Charge Neutralization Process Research Articles

Universe is Ether based Single Instruction Quantum Computer his Activity Creates Matter and Life

Universe is actually gigant quantum computer (Seth Lloyd) made of ether – multi coloured, multilayered super conductor (Frank Wilczek). Ether constantly creates elementary particles (electron and proton), which are subjet of universe quantum computer macro instruction – Charge Neutralization Process –CNP. After matter creation (periodic table of elements), single cell organisms and life itself (rna and dna) emerged.

Organ- and Cell-Selective Delivery of mRNA In Vivo Using Guanidinylated Serinol Charge-Altering Releasable Transporters.

Selective RNA delivery is required for the broad implementation of RNA clinical applications, including prophylactic and therapeutic vaccinations, immunotherapies for cancer, and genome editing. Current polyanion delivery relies heavily on cationic amines, while cationic guanidinium systems have received limited attention due in part to their strong polyanion association, which impedes intracellular polyanion release. Here, we disclose a general solution to this problem in which cationic guanidinium groups are used to form stable RNA complexes upon formulation but at physiological pH undergo a novel charge-neutralization process, resulting in RNA release. This new delivery system consists of guanidinylated serinol moieties incorporated into a charge-altering releasable transporter (GSer-CARTs). Significantly, systematic variations in structure and formulation resulted in GSer-CARTs that exhibit highly selective mRNA delivery to the lung (∼97%) and spleen (∼98%) without targeting ligands. Illustrative of their breadth and translational potential, GSer-CARTs deliver circRNA, providing the basis for a cancer vaccination strategy, which in a murine model resulted in antigen-specific immune responses and effective suppression of established tumors.

Suppression of damping in a diamagnetically levitated dielectric sphere via eddy currents and static charge reduction.

Diamagnetically levitated micro-nano oscillators play a crucial role in fundamental physics research and the advancement of high-precision sensors. Achieving high sensitivity in acceleration or force sensing is a fundamental requirement within these research domains. The primary limitation in achieving such sensitivity is thermal noise, which is directly proportional to the motion damping of the oscillator. Theoretical modeling suggests the presence of significant damping mechanisms induced by eddy currents. In this study, we validated the theoretical model by optimizing the structure of the magnet trap, confirming the impact of eddy currents on the damping of the oscillators. Additionally, we observed another type of damping caused by static charge in moving levitated dielectrics. Subsequently, we proposed an innovative theoretical model to explain this phenomenon and verified its validity during the charge neutralization process. Through these efforts, we successfully reduced the total damping from 1.6 mHz to 0.15 mHz, resulting in an order of magnitude improvement in performance. Our sensing system achieved the highest sensitivity of acceleration sensing in diamagnetically levitated submillimeter-scale dielectric to date, measuring 7.6±0.8)×10-10g/Hz. The exploration conducted in this study regarding the analysis and suppression of electromagnetic damping, along with associated thermal noise, holds significant promise for frontier research involving sensing with levitating dielectrics.

Heavy metal removal from water using the metallogelation properties of a new glycolipid biosurfactant

AbstractWater pollution by heavy metals is a problem in both western and developing countries. Heavy metal pollution can be associated with human activity, such as wastewaters from processing of ore mining, but also to simple contamination from metal‐rich soils. Whichever the case, chemical and physical methods are generally employed to depollute water. Since most chemicals are themselves polluting agents, there is an increasing interest in finding biobased and biodegradable alternative chemicals, both efficient in removing metals and benign to the environment. Biosurfactants are green chemicals produced by fermentation of yeasts and bacteria and with a good environmental score. Among many applications, this class of compounds has been used to remove heavy metals from contaminated soils. Within this framework, we propose a new mechanism of depolluting water using a glucolipid biosurfactant, G‐C18:1, composed of glucose (G) and a C18:1 fatty acid (oleic acid). This compound is able to form a metallogel by complexing cations in water, thus trapping heavy metals (Cu2+, Ni2+, Cr2+, and Co2+) in the gel phase. This mechanism allows to remove up to 95% for cobalt and 88 ± 10%, 80 ± 3%, and 59 ± 6% for Cu2+, Ni2+, and Cr2+, respectively. A dedicated structural study shows that this is possible because positively charged species induce gelation of G‐C18:1 through a micelle‐to‐wormlike phase transition, most likely driven by a charge neutralization process. This work shows that wise control of the nanoscale properties of green chemicals can strongly benefit to develop a sustainable future.

