Charcoal Filter Research Articles

Efficacy of sevoflurane flush out and activated charcoal filtration—a bench study

PurposeA bench study to assess the elimination of sevoflurane from an anesthetic workstation using three different processing methods.MethodsSevoflurane concentrations from samples of the inspiratory breathing hose and air samples from within the investigation room were assessed during predetermined flush out intervals using Gas Chromatography-Ion Mobility Spectrometry. The primary objective was to determine the time to reach concentrations below 5 ppmv.ResultsReduction of sevoflurane volume concentrations below a threshold of 5 ppmv was achieved within the first minute after removal of the vaporizer and the complete exchange of the soda and the breathing system and within the 15 min measurement interval after inclusion of two activated charcoal filters without a 90 s of flushing and without changing of the breathing hoses as required by the manufacturer.ConclusionsComplete removal of the vaporizer and an exchange of the soda and the ventilation unit most quickly reduced sevoflurane concentrations, but the total processing interval may exceed 30 min. Inserted activated charcoal filters without a previous 90 s of flushing and without changing the breathing hoses followed by flushing only with raised fresh gas flow allow ventilation below trigger threshold to be reached within due time.

Vinasse treated with charcoal as a molasses diluent for ethanol fermentation.

The demand for new products derived from agro-industrial residues has increased recently. Furthermore, vinasse, a wastewater from ethanol production, needs treatment to be reused in the sugarcane industry, reducing industrial water consumption. This study performed vinasse filtration with charcoal from industrial sugarcane residues and used filtered molasses dilution in ethanolic fermentation. There were five treatments in randomized blocks with three repetitions. The treatments included deionized water and natural vinasse as positive and negative controls, respectively, and filtered vinasse from charcoal made from bamboo, sugarcane bagasse, and straw. Hence, fermentation for ethanol production was performed. Compared with natural vinasse, filtered vinasse with all types of charcoal showed lower soluble solids, total residual reducing sugars, higher ethanol concentrations, and greater fermentative efficiency. Filtered vinasse from bagasse and straw charcoals had efficiencies of 81.14% and 77.98%, respectively, in terms of ethanol production, which are close to those of deionized water (81.49%). In a hypothetical industry, vinasse charcoal filtration and charcoal regeneration should prevent 84.12% of water consumption from environmental resources. This process is feasible because it uses a product of sugarcane residue to treat wastewater and reduce industrial water consumption and vinasse disposal.

Pemanfaatan Cangkang Kerang Darah Sebagai Katalis dan Filter Rokok Sebagai Adsorben Dry Washing dalam Pembuatan Biodiesel Minyak Kesambi

These three wastes can be used as raw materials for biodiesel in the transesterification and purification processes. The purpose of this study was to determine and analyze the variations of blood clam shell catalysts and cigarette butt adsorbents and to compare the most optimal quality of biodiesel (producing the highest yield) based on SNI 7182:2015. The method used in this research consists of FFA testing, degumming, esterification, tranesterification and purification processes. In the transesterification process, a catalyst was added in the range of 2-6% m/v and 75% methanol, while in the refining process, active charcoal filter cigarette adsorbents were added in the range of 5-10% m/v. The data obtained was subjected to statistical analysis using the Response Surface Methodology (RSM) Central Composite Design (CCD) method. Based on statistical analysis, a linear model equation was obtained and there were no optimum and minimum points. This research also obtained the highest bisodiesel yield of 73.33% at a catalyst concentration of 6% m/v and adsorbent of 5% m/v. Some of the quality characteristics of the biodiesel produced are in accordance with SNI standards.

