Charcoal Powder Research Articles

Compressive Property of Biomass Briquettes Made of Hazelnut Shell and Peanut Shell

In Indonesia, energy consumption increases as with its population, while fossil energy sources keep running out. This condition forces the development of non-fossil energy sources. One promising alternative is biomass briquette. In this study a biomass briquette was made using hazelnut shell (limbah cangkang kemiri CK) and peanut shell waste (kulit kacang tanah KT) with various CK concentrations: 0/24, 4/24, 8/24, 12/24, 16/24, 20/24, and 24/24 (w/w). Initially, dried CK and KT waste were processed into charcoal powder with a particle size of ~ 0,25 mm. The briquette was prepared by densification of the two charcoal mixtures at a pressure of 29778,99 N/m2 for 15 min, followed by heating at 60 °C for 4 h. Due to storage and delivery process in the application, briquettes must have good compressive properties. In this study, compressive property of the produced briquette was characterized using a universal testing machine (UTM). The results showed that the values of ultimate strength, modulus of elasticity, and elongation at break of the CK-KT briquette increased with increasing CK concentration, with highest values of 5.69 MPa, 80 MPa and 0.146, respectively.

Analytical Investigation of Microcrystalline Wood Charcoal Reinforced Polyester Composites Using ED-XRF, FTIR and SEM-EDS Techniques

Various weight fractions (ranging from 0 to 30 wt percent, at 5 wt percent intervals) of microcrystalline wood charcoal powder (75µm) were used to generate polyester-based particle reinforced composites. The developed wood charcoal (WC) particles reinforced polyester matrix composites were successfully characterized quantitatively, qualitatively, and functionally using an energy dispersive x-ray spectrophotometer (EDXRF), scanning electron microscope (SEM) enhanced with ancillary EDS for elemental identification capability and Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FTIR). High peaks of Fe2O3 (3456cps/mA), CaO (4369cps/mA), CuO (2017cps/mA), ZnO (1646cps/mA) and Iron, calcium, copper, zinc were discovered in wood charcoal by EDXRF. The characteristics of reinforced polymer composites were found to be improved by these elements and oxides. The key elements revealed by EDXRF analysis were also validated by EDS elemental mapping. Due to the uniform distribution of the filler particles, SEM images showed that composites with microcrystalline wood charcoal reinforcement had strong interfacial adhesion and interlocking. According to FTIR functional analysis, interactions between the polyester matrix molecules and the microcrystalline wood charcoal fillers resulted in very slight alterations in the frequency bands of functional groups that are typically present in unsaturated polyester resin.

Should Activated Charcoal Powder can be Considered as an Over-The-Counter Medication for Acute Poisoning Cases?

Should Activated Charcoal Powder can be Considered as an Over-The-Counter Medication for Acute Poisoning Cases?

Pemanfaatan Limbah Cangkang Kerang Simping (Amusium Pleuronectes) Sebagai Katalisator Pada Proses Carburizing

Simping clam’s a type of waste that is rarely used. The high levels of calcium carbonate in simping shells enable them to be used as a catalyst in the carburizing process. This research aimed to determine the effect of simping clam shell powder as a catalyst in the carburizing process on the hardness and impact strength values of ST 42 steel. This research used an experimental method by varying the percentage of simping clam shell powder: 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, and coconut shell activated charcoal powder: 100%, 90%, 80%, and 70%, against ST 42 steel with variations in carburizing time: 3 hours, 6 hours, and 9 hours using a temperature of 900°C. The tests carried out were rockwell hardness tests and charpy impact tests according to ASTM E23 standards. From the test results, it was obtained that good hardness and impact strength values were obtained in 3 hours, the percentage was 30% with an average hardness value of 34.02 HRC and an impact value of 0.279 joules/mm2, in 6 hours the percentage was 30% with an average hardness value of 38. 92 HRC and an impact value of 0.229 joules/mm2, a time of 9 hours with a percentage of 30% an average hardness value of 43.68 HRC and an impact value of 0.179 joules/mm2. So by increasing the carburizing time, the hardness increases. The longer the carburizing time, the higher the percentage of simping clam shell powder used. This means that simping clam shell powder functions as a catalyst.