Study on the Nonlinear Characteristics of EMR and AE during Coal Splitting Tests

Coal and rock dynamic disasters have been the main concern in underground engineering because these seriously threaten the safety of miners and industrial production. Aiming to improve the EMR and AE monitoring technology, the refined nonlinear characteristics of EMR and AE during coal splitting failure are studied using Hilbert-H and multifractal theory, and valuable information pertaining to coal fracture law contained in EMR and AE waveform was revealed. The results show that the EMR and AE of coal splitting failure are related to the process of coal crack propagation. They possess the same initiation time and frequency band, however, the signal duration of EMR is comparatively longer than AE, and the main frequency of AE is higher than EMR. The EMR of coal splitting failure has the same excitation source as AE; nonetheless, the excited forms display different behavior. In terms of signal duration, the distribution of EMR signal is relatively uniform, the proportion of large-signal is less, the amount of information is more than that of AE, and the multifractal characteristics are more complicated. During the coal splitting failure, AE is mainly generated in the process of wall vibration caused by crack propagation, while the generation of EMR includes piezoelectric effect, charge separation, free charge vibration, charge neutralization and other processes, making EMR more complicated than AE and has a relatively low frequency. The research provides an effective method for studying nonlinear refinement characteristics of coal EMR and AE, and can provide an important basis for the study of the mechanism of EMR generation.

DNA Condensation Triggered by the Synergistic Self-Assembly of Tetraphenylethylene-Viologen Aggregates and CT-DNA.

Development of small organic chromophores as DNA condensing agents, which explore supramolecular interactions and absorbance or fluorescence-based tracking of condensation and gene delivery processes, is in the initial stages. Herein, we report the synthesis and electrostatic/groove binding interaction–directed synergistic self-assembly of the aggregates of two viologen-functionalized tetraphenylethylene (TPE-V) molecules with CT-DNA and subsequent concentration-dependent DNA condensation process. TPE-V molecules differ in their chemical structure according to the number of viologen units. Photophysical and morphological studies have revealed the interaction of the aggregates of TPE-V in Tris buffer with CT-DNA, which transforms the fibrous network structure of CT-DNA to partially condensed beads-on-a-string-like arrangement with TPE-V aggregates as beads via electrostatic and groove binding interactions. Upon further increasing the concentration of TPE-V, the “beads-on-a-string”-type assembly of TPE-V/CT-DNA complex changes to completely condensed compact structures with 40–50 nm in diameter through the effective charge neutralization process. Enhancement in the melting temperature of CT-DNA, quenching of the fluorescence emission of ethidium bromide/CT-DNA complex, and the formation of induced CD signal in the presence of TPE-V molecules support the observed morphological changes and thereby verify the DNA condensation abilities of TPE-V molecules. Decrease in the hydrodynamic size, increase in the zeta potential value with the addition of TPE-V molecules to CT-DNA, failure of TPE-V/cucurbit(8)uril complex to condense CT-DNA, and the enhanced DNA condensation ability of TPE-V2 with two viologen units compared to TPE-V1 with a single viologen unit confirm the importance of positively charged viologen units in the DNA condensation process. Initial cytotoxicity analysis on A549 cancer and WI-38 normal cells revealed that these DNA condensing agents are non-toxic in nature and hence could be utilized in further cellular delivery studies.

Identifying the Surface Charges and their Impact on Carrier Dynamics in Quantum‐Dot Light‐Emitting Diodes by Impedance Spectroscopy

AbstractThe carrier injection and charge transfer at interfaces in quantum dot light‐emitting diodes (QLEDs) are commonly evaluated based on the energy levels of different functional layers. However, the actual charge dynamics in the experiments are found to be very different from the common expectations. In this work, QLEDs using 2,2′′,2′′′‐(1,3,5‐Benzinetriyl)‐tris(1‐phenyl‐1‐H‐benzimidazole) (TPBi) or zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles as electron transport layer (ETL) are studied by impedance spectroscopy. It was the first time to observe that the hole injection and electron injection start at different applied bias. In QLEDs with TPBi ETL, at an applied bias as low as 0.5 V, large amounts of holes have injected into the hole transport layer, while electron injection only occurs after the applied bias increased up to about 3.0 V. This is caused by the intrinsic accumulated negative charges in the quantum dot (QD) layer. The adverse impacts of the negative accumulated charges in QD layer are mitigated by replacing TPBi with ZnO. Hole injection and electron injection start at the same applied bias, or 1.7 V if ZnO replaces TPBi. Charge transfer and neutralization processes between QD and ZnO layers are adopted to explain the above results.