Water quality and sustainable solutions for drinking water supply in the Taquari-Antas watershed, RS, Brazil

Access to safe drinking water is a fundamental human right and a critical component of sustainable development. This study is conducted in the context of the Taquari-Antas Hydrographic Basin, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, and assesses the quality of drinking water in 101 rural properties, focusing on identifying problems of potability, especially regarding excessive fluoride concentration, which is a known problem for the water in this region. The study involves the collection of water samples from rural properties, a survey to understand water use and quality perception by users, and water quality analysis using established analytical methodologies. Results show that 58.4% of the investigated rural properties have potability issues, with excessive fluoride being the most prevalent concern, affecting 39.6% of properties. High fluoride levels have significant health implications, including dental and skeletal fluorosis, with global relevance. To address this issue, activated bone charcoal filtration systems were installed in ten properties, effectively reducing fluoride concentrations to within acceptable limits for human consumption. These defluoridation systems are characterized as sustainable, cost-effective, and scalable, offering a practical solution for regions facing similar challenges. Keywords: groundwater, rural properties, water stewardship.

Dug Well Water Quality to Reduce Pollution Parameters Kapasa Village, Biringkanaya District, South Sulawesi

The quality of dug well water should comply with established regulations. The pollution caused by bacteria to water in the ground widens to ± 2 meters at a distance of 5 meters from the source of pollution 3 and narrows to a distance of 11 meters in the direction of the ground flow. This type of research is descriptive research, namely to determine the use of silica sand filter media, activated carbon in filter reactors on reducing TDS, Nitrite (NO2), Dissolved Manganese and MPN Coliform by comparing the composition of the filter media with reference to clean water quality standards Permenkes No. 2 In 2023, the samples in this research were dug wells located in Kapasa Village, Biringkanaya District, Makaasar City. The results of this research after the filtration intervention of manganese media, activated charcoal and silica sand, found that TDS, color, Manganese Nitrite (NO3) had decreased levels of environmental pollution, this is in accordance with the Regulation of the Minister of Health of the Republic of Indonesia Number 2 of 2023. Conclusions from the results research shows that silica sand, manganese and activated charcoal filtration media, TDS, manganese nitrate (NO2) and MPN Coliform can effectively reduce water pollution levels in dug wells in accordance with the Minister of Health Regulation. So the risk of infectious and non-communicable diseases can be overcome with the intervention of silica sand, manganese and activated charcoal filtration media.

Filtering Swamp Water into Clean Water Using Carbon Charcoal and Silica Sand Filter Media

Water filtration is an essential need in ensuring the quality of a safe water supply for the community around Meritai Raya Village Rt 027, Sungai Pinang Village, Rambutan District, Banyuasin Regency, South Sumatra Province. The method used was a completely randomized design (CRD) using activated carbon charcoal, silica sand, coir, gravel and filter cotton as media. The aim of the research is to determine the efficiency of the performance of swamp water processing filters in removing water quality parameters in the form of pH (Potential of Hydrogen) and TDS (Total Dissolved Solid). Design a which has 3 tubes uses filter media in the form of sand (12 cm), coir (15 cm), and cotton (3 cm) in tube 1, coir (20 cm), gravel (8 cm), and cotton (3 cm) in tube 2, carbon charcoal (8 cm) and cotton (10 cm) in tube 3. And design b which has 2 tubes in the form of gravel (6 cm), silica sand (12 cm), 8cm coir, and cotton (4 cm.) in tube 1. carbon charcoal (7 cm), coir (10 cm), and cotton (10 cm) in tube 2. The research results show that filtration is effective in reducing water pH and TDS in water, namely up to pH 7.6 and TDS 92 ppm in design A and pH 8.3 and TDS 104 ppm in design B even though it does not meet the clean water quality standards of Minister of Health Regulation No. 32 of 2017. The two filtration designs have performance effectiveness that is not much different in treating swamp water. However, overall filtration with the 3 tube variation has better performance.

Electrocoagulation using Ti/Ti for the remediation and reuse of aqueous Dispersive Blue-79.