Whitening efficacy of activated charcoal-based products: A single-blind randomized controlled clinical trial

ObjectiveThis randomized controlled clinical trial evaluated the whitening efficacy, tooth sensitivity (TS), and volunteers’ satisfaction following the use of activated charcoal powder and toothpaste. MethodsFifty-six volunteers were randomly allocated into 4 groups (n = 14) according to a 14-day toothbrushing or whitening treatment with activated charcoal powder (ACPW), activated charcoal toothpaste (ACT), regular fluoridated toothpaste (RT), and 10 % carbamide peroxide (CP). Objective (ΔE00) and subjective (ΔSGU) color and whiteness index (ΔWID) changes were calculated. Patients self-reported the risk and intensity of TS using a visual analogue scale and the volunteer's satisfaction was determined by a questionnaire. Color assessments were analyzed by Kruskal-Wallis followed by Dwas-Steel-Crithlow-Fligner, and absolute TS risk and volunteer's satisfaction by Fisher exact test (p < 0.05). ResultsACPW and ACT promoted similar effects in ΔE00, ΔSGU, and ΔWID to that observed for RT. No significant difference was found in terms of TS risk intensity. TS risk became high after 7 and 14 days, with higher TS prevalence in CP. Volunteers reported that ACPW exhibited the lowest ease-of-use, comfort, and whitening satisfaction among groups (p < 0.05). ConclusionActivated charcoal-based products presented a minor and unsatisfactory whitening effect while CP resulted in optimal tooth whitening and the highest level of satisfaction among volunteers. Risk was higher from 7 days onwards and was more pronounced in the CP. Clinical relevanceBased on the whitening effect and patient satisfaction, this controlled-randomized clinical evidence supports that the use of activated charcoal-based products should be discouraged.

Preparation, microstructure and properties of cordierite-mullite-corundum porous ceramics for high-temperature gas-solid separation

In order to obtain ceramic materials for high-temperature gas-solid separation, the cordierite-mullite-corundum porous ceramics were prepared by particle stacking and pore-forming agent method, with bauxite as aggregate and in-situ synthesized cordierite as binder. Designed four-factor four-level orthogonal experiments for the first time to improve the porosity of the samples. The phase composition and microstructure of the samples were studied by XRD, SEM and other testing methods. The results show that: X6 sample (firing temperature of 1340 °C, 50 wt% binder, aggregate coarse, medium and fine mass percentage 30:50:20, plus 20 wt% charcoal powder, 10 wt% graphite) has the best comprehensive performance, with porosity of 41.51 % and bending strength of 17.88 MPa. Pore size distribution range from 10 to 40 μm. Corundum and mullite, with excellent high-temperature properties formed by the aggregate, are tightly bonded together by cordierite, contributing to the strength of the porous ceramics. The addition of pore-forming agent improves the porosity and forms a stable and uniform pore structure in the porous ceramics. The high porosity and large connected pore size reduce the viscous resistance of the porous ceramics to the gas, improve the filtration performance of the material, and make it expected to be applied in the field of hot gas clean-up.

Analysis of the adsorption mechanism of phosphoric acid-modified bamboo charcoal for chlorogenic acid based on density functional theory

BackgroundBamboo charcoal has garnered wide recognition as an adsorbent owing to its stability and availability. Phosphoric acid modification contributes to forming specific functional groups on the surface of bamboo charcoal, culminating in the augmentation of its adsorption capabilities.ResultsThe modification process in this study involved impregnating the bamboo charcoal in a 45% mass fraction of phosphoric acid solution with a 1:10 ratio (bamboo charcoal powder to phosphoric acid), followed by activation at a temperature of 500 °C for a duration of 1.5 h. The modification resulted in the formation of hydroxyl, carboxyl, and phosphate groups on the surface of the bamboo charcoal. Furthermore, the specific surface area of the modified bamboo charcoal surged from 4.91 m2/g to 115.18 m2/g, the average aperture decreased from 7.15 nm to 1.99 nm, and the pore volume escalated by 6.5 times. On this basis, a comparison in the adsorption capability for chlorogenic acid, a natural small-molecule active ingredient, was drawn before and after the modification of bamboo charcoal. The results indicate that the modified bamboo charcoal showcases an impressive 46.8-fold increase in its adsorption capacity when juxtaposed with the unmodified bamboo charcoal. Through the calculations based on density functional theory (DFT), the addition of functional groups on the surface of the modified bamboo charcoal module allows for the formation of hydrogen bonds with the chlorogenic acid module, with the highest binding energy reaching − 57.59 kJ/mol.ConclusionAs evidenced by the adsorption kinetic studies, the curve of modified bamboo charcoal for chlorogenic acid abides by a first-order kinetic equation. Additionally, adsorption thermodynamic studies reveal that the curve of modified bamboo charcoal for chlorogenic acid conforms to the Boltzmann equation. These results shed light on the mechanism of selectively adsorbing specific constituents using phosphoric acid-modified bamboo charcoal, thereby providing a solid theoretical foundation for the application of bamboo charcoal.Graphical

