB reactivation.

Charging time scales and magnitudes of dust and spacecraft potentials in space plasma scenarios

We investigate the interaction of dust with space plasmas and spacecraft with a special focus on the typical values of equilibrium charge and the typical time scales required to reach them. It is well known that objects in space become charged through the combination of a number of different processes: the photoelectric effect, the collection of free electrons and ions from the plasma, and by secondary electron emission due to the impact of highly energetic particles. In the equilibrium state, currents between the plasma and the charged object are balanced. However, perturbations on the orbit of the charged body and perturbations of the distribution of plasma particles may lead to time dependent deviations in charge. In this study, we are interested in order of magnitude estimates of these deviations as well as the time scales on which a charged body in space recovers to the equilibrium charge. Our study includes Maxwellian and Kappa plasma particle distribution functions and the role of motion on charged dust, as well as the effect of dust impacts on time dependent spacecraft potentials. We derive simple relationships on order of magnitude estimates and on time scales of different charging processes and apply our results to charged dust in the heliosphere and spacecraft potential analysis of the Magnetospheric MultiScale Mission around the Earth.