The entire ecology is contaminated by the synthetic dyes that are widely utilised in the textile industries. They can be handled using a variety of technologies, but an eco-friendly method called electrocoagulation has been used to prevent additional contamination. Textile wastewater containing disperse dyes are successfully treated in Electrocoagulation (EC) utilizing Al, Fe, and Stainless Steel (SS), but it is not cost effective, also the treated water contains certain mg/L of the metals used, along with dye components, which obstructs the reuse of the same. The effects of initial pH, applied voltage, dye concentration, supporting electrolyte, and treatment time on the colour removal efficiency (CRE) and consumption of energy were examined in EC process followed by activated charcoal filtration (hybrid process) with a monopolar Ti/Ti electrode on the remediation of aqueous solution of Dispersive Blue-79 (dye 3G). The maximum CREobtained was 99.4%, chemical oxygen demand (COD) 93%, and biological oxygen demand (BOD) 85%, under the following optimized operating conditions, applied voltage 15V, pH = 7, concentration of dye, electrolyte 110mg/L, 0.2g/L and time = 15min. The overall operating cost for the treatment of aqueous dye 3G was 0.455US/m3. The mechanism of EC was studied using XPS analysis in the sludge obtained. For the purpose of the reuse, FTIR, AAS, and ICP-OES analysis were done and compared with the aqueous dye 3G, after EC and hybrid process to ensure the maximum removal of the degraded dye components and metal. ICP-OES results showed that there were no traces of metal in the treated aqueous dye 3G using this method. Throughout the study, the experimental outcomes indicated that the hybrid process upgraded the quality of the treated aqueous dye 3G.

Acute effects of charcoal filters and package color on cigarette perceptions and use behaviors: Results from a randomized pilot study examining Natural American Spirit “Sky”

IntroductionCharcoal-filtered cigarettes have been available for decades but have never held a major share of the U.S. cigarette market. This pilot study gathered initial behavioral data characterizing how “Sky”—a recently introduced charcoal-filtered cigarette variety that uses potentially misleading marketing features—is used and what impact its packaging color has on consumer perceptions. MethodsForty adult daily non-menthol cigarettes users (52.5% male, 75.0% White, mean age = 46.1, 14.3 mean cigarettes/day) completed a single-session deception study utilizing a 2 ×2 mixed factorial design to manipulate cigarette filter condition (charcoal vs. non-charcoal) and pack color (light vs. dark). Participants smoked two cigarettes identical in appearance and packaging but differing in filter type (blinded and order counterbalanced) and completed pre- and post-cigarette CO samples and post-cigarette questionnaires. ResultsParticipants endorsed more favorable subjective ratings, puffed less of, held more correct beliefs about risks, and expressed greater intentions to use the charcoal (vs. non-charcoal)-filtered cigarette (p’s <0.05). Pack color had few effects on outcomes; however, cigarettes in light vs. dark colored packs were rated as cleaner tasting (p <0.01). Neither filter condition nor pack color affected CO boost. There were no interaction effects on any outcomes. ConclusionsUnder blinded conditions, Sky charcoal-filtered cigarettes are initially appealing independent of their packaging color. Findings warrant further study of these effects on perceptions, behavior, and harm exposure after longer, open-label use periods. Findings may inform regulatory decisions regarding cigarette packaging and filter composition.

Pesticides’ low-cost removal from polluted groundwater using charcoal from “Salix mucronata” trees activated by gold nitrate

ABSTRACT Used pesticides result in soil pollution, which potentially seep into groundwater, posing risks to human and animal health. The current study examines the use of a new cheap material for removing four commonly used pesticides from polluted groundwater before use for drinking. These pesticides are Malathion, Methomyl, Abamectin, and Thiamethoxam. Activated charcoal obtained from the trunk of “Salix mucronata” trees is introduced for removing these pesticides by surface adsorption. Activation treatment using gold-nitrate solution is introduced to enhance the charcoal adsorption capacity, because removal of pesticides is difficult due to their large-sized molecules and lack of obvious surface electrostatic charges. Physical and chemical properties of the studied pesticides and the activated charcoal were determined. Batch experiments tested the effects of solution pH, contact time, dose of charcoal, and initial concentrations on the charcoal adsorption capacity. Langmuir adsorption linear isotherm test was done to use for the prediction of adsorption behavior. Fixed-bed column experiments tested clean-up of polluted water using charcoal filter under steady flow. Gold-nitrate activated charcoal adsorption capacities were almost three times higher than other charcoals for the same pesticides at the same initial concentrations. Maximum adsorption capacities achieved in the current study were 16.17, 14.59, 9.55, and 8.99 mg/g, respectively, at the initial concentrations of 50.0 mg/l. Meanwhile, treatment times in steady-flow fixed-bed columns were much lower compared to other studies. Preparation cost of gold-nitrate activated charcoal in the current study was lower than other adsorbents. The charcoal introduced in this study is recommended for use in low-cost removal of pesticides from polluted groundwater on the national scale, including small treatment units for rural communities with limited facilities.