Influence of the Nano-Iron Oxide Adsorption-Enhanced Microstructured Charcoal Additives on the ANFO’s Properties

The article presents the results of the third research stage on the potential microstructured charcoal additives in ANFO. The charcoal powder was liquid adsorption-treated with Fe in various ratios. Adding MC-Fe to ANFO changed the exothermic peak’s position from ca. 280 °C to 250 °C due to lower activation energy, which influenced the kinetics of the reaction. Bruceton’s test indicated that the MC-Fe addition to ANFO resulted in ca. 10% lower initiation energy in comparison with pure ANFO. However, the energy level did not influence the potential applicability of the additives. The fumes analysis indicated a lower concentration of CO for all tested samples; however, the concentration of NOx rose. The thermodynamic calculations confirmed the experimental results, which could be explained by the increased positive oxygen balance. Moreover, all analyses showed that the most promising blasting properties referred to the ANFO sample containing the microstructured charcoal additive of a C:Fe ratio of 4:1. Therefore, further research will be dedicated to advanced studies between the chemical composition of this specific ANFO sample and its physicochemical and blasting properties.

Hardness and Microstructural Characterization of Pack Carburizing AISI 1020 Low-Carbon Steel by Temperature and Holding Time Variations

Recently, low-carbon steel is often used as a basic material for automotive spare parts on the market. This study aims to improve the quality of carbon steel which is not inferior to that made by manufacturers where the price is relatively affordable by carrying out pack carburizing. This study used the pack carburizing method, AISI 1020 low-carbon steel as a starting material and used fine coconut shell charcoal powder as a carbon source mixed with Na2CO3 as an energizer. Pack carburizing uses temperature variations of 850oC, 875oC and 900oC, aims to find out how the results of hardness and microstructure values for variations of temperature and holding time. And also use SAE 20w-40 oil as a quenching medium. The highest hardness results were obtained on specimens with a heating temperature of 900oC with a holding time of 60 minutes, with an average hardness value of 54.21 HRC. Accompanied by the phase formed, namely 61% pearlite 39% ferrite.

Thermal decomposition mechanism and characterization of phosphogypsum in suspension under multifactor coupling effect

Phosphogypsum (PG) is solid waste generated by the phosphate fertilizer industry. However, by high-temperature thermal treatment, it can be effectively decomposed into byproducts like SO2 and CaO, which are valuable raw materials for the production of sulfuric acid and construction materials, respectively. In this study, we investigated the thermal decomposition properties of suspended PG, as well as the factors governing the PG decomposition procedure. The results show that the PG decomposition rate was influenced by several parameters, with temperature being the most significant, followed by time, atmosphere, and charcoal powder dosing. Similarly, the desulfurization rate was primarily influenced by time, followed by temperature, atmosphere, and charcoal powder dosing. The PG exhibited maximum decomposition and desulfurization rates of 97.73% and 97.2%, respectively, at a calcination temperature of 1180 °C, a calcination period of 15 min, a carbon powder dosage of 4%, and a CO concentration of 6%. Kinetic studies revealed that the activation energy of the PG decomposition reaction decreased from 303.45 to 254.28 kJ/mol as the CO concentration increased from 4% to 6% upon addition of charcoal powder as a reducing agent. Furthermore, higher CO concentrations had a more pronounced effect on lowering the activation energy of PG pyrolysis. When the contents of SiO2 and Al2O3 impurities in the PG content were higher, they reacted with CaO in the decomposition products to produce silicate and aluminate minerals, respectively, decreasing both the CaO content in the product and the PG decomposition rate.