Numerical Simulation to Evaluate the Effects of Upward Lightning Discharges on Thunderstorm Electrical Parameters

A theoretical discussion of the discharge effects of upward lightning simulated with a fine-resolution 2D thunderstorm model is performed in this paper, and the results reveal that the estimates of the total induced charge on the upward lightning discharge channels range from 0.67 to 118.8 C, and the average value is 19.0 C, while the ratio of the induced charge on the leader channels to the total opposite-polarity charge in the discharge region ranges from 5.9% to 47.3%, with an average value of 14.7%. Moreover, the average value of the space electrostatic energy consumed by upward lightning is 1.06×109 J. The above values are lower than those related to intracloud lightning discharges. The density of the deposited opposite-polarity charge is comparable in magnitude to that of the preexisting charge in the discharge area, and the deposition of these opposite-polarity charges rapidly destroys the original space potential well in the discharge area and greatly reduces the space electric field strength. In addition, these opposite-polarity charges are redistributed with the development of thunderstorms. The space charge redistribution caused by lightning discharges partly accounts for the complexity of the charge structures in a thunderstorm, and the complexity gradually decreases with the charge neutralization process.

Neutralization of ion beam by electron injection: Accumulation of cold electrons

Ion beam charge neutralization by electron injection is a complex kinetic process. Recent experiments show that the resulting self-potential of the ion beam after neutralization by plasma is much lower than the temperature of plasma electrons [Stepanov et al., Phys. Plasmas 23, 043113 (2016)], indicating that kinetic effects are important and may affect the neutralization of the ion beam. We performed a numerical study of the charge neutralization process of an ion beam making use of a two-dimensional electrostatic particle-in-cell code. The results show that the process of charge neutralization by electron injection is composed of two stages. During the first stage, the self-potential of the beam is higher than the temperature of injected electrons (Te/e) and all injected electrons are captured by the ion beam. During the second stage, hot electrons escape from the ion beam and the beam self-potential (φ) decreases because cold electrons slowly accumulate resulting in the beam self-potential φ to become much lower than Te/e in agreement with previous experimental observations at Princeton Advanced Teststand. We also determined that the resulting φ scales as φ∼Te, in agreement with previous experimental observations from Gabovich's group. In addition, the results show that the transverse position of the electron source has a great impact on ion beam neutralization. A slight shift of the electron source as relevant to the ion thrusters leads to a large increase in the beam self-potential because of an increase in potential energy of injected electrons.

Removal of an anionic azo dye direct black 19 from water using white mustard seed (Semen sinapis) protein as a natural coagulant

Abstract In this study, standard jar tests were conducted using white mustard seed protein (WMSP) as a natural coagulant to remove direct black 19 (DB-19) from its aqueous solution. Comparative coagulation tests were performed using commercial polyaluminum chloride (PAC). The results showed that DB-19 removal by WMSP increased with increasing settling time and reached the maximum removal at 180 min. The DB-19 removal descended from 98.4 to 46.2% as pH increased from 4 to 10. The most effective temperature for DB-19 removal was 25 °C. The removal of DB-19 was weakened by the presence of Na2S2O4. Overall, WMSP was more efficient than PAC for DB-19 removal in all experiments except at pH 4 and 5. The mechanism of the removal of DB-19 by WMSP could be attributed to adsorption and charge neutralization processes.