Effect of Charcoal and Active Carbon as Filter Media on Electrokinetic Remediated Crude Oil Contaminated Soil

Research has shown that traditional electrokinetic remediation (EKR) technology has limited efficiency against different contaminants and soils. This has led to the use of several strategies to enhance the traditional EKR for higher contaminants removal efficiency. This paper separately uses charcoal and active carbon each 1 cm thick as filter media in EKR to enhance the removal of crude oil from crude oil contaminated soil (COCS) containing 78,600 mg/kg of crude oil. The filters are placed very close to the anode compartment containing 0.01 M NaOH electrolytes. Graphite electrodes are used in a face to face configuration to pass 1 V DC/cm through the COCS. Crude oil removal efficiencies of 81.4% and 84.6% respectively are obtained from the EKR setups containing charcoal and active carbon filters after 18 days and 14 days of remediation respectively. This makes active carbon a better filter medium than charcoal for COCS. The results of the chemical oxides compositions show improvement from non-lateritic COCS to lateritic for the filter media enhanced EKR soil. Although active carbon has proven to be a better filter medium compared to charcoal for use in enhancing EKR technology for COCS. Nonetheless, with over 80% removal efficiency, charcoal or active carbon filters be used to enhance EKR remediation of COCS.

Performance of intraoperative surgical smoke management technologies for laparoscopic surgery: A comparative in-vivo pig study

BackgroundVarious technologies exist to remove surgical smoke. Despite high significance in surgical practice, comparative in-vivo performance data are missing. Study designThe performance of five smoke management technologies (venting, passive filtering, active filtering, circular filtration, electrostatic precipitation) was analysed in-vivo by three different laparoscopic interventions (cholecystectomy, atypic liver resection, colon surgery) with high-energy surgical instruments. Surgical smoke formation/evacuation was characterised by various aerosol-analytical instruments. In addition, operational parameters like CO2 consumption and capnoperitoneal pressure were determined. ResultsThe half-life of particle concentration was found to be a suitable parameter to describe smoke elimination efficacy and varied between (10 - 45) s. It is shown that the efficacy of smoke elimination technologies based on particle removal by evacuation can also be predicted by simple equations. Furthermore, it was found that the combination of surgical cutter and tissue defines charge and polarity of surgical smoke that influences especially the efficacy of electrostatic precipitation. Depending on the smoke elimination technology, the CO2 consumption varied between (0.5 - 16) L/min, the capnoperitoneal stability between (2 - 17) %. ConclusionsEach smoke elimination technology showed advantages and disadvantages. Simple charcoal filters rapidly degrade and should be exchanged regularly during surgery. Active filtering is efficient for smoke management, but the unstable capnoperitoneum interferes with surgery. Circular filtration forms a stable capnoperitoneum, but the valveless trocar promotes relevant levels of smoke release into the environment. Electrostatic precipitation was found to be most efficient for smoke management with minimal CO2 consumption and highly-stable capnoperitoneum.

Modeling and assessment of radioactive iodine dispersion inside Egyptian radioisotope production facility

Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) is very important topic in any radioisotope production facility. It is mandatory for some operators to be available behind hot cell that produce radioisotope to practice some tasks concerning maintenance, dosimetry and operation. One of these tasks is redundant transferring Radioiodine from cell to quality control lab and vice versa for measurements. Contam3.2 is a simulation model from NIST (National Institute of Standards and Technology) is used to study and predict I131 concentration in air in hot cell and area of operator behind the cell in emergency case. Emergency is described by dropping small amount of I131 on cell floor. The model predicts the elapsed time to remove contaminants by extraction ventilation system to deposit these contaminants in the dedicated filters and protect operators from inhalation. An emergency situation is also studied in case of opening I131 cell door hole (20 cm) by operators to pick the sample for quality control tests. Pressure interference occurs in this situation permitting some Iodine traces to be available in the areas under consideration. Ventilation system is responsible for removing all radioactive contaminants to settle it inside dedicated charcoal filters to clean the area and keeps it in permissible safe limits.

