Charcoal Meal Administration Research Articles

Anti-Diarrhoeal Properties of Stem Bark of Cassia Abbreviataagainst Castor Oil-Induced Diarrhoea in Swiss Albino Mice

Objectives: The main objective of the study was to explore the in-vivo anti-diarrheal properties of Methanol, Ethanol, Hot and Coldwater fractions of Cassia abbreviata (Fabaceae) stem bark in mice model in order to validate its traditional use.
 Study Design: This study was an experimental based study, where we used 30 Swiss albino mice and these were divided into five groups of six mice.
 Methods: The test groups (group three, four and five) received various doses of the crude extracts (100, 200 and 400 mg/kg) respectively, whereas the positive control (group two) received Loperamide (5mg/kg) as standard reference drug and negative control (group one) received distilled water (10ml/kg). The antidiarrheal activity of the four extracts from stem bark of Cassia abbreviata were evaluated in a castor oil-induced diarrhea model in mice and compared with Loperamide. Whereas the effect of methanol extract on gastrointestinal motility was also determined by the oral administration of charcoal meal. Data was analyzed using STATA version 13, presented as means and standard deviation, ANOVA, Bonferroni post hoc and Pearson tests were done.
 Results: The severity of diarrhea was reduced significantly (p<0.001) by the four extracts (400mg/kg doses) where Methanol, Ethanol, Hot and Coldwater extracts had 64.5%, 62.4%, 60.9% and 59.7% respectively, whereas the standard drug Loperamide had 67.7% diarrhea inhibition. This was evidenced by reduction in frequency of diarrheal episodes and stool outputs when compared to the control group. The intestinal peristalsis was significantly (p<0.001) reduced by methanol extract (53.3%) at 400mg/kg when compared to Loperamide (65.5%). 
 Conclusion: It was concluded that all the four extracts from the stem bark of Cassia abbreviata scientifically displayed anti-diarrheal properties, which require further scientific studies leading to identification of the actual compounds.

Antidiarrhoeal activity of aqueous leaf extract of Olea europaea var. sylvestris in albino Wistar rats

Olea europaea var. sylvestris, also named oleaster, is widely used by traditional medicine practitioners in Algeria to treat high blood pressure and diabetes. However, the antidiarrhoeal activity of this plant has not been scientifically evaluated. The main aim of the study deals with an investigation of three topics: the phytochemical screening, the acute toxicity, and antidiarrhoeal activity of the oleaster leaf aqueous extract. Acute oral toxicity study was carried out based on Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development 423 guideline. The extract was orally administered in wistar rats at a single dose of 2000 mg/kg body weight and the animals were observed for mortality, behavioral changes and other abnormal signs. Qualitative analysis of phytochemical constituents was carried out using standard methods developed by Harborne, Trease and Evans. Castor oil-induced diarrhoea tests and gastro intestinal motility assay were evaluated in rats to determine the antidiarrhoeal activity of the extract. In the acute toxicity study, the extract did not induce death or any sign of toxicity in treated rats. The preliminary phytochemical screening of the extract revealed the presence of saponins, flavonoids, and triterpenoids. The oleaster extract at oral doses of 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg body weight showed a significant (P<0.05) antidiarrhoeal activity compared to the control group treated with castor oil induced diarrhoea, enteropooling and gastrointestinal motility assay, after charcoal meal administration. The oleaster leaf aqueous extract has shown a gradual response with increasing dose. The present study indicates that the oleaster leaf aqueous extract is safe with antidiarrhoeal property.

Fermentation Potentiates Antimotility Properties of Chamomile Ligulate Flower Extracts

Matricaria recutita L. (Asteraceae) is one of the most ancient medical herbs, although the therapeutic uses and health benefits of chamomile are based largely on tradition. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of chamomile extract on the intestinal motility. Due to the fact that preparation techniques could significantly alter the glucoside content in the chamomile, we also explored the possible differences in the effects on gastrointestinal motility between native and fermented chamomile extract. Thirty minutes after the administration of saline or chamomile ligulate flower extracts, all animals were orally administered charcoal meal by gavage (0.6 ml emulsion–0.4 g Carbo medicinalis and 0.2 g Gummi arabicum in 10 ml of olive oil). Animals were sacrificed by cervical dislocation 30 min after charcoal meal administration. Intestinal motility was estimated according to the distance between Carbo medicinalis and pylorus in centimeters. Both native and fermented extract decreased intestinal motility compared to control. Native chamomile extract (5 mg/kg) and fermented chamomile extract (2.5 mg/kg) significantly decreased intestinal motility compared to control group (NE5=27.41±2.79, P<0.05; FE2.5=28.43±14.63, CON=40.34±5.46, P<0.05). These findings confirmed the basis of the use of chamomile extracts in traditional medicine for the treatment and management of digestive system disorders.