Uticaj molske mase i površinskog naelektrisanja anjonskog poliakrilamida na taloženje pektina

In sugar industry, separation of undesirable compounds in sugar beet juice is done mostly by CaO and carbon dioxide. In order to reduce the amount of lime, a new method of pectin separation based on the application CaSO4 with the addition of various types of anionic polyacrylamides (PAMs) is presented. The effects of molecular weight (MW) and the surface charge type of anionic polyacrylamides on the pectin precipitation were investigated. These compounds cause the process of charge neutralization of pectin macromolecules, followed by two mechanisms of polymeric bridging effect: Ca2+ bridges between anionic polymer molecules and pectin particles that promote the coagulation of pectin and Ca2+ bridges between anionic polymers that hinder coagulation of pectin. The aim of this paper was to examine the effect of CaSO4 mixture and anionic PAMs of different molecular weights and degree of ionizaton to increase the efficiency of removal of pectin from sugar beet juice. Two pectin preparations were isolated from sugar beet pulp. CaSO4 was added to 100 cm3 (0.1 % wt) pectin solution. Studies were performed with 10 different concentrations of CaSO4 solution (50-500 mg/dm3) with the addition of anionic PAM with two ionization degree and three molecular weight, concentrations of 3 mg/dm3. The efficiency of pectin precipitation was monitored by measuring the zeta potential. The bridging effect of Ca2+ ions between anionic PAMs and pectin has increased with an increase in the MW of the anionic PAMs. Using anionic PAM of the largest MW (1500 · 106g/mol) and a lower degree of ionization (30%), the optimal amounts of CaSO4 were measured: 340-355 mg/dm3. These optimal concentrations were achieved at the zero value of the potential zeta when the pectin particles were discharged.

Supersonic plasma beams with controlled speed generated by the alternative low power hybrid ion engine (ALPHIE) for space propulsion

The characteristics of supersonic ion beams from the alternative low power hybrid ion engine (ALPHIE) are discussed. This simple concept of a DC powered plasma accelerator that only needs one electron source for both neutral gas ionization and ion beam neutralization is also examined. The plasma production and space charge neutralization processes are thus coupled in this plasma thruster that has a total DC power consumption of below 450 W, and uses xenon or argon gas as a propellant. The operation parameters of the plasma engine are studied in the laboratory in connection with the ion energy distribution function obtained with a retarding-field energy analyzer. The ALPHIE plasma beam expansion produces a mesothermal plasma flow with two-peaked ion energy distribution functions composed of low and high speed ion groups. The characteristic drift velocities of the fast ion groups, in the range 36.6–43.5 Km/s, are controlled by the acceleration voltage. These supersonic speeds are higher than the typical ion sound velocities of the low energy ion group produced by the expansion of the plasma jet. The temperatures of the slow ion population lead to ion Debye lengths longer than the electron Debye lengths. Furthermore, the electron impact ionization can coexist with collisional ionization by fast ions downstream the grids. Finally, the performance characteristics and comparisons with other plasma accelerator schemes are also discussed.

Frequency-Based Investigation of Charge Neutralization Processes and Thermal Cavity Expansion in Gyrotrons

During the first hundred milliseconds, the frequency and RF output power of long pulse operating gyrotrons undergo deterministic variation. This well-known behavior is caused by the thermal expansion of the cavity and internal electrostatic processes related to the ionization of residual gas. A macroscopic analytical investigation of the gas conditions in modern gyrotrons indicates that ionization processes are unlikely to influence the overall internal gas pressure. In combination with electrostatic potential considerations, it was found that the beam depression voltage is not fully neutralized; in the case of W7-X gyrotrons, a maximum value of about 60 % neutralization is expected, in conflict with the common assumption of full neutralization in steady state. Using experimentally measured frequency shifts and the Evridiki gyrotron interaction simulation code, a fitting process was employed to further investigate these effects. The results are in very good agreement with the theoretical predictions and allow a separation of the time constants of the two processes causing the frequency tuning.

Protein-Free Membrane Fusion Probed by Single Giant Unilamellar Vesicle Imaging - the Role of Membrane Charge