Design of Filtration System for Aerated Sewage Water

The study investigated the potential of sand and activated charcoal filtration systems to enhance water quality for irrigation by treating aerated sewage effluent from. Setup involved a 60 cm deep sand filter connected as the inlet to another 30 cm deep sand filter and this filter linked as the inlet to a 30 cm deep charcoal filter. These filters were operated in series at hydraulic loading rates (HLR) of 60 m/h and 10 m/h. Notably, operating the filters in series at an HLR of 10 m/h yielded superior effluent water quality compared to an HLR of 60 m/h. System achieved significant removal efficiencies for turbidity, BOD5, COD, Total Nitrogen (Total-N), Total Phosphorous (Total-P) with 71.9%, 54.4%, 71.9%, 44.4%, 39.1%, and 42.9% with a 90 cm deep sand filter at an HLR of 10 m/h, and also with a combination of sand and charcoal filters at an HLR of 25 m/h system achieved 81.6%, 80.3%, 63.5%, 47.5%, and 64.3% respectively. We also examined the chemical characteristics of both untreated and treated sewage water samples, revealing a hierarchy of cation and anion prevalence as follows: Na+ &gt; Ca2+ &gt; Mg2+ &gt; K+ for cations, and Cl- &gt; HCO3- &gt; SO42- &gt; CO32- for anions. Our study demonstrates that the combination of aeration and sand filtration effectively ensures safety by preventing water body pollution and unpleasant odours with high-quality treated wastewater suitable for sustainable agricultural use.

Filter media enhanced electrokinetic remediated crude oil contaminated soil: investigation of its engineering properties and its suitability for road construction

Research have shown how electrokinetic remediation (EKR) technology attempts to tackle the challenge of soil contamination by crude oil. However, the suitability of the resulting remediated soils for use in road construction have not been well reported. This work investigates the engineering properties of filter media enhanced electrokinetic remediated crude oil contaminated soil (COCS) with a view to ascertain its suitability for use in road construction by comparing the performance of charcoal and active carbon as filter materials. COCS collected at a depth of 1m from the Nigerian Pipeline and Storage Company, Kaduna was remediated by using graphite electrodes to pass 1V DC/cm across EKR setups enhanced by incorporating a 1cm thick charcoal and active carbon separately as filter materials across the setups. Average removal efficiencies of 81.4% and 84.6% were obtained against the 78,600 mg/kg oil content of the COCS from charcoal and active carbon filter media enhancements respectively. This showed that active carbon, with higher removal efficiency, is a better filter medium for COCS than charcoal. The compaction and California bearing ratio (CBR) properties of the COCS also improved with the filter media enhanced EKR. However, the CBR values for the filter media enhanced EKR soils only meet the 20% minimum requirements for Type 2 sub-base course materials specified for light trafficked Nigeria roads. As such, charcoal or active carbon filter media enhanced EKR technology can be adopted for remediating COCS for light trafficked Nigeria road construction in areas not subjected to flooding.

The Effect of Treated Sulfur Water on the Microbial Content of the Soil and the Extent of Resistance of These Bacteria to Antibiotics