Antidiarrhoeal activity of an ethanol extract of the stem bark of Piliostigma reticulatum (Caesalpiniaceae) in rats.

Piliostigma reticulatum (Caesalpiniaceae) is used in Africa as a traditional medicine for the treatment of many diseases, such as malaria, tuberculosis and diarrhoea. We investigated the antidiarrhoeal properties of a crude ethanol extract from the stem bark of Piliostigma reticulatum (EEPR) in Wistar albino rats to substantiate its traditional use and to determine its phytochemical constituents. The antidiarrhoeal activity of the plant extract was evaluated in a castor oil-induced diarrhoea model in rats and compared with loperamide. The effect of the extract on gastrointestinal motility was also determined by the oral administration of charcoal meal and castor oil-induced intestinal fluid accumulation (enteropooling). EEPR showed remarkable dose-dependent antidiarrhoeal activity evidenced by a reduction of defecation frequency and change in consistency. Extracts at 250, 500 and 1000 mg/kg body weight significantly reduced diarrhoeal faeces. EEPR also significantly inhibited gastrointestinal motility and castor oil-induced enteropooling at 500 and 1000 mg/kg, similar to the inhibition obtained in control rats treated by atropine. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of tannins, flavonoids, polyphenols and reducing sugars in the stem bark of P. reticulatum. No mortality or visible signs of general weakness were observed in the rats following administration of the crude extract in doses up to 6000 mg/kg body weight in an acute toxicity study. Our results show that the stem bark of P. reticulatum possesses antidiarrhoeal activity and strongly suggest that its use in traditional medicine practice could be justified.

Evaluation of anti-diarrhoeal potential of ethanolic extract of Mimosa pudica leaves

Diarrhoea is a major public health problem in developing countries and is said to be endemic in many regions of Asia. It is a leading cause of high degree of morbidity and mortality. The anti-diarrhoeal potential of the ethanolic extract of leaves of Mimosa pudica Linn (Mimosaceae) has been evaluated using several experimental models in Wistar albino rats. The ethanolic extract inhibited castor oil induced diarrhoea and PGE2 induced enteropooling in rats and has also reduced gastrointestinal motility after charcoal meal administration. The ethanolic extract at 200 and 400 mg/kg was showed significantly inhibited diarrhoea. There was a significant (P<0.001) dose-dependent decrease in the diarrhoea produced by all the three models in rats as compared to the standard drug. The anti-diarrhoeal property may be related to the tannin and flavonoids present in the extract. These results clearly indicated that ethanolic extract of the leaves of Mimosa pudica is effective against diarrhoeal disease Key words: Anti-diarrhoeal activity, castrol oil-PGE2 induced diarrhoea, gastrointestinal motility, intestinal secretion, leaves ethanolic extract, Mimosa pudica linn

Evaluation of Anti-GERD Activity of Gastro Retentive Drug Delivery System of Itopride Hydrochloride

The present work describes the formulation and evaluation of the gastroretentive system of Itopride hydrochloride. In this research, we have formulated floating hydrogel-based microspheres employing calcium carbonate (CaCO(3)) as a gas forming agent dispersed in alginate matrix. In vitro characterizations such as drug content, particle size, and drug release were carried out. GI motility was determined by administration of charcoal meal to rats. Results demonstrated that prepared microspheres were spherical in shape with smooth surface, good loading efficiency, and excellent buoyancy. The gastro retentive dosage form of itiopride demonstrated significant antacid, anti-ulcer, and anti-GERD activity after 12 hours in comparison with the conventional dosage form.

Antidiarrhoeal activity of leaves ofMelastoma malabathricumlinn

The antidiarrhoeal effect of the water extract of Melastoma malabathricum Linn. (Melastomataceae) leaves were investigated by employing four experimental models of diarrhea in Swiss mice. Melastoma malabathricum water extract treated mice showed significant reduction in the fecal output and protected them from castor oil-induced diarrhoea. The extract also reduced the intestinal fluid secretion induced by magnesium sulphate and gastrointestinal motility after charcoal meal administration in the mice. No mortality and visible signs of general weakness was observed in the mice following the test extract administration up to 2000 mg/kg dose.