Evaluation of adsorption treatment method for removal of phenol and acetone from industrial wastewater

Due to the toxins included in wastewater, wastewater reuse is becoming more and more important as a method of protecting the aquatic environment and conserving freshwater resources. Components of organic matter coming from wastewater treatment plant effluents are among the factors to be concerned about for human and environmental health. Therefore, to solve this problem, the objectives of this study were to treat simulated industrial wastewater for the removal of organic components (phenol, acetone, and mixed components) by batch adsorption system using different types of charcoal adsorbents such as; granular charcoal (GC), powder charcoal artificial (PCA), and powder charcoal commercial (PCC). To find the best operating conditions for removal efficiency, the effects of contact time, adsorbent dose, organic component concentration, pH, and shaking speed were studied. The characterization properties of the adsorbent were determined by utilizing Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The adsorption isotherm models of Langmuir and Freundlich, as well as the kinetic models of pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order, were investigated. The highest phenol, acetone, and mixed components removal efficiency were 93.79% (residual = 0.310 ppm), 97.08% (residual = 0.146 ppm), and 84.19% (residual = 0.790 ppm), respectively, at 1 g/L powder charcoal commercial adsorbent, 120 min of contact time, 5 ppm of organic component concentration, 150 rpm of mixing speed, and acid pH = 3 of solution. According to the results, it was found that the best type of charcoal was powder charcoal commercial for the treatment of organic components to produce quality water that meets the standards of the World Health Organization (WHO), and the best adsorption isotherm model was the Langmuir model for acetone treatment but the Freundlich model for phenol treatment.

Synergistic co-adsorptive removal of crystal violet and chromium(vi) from water by pozzolan-charcoal based geopolymer composites

In this study, the geopolymer composites GP0, GP7.5-CP, and GP10-CP were synthesized using mixtures of pozzolan (Pz) and waste charcoal powders (CP) as precursors with CP mass contents of 0, 7.5 and 10%, respectively.

Electrode Material Optimization for Microbial Fuel Cells Using Bamboo Charcoal Powder and Bokuju

Bamboo is a fast-growing plant in Southeast Asia, Africa, and Latin America. Due to its rapid growth, bamboo is considered a problem because it rapidly invades forested areas and alters the original ecosystem. On the other hand, it is regarded as a material that is readily available and very accessible in many countries and has great potential for both ecological and social purposes. Therefore, bamboo was employed as the material for the electrodes of microbial fuel cells in this study. Typically, biochar used for electrodes is chemically activated to remove impurities and increase its surface area. However, chemical treatment of biochar can have a negative impact on the activity of microorganisms. The Bamboo charcoal powder, prepared by heat-treating powdered bamboo for one hour under air at 500°C, contained about 75% carbon and had a porous structure. Therefore, the material could be used as an electrode material for microbial fuel cells without complicated and time-consuming treatment processes. Some of these treatment processes include chemical treatment, and chemically treated biochar may impact the environment. Bamboo charcoal, which does not require this chemical treatment process, is effective as an electrode material for microbial fuel cells. Bokuju, a common kind of drawing ink in Japan and mainly composed of carbon black, was used as a binder for the prepared bamboo charcoal. The reason for using powdered bamboo charcoal with Bokuju is that it is easier to obtain a solid electrode shape by a drying process. We used this electrode in a floating microbial fuel cell and optimized the ratio of Bamboo charcoal powder and Bokuju in the electrode. By evaluating the performance of the microbial fuel cell using the Bamboo charcoal Bokuju electrode, we were able to improve the effectiveness of the electrode material.

Formulation and Evaluation of Mosquito Repellent Stick

Most of mosquito-repellent products and devices are made up of synthetic materials presenting market which causes various harmful effects on human beings. The resistance can be developed by the mosquito due to continuous exposure at high doses. Hence, the present research work represents the development and evaluation of mosquito repellent sticks with the help of various herbal products such as starch powder, wood powder, charcoal powder, eucalyptus oil, coconut oil, lavender oil, lemongrass and cinnamon oil, peppermint and citronella, neem oil making them ozone-friendly, financial effective, non-harmful.