The research began on March 7, 2021, as the regions of Ain Al-Wusta and Ain Jarura were chosen to take soil samples. The sulfuric water was treated using laboratory batch reactors. Locally manufactured glass tubes were used, with dimensions 17 * 17 * 55 in length, width and height, respectively, Subsequently, microbiological and chemical analyzes of the soil were performed. The results of the study showed success of the physical treatment process that was used to reduce the levels of sulfur in the water Depending on the source of water and the type of material used, the triple-magnetic treatment achieved the highest removal rate of 73% in Ain Al-Wusta soil, 40% in soil sample B1, and 27% in soil sample B2 of Ain Jarura. The results of bacterial culture showed that Gram-negative bacteria were dominant by 100% in soil samples from Ain Jarura region treated with untreated sulfuric water (WA1, WA2, WA3) (Table- 4), as well as for the same soil samples treated with sulfuric water treated with sand filter (GB1), charcoal filter (GB2) and magnetic field filter. (GB3) Soil samples treated with untreated sulfur water were dominated by Pseudomonas aeruginosa with a percentage of 66.7% and Acinetobacter lwoffii with a percentage of 33.3%.The results of the bacterial count of soil samples from the Ain Jarura region showed that there were significant differences between the bacterial number with sulfuric water treated with the three filters, As for soil samples from Ain Al-Wusta region, only soil samples added to sulfuric water treated with charcoal filter (WB2) gave significant differences with a significant decrease of number (84×102 CFU) for the species Aerococcus viridans. The results of the antibiotic sensitivity test showed that Elizabethkingia meningoseptica gave the highest rate of resistance to antibiotics about 66%. The results of the study showed that the resistance of bacterial isolates to antibiotics did not show significant differences between soil samples treated with treated and untreated sulfur water, except for the GB2 isolate.

Health risk assessment of exposure to various vapors and fumes in a factory of automobile manufacturing

This study aimed to comprehensively evaluate the health risk of exposure to various vapors and fumes in a factory of automobile manufacturing. This study was performed in 2021 on 115 workers. Vapors and fumes were gathered by the adsorbent tubes of activated charcoal and mixed cellulose esters (MCE) membrane filter, respectively. The flow rate for vapors and fumes were between 0.05 and 0.20 L per min and 1 to 4 L per min, respectively. After preparing, samples were analyzed. To assess the non-cancer and cancer risk of the pollutants, the method proposed environmental protection agency (EPA) was applied. The total concentration of copper (1.031 ppm), manganese (0.114), and 2-butoxyethanol (91.767 ppm) were found to be higher than The threshold limit values (TLVs). The values of non-cancer risk (HQ) due to exposure to vapors of benzene (6.583), toluene (1.396), ethyl benzene (1.212), xylene (31.148), 2-butoxyethanol (89.302), 2-propanol (4.695), 1,2,3-trimethylbenzene (1.923), copper (2.336), manganese (715.82), aluminum (3.772), and chromium (107.066) were higher than the acceptable limit. Moreover, the estimated LCR for benzene (2.15 × 10−4), ethyl benzene (3.97 × 10−4), vinyl chloride (1.25 × 10−4), and chromium (2.11 × 10−2) were higher than the threshold risk level set by EPA. It is emphasized that preventive measures are performed.

Organic, Earth-Friendly Tobacco With a Charcoal Filter and Smooth Taste: A Randomized Experiment Testing Effects of Natural American Spirit's "Sky" Cigarette Advertising on Consumer Perceptions.

The Natural American Spirit (NAS) brand has a history of marketing tactics that may convey reduced harm. While no longer allowed to use "additive-free" or natural descriptors (except in the brand name), it continues promoting potentially misleading attributes. This study examined perceptions of NAS's newer "Sky" style, promoted as organic tobacco with a charcoal filter. In an online experiment, we randomized 1927 adult past 30-day tobacco or nicotine product users to one of six conditions showing Sky ads with different descriptors: (1) charcoal filter, (2) charcoal + organic, (3) charcoal + earth-friendly, (4) charcoal + smooth taste, (5) charcoal + all other descriptors, and (6) no-descriptor control (Sky ads without target descriptors). Product perceptions were compared by condition. Participants also reported perceived benefits of charcoal filters. Overall, 28% of participants indicated Sky is less harmful and 38% believed it exposes users to fewer chemicals. Participants in the "charcoal + organic," "charcoal + earth-friendly," and the all-descriptor conditions had higher odds of believing Sky reduces chemical exposure (respectively, 43%, 40%, and 42%), relative to the no-descriptor control. Fewer control participants endorsed beliefs that Sky has a "better filter" and is "more environmentally friendly". Many believed cigarettes with charcoal filters could confer benefits relative to other cigarettes, such as reducing chemical exposure, or being cleaner, purer or safer (though research on relative safety of charcoal filters in cigarettes is inconclusive). Sky marketing may promote misperceptions about product safety and composition, and ads using both charcoal and organic text may particularly reinforce them. This study examined the impact of new cigarette advertising promoting the use of charcoal filters and organic tobacco along with other suggestive claims ("environmentally friendly," "smooth taste") on tobacco users' perceptions of the advertised product-NAS Sky cigarettes. Our study provides new data about positive consumer perceptions of charcoal-filtered cigarettes, and results suggest that combinations of these marketing terms evoke perceptions about reduced harm and reduced exposure to harmful chemicals that may be misleading to the public. Our findings underscore a need for additional regulatory action regarding tobacco marketing that makes use of natural-themed marketing.

