Charge Nonconservation Research Articles

Nuclear level excitation during charge nonconservation.

The possibility of nuclei being excited during charge nonconservation was investigated. The process studied is analogous to nuclear K capture which does not change a nucleon's charge state but which does leave the nucleus in an excited state. We searched for \ensuremath{\gamma} rays emitted by $^{127}\mathrm{I}$ nuclei and detected in a 25.4 cm\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}20.3 cm diam NaI(Tl) counter. Our most conservative limit for the charge nonconserving lifetime ${\ensuremath{\tau}}_{\mathrm{CNC}}$ for this mechanism is ${\ensuremath{\tau}}_{\mathrm{CNC}\ensuremath{\ge}1.9\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{21}}$ yr. The results can be used to place limits on the charge nonconservation mechanism in weak interactions where a neutrino replaces an electron in the (e,e) current, and where a proton replaces a neutron in the (p,n) current.

Can the universe be charged?

We point out a possibility of temporal charge nonconservation in cosmological models based on more-dimensional theories a la Kaluza-Klein. A net excess charge may then have been created before the extra dimensional space was compactified. Cosmological implications of the excess charge are discussed.

Nucleon decay induced by GUT monopole and possible nonconservation of charge

The nucleon decay in the presence of a grand unification monopole is analyzed with reference to the channels with |ΔQ|=4. The dynamics requires the participation of the sea quark as well as the valence quark.

A charge-based large-signal model for thin-film SOI MOSFET's

A charge-based large-signal model for thin-film SOI (Si-on-SiO <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</inf> ) MOSFET's, intended for computer simulation of transient characteristics of SOI and 3-D circuits, is developed emphasizing the structural uniqueness of the devices. Closed-form expressions for the quasi-static terminal charges, simpler than those for the bulk MOSFET because of the thin-film structure, are derived in terms of terminal voltages and device parameters, and are used to define the terminal currents. Equivalent circuits, developed from the charge-based model, show that the device can be accurately represented using only real reciprocal capacitances by explicitly accounting for the transient channel transport current I <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">TT</inf> . The analytic expression for I <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">TT</inf> , obtainable for the thin-film structure, enables the evaluation of the finite-carrier transit delay in the channel and of the corresponding charge nonconservation in the conventional reciprocal-capacitance MOSFET model that does not account for the delay.

A Charge-Based Large-Signal Model for Thin-Film SOI MOSFET's

A charge-based large-signal model for thin-film SOI(Si-on-SiO/sub 2/) MOSFET's, intended for computer simulation of transient characteristics of SOI and 3-D circuits, is developed emphasizing the structural uniqueness of the devices. Closed-form expressions for the quasi-static terminal charges, simpler than those for the bulk MOSFET because of the thin-film structure, are derived in terms of terminal voltages and device parameters, and are used to define the terminal currents. Equivalent circuits, developed from the charge-based model, show that the device can be accurately represented using only real reciprocal capacitances by explicitly accounting for the transient channel transport current I/sub TT/. The analytic expression for I/sub TT/, obtainable for the thin-film structure, enables the evaluation of the finite-carrier transit delay in the channel and of the corresponding charge nonconservation in the conventional reciprocal-capacitance MOSFET model that does not account for the delay.

Fermions and spherically symmetric monopoles

The interaction of fermions with monopoles is analyzed for general spherically symmetric monopoles of arbitrary strength and massless fermions in arbitrary representations of the gauge group. The results are based on a solution to the Dirac equation in the field of the monopole, valid in the point limit and in all partial waves. The partial waves in which non-conservation of global charges may occur are identified. A two-dimensional lagrangian is derived, which includes the Coulomb interactions generated by the complete abelian subgroup of the unbroken gauge group. The fermions are represented by a set of doublets with a boundary condition that reflects the structure of the core. We derive a simple formula for the conservation laws of this model which determine all scattering processes completely. The results have a consistent interpretation in terms of anomalies and field configurations with non-trivial winding number. We give an explicit construction of the zero modes for all helicity-violating multi-fermion condensates. The formalism is applied to several higher strength monopoles in SO(10) based models.

Colour and Higgs charges in G/H Kaluza-Klein theory

Geodesics in a multidimensional Universe with G-invariant metric are studied and differential equations describing the space-time projection are derived. It is shown that, when internal spaces are cosets rather than group manifolds, then, in addition to the colour charge through which the particle interacts with the gauge field, a new charge arises which couples to the scalar fields only. This new charge, called the Higgs charge, is shown to be of a nonlinear nature. For certain cosets it may contribute to the colour charge non-conservation.

Possible electric charge non-conservation of a pointlike monopole

We consider a doublet of charged fermions around a 't Hooft-Polyakov monopole in the pointlike limit and we discuss the radiative corrections. We find a sort of spontaneous charge breaking driven by the non-abelian structure and we argue why the electric charge in the core of the pointlike monopole might be unobservable.