Analisis Sifat Mekanik Komposit Serat Sabut Kelapa dengan Perlakuan Alkalisasi Etanol dan Filler Arang Tempurung Kelapa

Coconut trees are plants that are easily found in tropical areas such as Indonesia; therefore, natural products are abundant, but the use of waste from coconuts has not been processed into technological products. The aim of this study was to determine the differences in the variations in the volume fraction of fibers during tensile and impact strength testing. The variations in the volume fraction used were 5%, 10%, and 15% fiber, and the chemical treatment of the fiber was alkalized using 20% ethanol for 3 h of soaking. Composite manufacturing uses a hand layup method with random fiber orientation. The results of the research on variations in volume fraction of 5%, 10% and 15% obtained test values, in tensile testing such as maximum load obtained 32,844 kgf, 106.44 kgf and 105.59 kgf, maximum stress 6.0510 N/mm2, 16,893 N/ mm2 and 17.249 N/mm2, elongation breaking strain 0.8150, 0.3275 and 0.2617, breaking strain 1.4818 %, 0.5955 % and 0.4758 %, for the tensile test value the impact energy value was found to be 1.6 kgf, 2.3 kgf and 3.3 kgf and impact prices of 1.84 kJ/m2 , 2.45 kJ/m2 and 3.45 kJ/m2 . The high tensile and impact test results were due to mixing coconut fiber which had gone through ethanol alkalizing treatment with coconut charcoal powder to obtain high impact and tensile values.

Effect of Biobriquette Composition Made from Peanut Shells and Wood Powder on Calorific Value and Burning Rate

This research aims to determine the effect of the composition of biobriquettes made from peanut shells and wood dust on the calorific value and combustion rate. This research is experimental research carried out in three stages, namely material preparation, making biobriquettes, and testing biobriquettes. The manufacturing process uses a simple briquette press. For the composition, Peanut Shell Charcoal (AKKT) + Wood Powder Charcoal (ASK) with an adhesive percentage of 10%, namely 0%+90%; 15%+75%; 30%+60%; 45%+45%; 60%+30%; 75%+15%; 90%+0%. The research results show that the calorific value ranges from 7387-1806 calories and the combustion rate ranges from 3.81-1.51 grams/minute. Based on the research results, it was found that the greater the AKKT composition, the higher the calorific value, while the resulting combustion rate was lower. So in the future, this research can be developed to make it better and better for making briquettes. Keywords: biobriquettes, peanut shells, wood dust.

Evaluating the Quality and Added Value of Durian Peel Briquettes Using Tar Waste as Adhesive

Durian peel has a cellulose content that reaches 64.51%. The high cellulose value in durian peel has the potential to be an energy source for making bio-briquettes. Charcoal biobriquettes require adhesive to hold the charcoal powder together, affecting the calorific value. In this research, the adhesive used was tapioca flour and tar. To measure the quality of durian peel briquettes, the water content, ash content, calorific value, and added value of the product were tested. The research showed that durian peel briquettes treated with variations in tapioca flour and tar adhesive (3:1) had good quality. This can be seen from the water content of 9.41% and the ash content of 13.6%; these values ​​are still by the Minister of Energy and Mineral Resources Regulation No. 47 of 2006. The calorific value of the briquette product is 9694.53 cal/g and entered into SNI standards. Calculation or analysis of product-added value is calculated using the Hayami method. IDR is the added value from the one-time processing of durian peel bio briquette production with 30 kg of raw materials. IDR. 7000/kg. Based on the added value ratio when connected to Hubeis theory, the added value of this biobriquette product is in the high category (&gt;40%).

Adsorption performance of ammonium molybdate modified Salix wood flour biochar for the treatment of monosodium glutamate wastewater

ABSTRACT The problem of wastewater pollution in the production of monosodium glutamate (MSG) is becoming more and more serious. A novel type of chemically modified Salix psammophila powder charcoal (SPPCAM) was synthesized to address the chemical oxygen demand (COD) and ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N) in MSG wastewater. SPPCAM was prepared by carbonization method, in which inorganic ammonium molybdate (AM) was used as modifier and Salix psammophila powder (SPP) was used as raw material. Under optimal treatment conditions, maximum removal rates (removal capacities) of 45.9% (3313.2 mg·L−1) for COD and 29.4% (23.2 mg·L−1) for NH3-N in MSG wastewater were achieved. The treatment results significantly outperforming the unmodified Salix psammophila powder charcoal (SPPC), which only achieved removal rates (removal capacities) of 10.6% (763.9 mg·L−1) for COD and 12.9% (10 mg·L−1) for NH3-N. SPPC and SPPCAM before and after preparation were analysed by FT-IR and XRD, and Mo ions in the form of Mo2C within SPPCAM were successfully loaded. SEM, EDS-Mapping, BET, and other methods were used to analyse SPPCAM before and after MSG wastewater treatment, demonstrating that SPPCAM effectively treated organic pollutants in monosodium glutamate wastewater. The NH3-N in the treated MSG wastewater has reached the standard of safe discharge.