Rebounds of sevoflurane concentration during simulated trigger-free pediatric and adult anesthesia

BackgroundIn trigger-free anesthesia a volatile anesthetic concentration of 5 parts per million (ppm) should not be exceeded. According to European Malignant Hyperthermia Group (EMHG) guideline, this may be achieved by removing the vapor, changing the anesthetic breathing circuit and renewing the soda lime canister followed by flushing with O2 or air for a workstation specific time. Reduction of the fresh gas flow (FGF) or stand-by modes are known to cause rebound effects. In this study, simulated trigger-free pediatric and adult ventilation was carried out on test lungs including ventilation maneuvers commonly used in clinical practice. The goal of this study was to evaluate whether rebounds of sevoflurane develop during trigger-free anesthesia.MethodsA Dräger® Primus® was contaminated with decreasing concentrations of sevoflurane for 120 min. Then, the machine was prepared for trigger-free anesthesia according to EMHG guideline by changing recommended parts and flushing the breathing circuits using 10 or 18 l⋅min− 1 FGF. The machine was neither switched off after preparation nor was FGF reduced. Simulated trigger-free ventilation was performed with volume-controlled ventilation (VCV) and pressure-controlled ventilation (PCV) including various ventilation maneuvers like pressure support ventilation (PSV), apnea, decreased lung compliance (DLC), recruitment maneuvers, prolonged expiration and manual ventilation (MV). A high-resolution ion mobility spectrometer with gas chromatographic pre-separation was used to measure sevoflurane in the ventilation gas mixture in a 20 s interval.ResultsImmediately after start of simulated anesthesia, there was an initial peak of 11–18 ppm sevoflurane in all experiments. The concentration dropped below 5 ppm after 2–3 min during adult and 4–18 min during pediatric ventilation. Other rebounds of sevoflurane > 5 ppm occurred after apnea, DLC and PSV. MV resulted in a decrease of sevoflurane < 5 ppm within 1 min.ConclusionThis study shows that after guideline-compliant preparation for trigger-free ventilation anesthetic machines may develop rebounds of sevoflurane > 5 ppm during typical maneuvers used in clinical practice. The changes in rate and direction of internal gas flow during different ventilation modes and maneuvers are possible explanations. Therefore, manufacturers should provide machine-specific washout protocols or emphasize the use of active charcoal filters (ACF) for trigger-free anesthesia.

Decolorized Aloe vera polysaccharide enriched preparations and their effects on human gastrointestinal cell lines