Energy variational principle and charge conservation for a many-particle system in a magnetic field

When the energy variational principle is applied to a many-particle system in a magnetic field, the trial wave function is generally chosen without regard to the gauge used for the vector potential. This procedure leads to gauge-dependent energy expectation values and charge nonconservation. By mutiplying the trial wave function by a phase factor with a spatially dependent phase function and varying the energy expectation value with respect to the phase function, the charge conservation condition is obtained and a gauge-invariant energy expectation value results.

Missing Charge in the Rubakov Process

In the scattering of a fermion and a gauge-theory monopole, ''charge-mixing'' boundary conditions on fermion fields play an important role. The apparent paradox of charge nonconservation suggested by these boundary conditions is shown to be spurious by a careful discussion of gauge invariance, charge, and the monopole state.

An Investigation of the Charge Conservation Problem for MOSFET Circuit Simulation

MOSFET capacitor models implemented in circuit simulators currently do not guarantee charge conservation, which is extremely crucial for the simulation of dynamic RAM's, switched capacitor filters, and other MOS VLSI circuits. Several MOSFET capacitor models have been introduced in the literature; however, none of these models addresses the actual reasons of charge nonconservation in SPICE2. This charge conservation problem has been studied and the causes are found. Our investigations show that charge is the appropriate state variable, and that the nonconservation of charge in SPICE2 stems from a numerical integration problem quite independent of the device physics. A new charge model has been derived, implemented in SPICE2, and tested. The new model differs from the previous models in two respects. First, it uses both charge equations and capacitance equations. Second, the partitioning of the channel charge between the source and drain terminals is carried out by requiring the charge equations to satisfy self-consistent boundary conditions. A strong emphasis is placed on charge continuity, both in the conventional operating region and in the region of weak inversion and accumulation. Benchmark tests indicate that this new model conserves charge while reducing the simulation time by 18-85 percent compared to Meyer's model which was originally used in SPICE2.

The neutrino mass in elementary-particle physics and in big bang cosmology

Some theoretical aspects of a nonzero value for the neutrino rest mass and its possible implications for physics are discussed. The nature of the neutrino mass is analyzed, as well as the physical consequences that may derive from the existence of new helicity states for the neutrino or from lepton charge nonconservation if the mass is of Dirac or Majorana character, respectively. Massive neutrinos are examined in the context of grand unified theories combining the weak, strong, and electromagnetic interactions. Searches for neutrino-mass effects in β decay and for neutrino oscillations are reviewed. Several astrophysical effects of the neutrino mass are described: solar-neutrino oscillations, the decay of primordial neutrinos, the feasibility of detecting massive primordial neutrinos experimentally. The predictions of big bang theory regarding the neutrino number density in the universe are analyzed, and a discussion is given of the influence neutrino oscillations might have on the neutrino density and on cosmological nucleosynthesis.

Is the electric charge conserved?

A possible nonconservation of the electric charge is considered in the framework of spontaneously broken gauge models. Assuming the validity of perturbation theory, such models are shown to be inconsistent with experiment unless there exists a scalar particle with the “pseudocharge” ϵρ where ϵ⪅10 −.

Paradoxes of unstable electron

The hypothesis that an electron is unstable — when we try to make it consistent with the vanishing mass of the photon-leads to a number of paradoxical statements. The lifetime of the electron is determined by emission of a huge number of longitudinal photons and depends exponentially on the amount of emitted energy. This suggests to discuss searches for charge nonconservation in experiments with high energy particles.

Deep-Hole Excitations in Solids. I. Fast-Electron-Plasmon Effects

The theory of plasmon satellites in experiments where ion cores are excited is developed in a manner which complements the work of one of the authors, which showed how the interaction of electrons with plasmons could be treated to all orders in perturbation theory in a certain approximation. Here the fast-electron-plasmon coupling is treated by perturbation theory. The details of the calculation of the fast-electron admittance function mentioned earlier are given, and, in addition, the interference terms or vertex corrections between fast and electrons are treated by lowest-order perturbation theory. As prototypes, the theories of appearance-potential spectroscopy and electron energy loss with core excitation are considered. For the latter, because of slow-charge conservation, all plasmon effects, including these interference terms, associated with the core excitation are negligible. However, appearance-potential spectroscopy, because of nonconservation of slow charge, has plasmon satellites associated with the core excitation which are reduced in strength by a fractional amount of the order of $\frac{{e}^{2}}{\ensuremath{\hbar}v}$, owing to these fast-slow interference terms.

Charged-particle creation in cosmology

Three modifications of Maxwell’s equations are discussed which allow for the possibility of nonconservation of electric charge. The first, which arises from Wheeler-Feynman theory, is shown to lead to the excitation of negative-energy modes in the electromagnetic field, but does not satisfy the steady-state condition for a Lyttleton-Bondi universe. The second, constructed by Lyttleton and Bondi especially for their cosmology, does not excite the negative-energy modes. The third, due to Watson, is shown to be physically uninteresting.