Is the whitening effect of charcoal-based dentifrices related to their abrasive potential or the ability of charcoal to adsorb dyes?

ObjectivesTo evaluate if tooth color alteration of activated charcoal-based dentifrices may be attributed to the dye adsorption potential of charcoal (chemical action - C - slurry only) or to the association of dye adsorption with abrasion (chemo-mechanical action - CM- slurry/toothbrushing). Potential adverse effects in surface roughness, gloss, and wear were also assessed. MethodsBovine enamel/dentin specimens were randomly allocated into the groups according to treatments and test model (n = 15): deionized water (negative control- NC); Colgate Maximum Anticaries Protection (conventional toothpaste- positive control- PC); Colgate Luminous White Activated Charcoal (LW); Oral-B 3D White Therapy Charcoal (WT); Curaprox Black is White (BW); Dermavita Whitemax (Activated charcoal powder- WP). Specimens were exposed to the C or CM models, in 28-day staining-treatment cycling. Color change (ΔE00), whiteness index (ΔWID), percentage of alteration of surface roughness (%Raalt), and gloss (%GUalt) were calculated. Additional specimens (n = 9) were indented with a Knoop diamond and subjected to 100,000 abrasion cycles. Enamel wear was determined by calculating the decrease in indentations geometry. Data were analyzed by ANOVA/Tukey tests (α = 0.05). ResultsThe CM-model produced lower color change (staining) than C (p = 0.0001). PC, LW, WT, BW, and WP showed similar color results for both models, differing from NC (p < 0.05).%Ra and%GU did not differ among the C-model groups (p > 0.05) and WP exhibited the highest variation (%Ra and%GU) under CM-model. Enamel wear values were lowest in the NC and PC groups, intermediate for LW, WT, BW, and highest for the WP (p < 0.05). ConclusionActivated charcoal-based dentifrices have a similar ability to minimize tooth staining as the conventional toothpaste, with increased enamel wear potential in the long term (after 100,000 cycles). The activated charcoal powder damaged the enamel surface, showing a higher deleterious effect on enamel roughness, gloss, and wear. Clinical significanceDentifrices containing activated charcoal do not provide superior results to minimize tooth staining compared to conventional toothpaste. Charcoal powder should be used with caution because it promotes higher superficial alterations on the enamel surface.

Adsorption Power of Activated Charcoal from Coconut Shells on Lead Metal (Pb) in Well Water

This research aims to determine the results of the characterization and ability of activated charcoal (activated with KOH) to absorb lead metal (Pb). The procedure used is the process of carbonizing coconut shells in an airtight container at a temperature of 300ºC. Activation of coconut shell charcoal was carried out by immersing the charcoal powder in a KOH solution with variations of 1 M, 3 M, and 5 M. Characterization of activated charcoal powder was carried out on pore morphology using SEM-EDX, and XRD to identify the crystal phase, and AAS to determine the concentration lead metal (Pb). Based on the research results, the morphology of the charcoal before activation had a lot of impurities and the pores tended to be closed. After activation, the impurities disappeared and the pores were open. The crystal phase before and after activation was identified as 23.40% and 14.3% (calculated to be low), with the specific peak at 2θ, namely the corner area of 10º-80º. The adsorption capacity and efficiency obtained on activated charcoal with a KOH concentration of 1 M was 0.00194 mg/g and 23.66%, on activated charcoal the concentration of 3 M KOH was 0.00407 mg/g and 49.61%, the concentration of activated charcoal KOH 5 M is 0.00757 mg/g and 92.36%. Thus, the greater the KOH concentration, the greater the adsorption capacity and efficiency.