Introduction: Aloe vera (A. vera) has been used as a folk remedy to treat different gastrointestinal and metabolic symptoms as well as for traditional therapeutic and topical cosmetic uses.It has been proposed that its benefits are based on aloe´s unique composition of phytochemicals, in particular the complex polysaccharides that are present in the gel. Commercial A. vera juice is purified to remove latex constituents (such as anthraquinones) via activated charcoal filtration (decolorization). Limited information is available regarding A. vera’s biological effects after decolorization on the gastrointestinal tract. Objective: To evaluate the effect of different polysaccharide-enriched decolorized preparations of A. vera (whole leaf -WL- or inner leaf -InL-) on two human cells lines: stomach gastric adenocarcinoma (AGS) and Intestinal Myofibroblast (InMyoFib) cells. We hypothesize that these enriched preparations will have beneficial effects in these gut cell models. M&amp;M: Proliferation: Cell Proliferation Kit I (MTS, Cat. No: 11465007001-Roche-SIGMA-ALDRICH).Scratch studies: Quantification was carried out using ImageJ software (NIH, Bethesda, MD).Apoptosis: H2O2 and Cytokine mix-induced apoptosis was analyzed using cell death detection ELISA plus (Sigma Cat. No 11 774 425 001; Roche Cat. No 11 544 675 001).Statistics: ANOVA, repeated measured design. 5 independent experiments. Results: 6 different preparations were tested at 3 concentrations: 10, 50 and 100 ug/ml in all the experiments. Proliferation: None of the preparations induced cell proliferation in AGS and Inmyofib cells.; 2 InL and 1 WL preparation inhibited AGS and Inmyofib cell proliferation in comparation to the negative control. Wound healing: A significant improvement was induced by all fractions tested in both cell types. Preparations improved the percentage of wound healing in comparation with the negative control, one WL improved this parameter to levels similar to the positive control. Apoptosis: Four out of the six extracts protected cells from H2O2-induced apoptosis in both cell lines. In the case of the cytokine stimulation, AGS cells evoked a 55% increase over the negative control. None of the herbal extracts could revert/prevent apoptosis in this cell line. Conversely, cytokines evoked an 80% increase in apoptosis in Inmyofyb cells and Aloe preparations were largely effective in inhibiting this process. Conclusion: It has been proposed that A. vera gel has the ability to treat or protect gastric ulcers and to alleviate intestinal discomfort in both in animals and humans. These activities have been attributed to several possible mechanisms, including its anti-inflammatory properties, healing effects, mucus-stimulatory effects and regulation of gastric secretions. Here we show that decolorized A. vera polysaccharide-enriched preparations can modulate gastrointestinal cell lines. Conflict of Interest Disclosure: This work was funded by Herbalife Nutrition International of America, Inc. This is the full abstract presented at the American Physiology Summit 2023 meeting and is only available in HTML format. There are no additional versions or additional content available for this abstract. Physiology was not involved in the peer review process.

WATER QUALITY IMPROVEMENT AND ANALYSIS FOR CLOWN FISH (Amphiprion ocellaris) CULTIVATION IN A RECIRCULATION SYSTEM

The demand for ornamental fish is currently increasing while the availability in nature is decreasing due to overfishing. Clownfish (Amphiprion ocellaris) is a type of marine ornamental fish that is widely kept in aquariums, but the problem is the rapid decline in water quality due to the activity of these fish. The recirculation system is one way that can be used in water quality management. The study aimed to analyze the type of filter used to stabilize seawater quality in clownfish (rearing containers. This research was conducted from January to April 2021 at the Research Centre of Sibolga Fisheries College. The method used was an experimental method using a one-factor Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with four treatment levels and three replications. The treatments in this study were P0 (unfiltered), P1 (cotton filter), P2 (fiber filter), and P3 (activated charcoal filter). The fish used was 2 – 3 cm in size, kept in an aquarium measuring 60x40x40cm with a stocking density of 2 fish/L of water and fed tubifex 2 times a day, at 08.00 and 18.00 WIB as much as 5% of their body weight. Parameters measured were temperature, pH, DO, salinity, ammonia, phosphate, abundance of bacteria, phytoplankton, and survival of clownfish. Water quality measurements are carried out every 7 days. The results obtained from the improvement and analysis of water quality for the cultivation of clownfish in the recirculation system provide an influence on water quality in the rearing container. The results obtained were temperature 27.9–28.0 0C, pH 8.3–8.4, DO 7.5–8.0 mg/L, salinity 33-34 ppt, ammonia 0.04–0.06 mg/L, phosphate 0.47–0.48 mg/L and bacterial abundance 2.35x104 CFU/mL with a survival rate of 95.55%.