Membrane fusion is a ubiquitous process in biology. The outcome of fusion is followed by successive steps of fusion intermediates, including (i) protein tethering in apposing bilayers, (ii) membrane adhesion, (ii) hemifusion and eventually (iv) full fusion, the latter leading to complete mixing of membranes and aqueous contents. Studying membrane fusion in vivo is, however, very challenging. By a combination of microscopic approaches, we investigate the role of membrane charges on the interaction and fusion of cationic large (DOTAP:DOPE:DPPE-Rh - 1:1:0.1 mol) and individual giant unilamellar vesicles (LUVs-GUVs) in a pure lipid system. Fluorescencence Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET) efficiency, in which the donor is reconstituted in the GUVs and the acceptor incorporated upon membrane merging, is measured and directly related to fusion efficiency. LUVs stably adhere and diffuse onto the surface of neutral (POPC) GUVs with minimal membrane merging (FRET efficiency 0.1). In sharp contrast, very efficient fusion occurs with the negative GUV membranes (POPC:POPG - 1:1) - FRET 0.6-1. An increase in membrane area after contact with the fusogenic LUVs was clearly detected for this composition. Excess of negative lipids on GUVs (pure POPG) relative to positive charges decrease fusion efficiency (FRET 0.3) - a charge-neutralization process. Transferred lipids upon fusion undergo similar diffusion to those on GUV membranes (∼ 1 μm2/s) With the developed LUV-GUV system, we studied the charge-dependent membrane adhesion and fusion separately and individually for the very same interacting partners, not possible with traditional in vitro systems. The system could also be easily adapted to protein-reconstituted studies.Financial support: FAPESP.

Measurement and Identification of Three Contributing Charge Terms in Negative Bias Temperature Instability

The increase in the magnitude of the threshold voltage of a positive-channel metal oxide semiconductor (PMOS) under negative gate biasing (negative bias temperature instability) is attributed to the build-up of charge in the gate insulator. We have studied the charging and discharging of nitrided SiO2 gate insulator field effect transistors and through the use of pseudo-DC and pulsed stressing methods, have extracted, at least, three charging components. These components are (a) the charging of interface states at the semiconductor/insulator boundary, (b) dynamically recoverable positive charging in the "bulk" of the insulator, and (c) positive charging in the insulator, which can be "eliminated" only by application of a positive electric field across the insulator. It is proposed that the charge "elimination" in (c) arises via a charge neutralization process involving electron capture at switching traps, as opposed to de-trapping, and that this can be reversed by the application of a small negative field.

Extraction of recoverable and permanent trapped charge resulting from negative bias temperature instability

AbstractWe have studied defect charging and discharging resulting from negative bias temperature instability in nitrided SiO2 gate insulator field effect transistors. Using pseudo‐DC and pulsed stressing methods, we are able to extract at least three individual components associated with a) interface states at the semiconductor/insulator boundary, b) dynamically recoverable positive charging in the “bulk” of the insulator, and c) positive charge in the insulator which can be “eliminated” by application of a positive electric field across the insulator. It is argued that the charge variation in c) in fact arises via a charge neutralization process involving electron capture at switching traps and that this process can be simply reversed using a small negative field. The important role played by neutral oxygen vacancies (O3≡Si‐Si≡O3) and/or their variants involving partial N substitutions is emphasized. (© 2013 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)

Preferential technological and life cycle environmental performance of chitosan flocculation for harvesting of the green algae Neochloris oleoabundans

Dewatering of the green algae Neochloris oleoabundans by flocculation was investigated for chitosan biopolymer, ferric sulfate, and alum. Chitosan was found to be most effective flocculant, with an optimum dose of 100mg/L algae broth. Zeta potential measurements suggest the mechanism involves both adsorption and charge neutralization processes. Life cycle assessment (LCA) was used to compare the chitosan method to other flocculation methods as well as centrifugation and filtration/chamber press processes. LCA showed that among these techniques, flocculation by chitosan is the least energy intensive and had the lowest impacts across all other categories of environmental impacts. The results are discussed in the overall context of biofuel production from algal biomass.

Theoretical investigation on identical anionic halide‐exchange SN2 reaction processes on N‐haloammonium cation NH3X+ (X = F, Cl, Br, and I)