Studies on Anti-diarrhoeal Activity of Citrus sinensis Peel Extract

The methanolic extract of the Citrus sinensis peel was screened for antidiarrhoeal activity using animal models against castor oil induced diarrhoea. The parameters evaluated are small intestine secretion by enteropooling assay, rate of defecation and small intestine transit. The methanolic extract showed significant activity (p<0.05) against castor oil induced diarrhoea and interluminal accumulation of fluid. It also reduced gastrointestinal motility after charcoal meal administration in albino mice. The results indicates that the action of Citrus sinensis peel extract (CSPE) could be through a combination of inhibition of elevated prostaglandin biosynthesis and reduced propulsive movement of the small intestine.

High doses of NT 201 (xeomin ®) do not alter gastro-intestinal motility

10 male Sprague Dawley rats per group received a single dose of either sterile physiological saline with 0.1% human serum albumin or NT 201 in doses 8, 16 or 32 LDU/kg by i.m. injection. An i.m. injection of 20 mg/kg morphine served as positive control. At 4 days after administration of NT 201 or vehicle paralysis was assessed, before the rats received a charcoal meal of 2.5 mL of 10% charcoal suspension in 5% arabic gum in sterile water. Morphine-treated rats got the charcoal meal 45 min after the injection. The NT 201 dose range and timing of the charcoal meal administration was based on a dose-range-finding study conducted prior to this study. At 20 min after administration of the charcoal meal, animals were sacrificed and the distance travelled by the charcoal in the GI tract was assessed. Intestinal transit was expressed as percentage of the total intestinal tract length. Paralysis of the injected hind limb was confirmed in all rats treated with NT 201 4 days after i.m. injection right before the charcoal meal. NT 201 administered i.m. at doses of 8, 16 and 32 mg/kg did not statistically significantly affect the intestinal transit. The positive control morphine induced a significant inhibition of charcoal meal propulsion. In this study the NOAEL of single i.m. injection of NT 201 for effects on gastro-intestinal motility in rats is at least 6 times higher than the max. recommended clinical dose.

Anti-diarrhoeal activity of Butea monosperma in experimental animals

The anti-diarrhoeal potential of the ethanolic extract of stem bark of Butea monosperma (Lam) Kuntz has been evaluated using several experimental models in Wistar albino rats. The extract inhibited castor oil induced diarrhoea and PGE 2 induced enteropooling in rats; it also reduced gastrointestinal motility after charcoal meal administration. The results obtained establish the efficacy and substantiate the use of this herbal remedy as a non-specific treatment for diarrhoea in folk medicine.

Antidiarrhoeal activity of Rhus javanica ripen fruit extract in albino mice

The antidiarrhoeal effects of the methanolic extract of Rhus javanica ripen fruits (MERJ) were investigated by employing four experimental models of diarrhoea in Swiss albino mice. MERJ treated mice, showed significant reduction in the faecal output and protected them from castor oil-induced diarrhoea. The extract also reduced the intestinal fluid secretion induced by MgSO4 and gastrointestinal motility after charcoal meal administration in the albino mice. No mortality and visible signs of general weakness was observed in the mice following the test extract administration up to 2000 mg/kg dose.

Antidiarrhoeal activity of Rhus javanica ripen fruit extract in albino mice

The antidiarrhoeal effects of the methanolic extract of Rhus javanica ripen fruits (MERJ) were investigated by employing four experimental models of diarrhoea in Swiss albino mice. MERJ treated mice, showed significant reduction in the faecal output and protected them from castor oil-induced diarrhoea. The extract also reduced the intestinal fluid secretion induced by MgSO 4 and gastrointestinal motility after charcoal meal administration in the albino mice. No mortality and visible signs of general weakness was observed in the mice following the test extract administration up to 2000 mg/kg dose.

Studies on antidiarrhoeal activity of Jatropha curcus root extract in albino mice

Use of Jatropha curcus L. roots in the treatment of diarrhoea is a common ethnobotanical practice in Konkan, a part of the Western coastal area of India. Roots of this species were undertaken for pharmacognostic studies and evaluation of antidiarrhoeal activity in albino mice. Successive solvent extraction was carried out using petroleum ether (60–80°C) and methanol. The methanol extract showed activity against castor oil induced diarrhoea and intraluminal accumulation of fluid. It also reduced gastrointestinal motility after charcoal meal administration in albino mice. The results indicate that action of J. curcus root methanol extract could be through a combination of inhibition of elevated prostaglandin biosynthesis and reduced propulsive movement of the small intestine.