AbstractCCSD(T) calculations have been used for identically nucleophilic substitution reactions on N‐haloammonium cation, X− + NH3X+ (X = F, Cl, Br, and I), with comparison of classic anionic SN2 reactions, X− + CH3X. The described SN2 reactions are characterized to a double curve potential, and separated charged reactants proceed to form transition state through a stronger complexation and a charge neutralization process. For title reactions X− + NH3X+, charge distributions, geometries, energy barriers, and their correlations have been investigated. Central barriers ΔE for X− + NH3X+ are found to be lower and lie within a relatively narrow range, decreasing in the following order: Cl (21.1 kJ/mol) > F (19.7 kJ/mol) > Br (10.9 kJ/mol) > I (9.1 kJ/mol). The overall barriers ΔE relative to the reactants are negative for all halogens: −626.0 kJ/mol (F), −494.1 kJ/mol (Cl), −484.9 kJ/mol (Br), and −458.5 kJ/mol (I). Stability energies of the ion–ion complexes ΔEcomp decrease in the order F (645.6 kJ/mol) > Cl (515.2 kJ/mol) > Br (495.8 kJ/mol) > I (467.6 kJ/mol), and are found to correlate well with halogen Mulliken electronegativities (R2 = 0.972) and proton affinity of halogen anions X− (R2 = 0.996). Based on polarizable continuum model, solvent effects have investigated, which indicates solvents, especially polar and protic solvents lower the complexation energy dramatically, due to dually solvated reactant ions, and even character of double well potential in reactions X− + CH3X has disappeared. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2011

Temperature-Sensitive Water-Soluble Hybrid Organic/Inorganic Nanoparticles Formed through Complexation of Cu2+ Ions with Poly(sodium acrylate)-g-poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) Comb-Type Copolymers in Aqueous Solution

The preparation of temperature-sensitive water-soluble hybrid organic/inorganic nanoparticles, exploiting the complexation of Cu2+ ions with PANa-g-PNIPAMx comb-type copolymers, is presented. These copolymers consist of a Cu2+-complexing poly(sodium acrylate) backbone, PANa, and thermosensitive poly(N-isopropylacrylamide), PNIPAM, side chains. UV-vis spectrophotometry verified that the polymer/Cu2+ complexation follows a charge neutralization process, while turbidimetry revealed that the complexes formed can indeed be stabilized in water, provided that copolymers with a sufficiently high PNIPAM content (x approximately 80 mol % in monomer units) are used. Dilute solution viscometry and dynamic light scattering indicated that the hydrodynamic dimensions of the hybrid polymer/Cu2+ nanoparticles decrease substantially upon heating, reflecting the lower critical solution temperature behavior of the PNIPAM side chains. However, when the net negative charge of the hybrid polymer/Cu2+ nanoparticles decreases, interparticle aggregation and, eventually, phase separation may take place. In semidilute aqueous solution, the complexation of the polymer backbone with Cu2+ ions effectively controls the thermothickening properties of the thermosensitive comb-type PANa-g-PNIPAM copolymers. Finally, the temperature-induced formation of a compartmentalized hydrophilic-hydrophobic nanocontainer, where the hydrophilic and the hydrophobic compartments can be loaded with Cu2+ ions and hydrophobic substances, respectively, was evidenced through pyrene fluorescence probing.

Metal Nanocrystals Embedded within Polymeric Nanostructures: Effect of Polymer-Metal Compound Interactions

pH-responsive PDEAEMA-b-PHEGMA amphiphilic block copolymers and random polymer networks have been used as matrices for the incorporation of metal species and the nucleation and growth of metal nanoparticles with sizes in the range of a few nanometers. The polymer characteristics and polymer-metal interactions upon metal incorporation and after metal reduction were investigated. Two different synthetic procedures were followed for the preparation of Pt nanoparticles within the block copolymers; addition of the metal precursor in a molecular copolymer solution at low pH led to a polymer-metal charge neutralization process and the formation of micelles with compact non-hydrated cores, while the incorporation of H2PtCl6 in a micellar copolymer solution at high pH led to polymer aggregation. The impregnation of K2PtCl6 in a micellar copolymer solution at high pH was unsuccessful suggesting the lack of coordination of the neutral amine groups to the metal precursor. The effect of the metal precursor impregnation and the metal nanoparticle formation on the degree of swelling of random networks carrying different functionalities was also examined and the metal content of the hybrid materials was assessed. The equilibrium degrees of swelling of the networks were determined by two opposing effects: the degree of ionization, which caused the network to swell, and the polymer-metal complexation, which increased the effective cross-link density and caused the network to shrink. The metal content of the network was dictated by the polymer-metal interactions and the degree of swelling of the network in the solvent medium. These hybrid materials are proposed for use as advanced catalysts in the synthesis of high-value cosmetics and pharmaceuticals.