Charcoal Ash Research Articles

Effects of Oil Drops and the Charcoal’s Proximate Composition on the Air Pollution Emitted from Charcoal Barbecues

ABSTRACT This research investigated the emission rates (ERs) and emission factors (EFs) of air pollutants generated from charcoal barbecues and the influence of temperature, the charcoal’s proximate composition (moisture, volatile matter, fixed carbon, and ash), and oil drops. Charcoal briquettes, longan charcoal, and binchotan (commonly used for indoor barbecues) were selected for combustion experiments, and the exhaust gas was collected for the analysis of air pollutants, viz., CO, CO2, NOx, hydrocarbons (HCs), benzene, toluene, formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, PM2.5, and trace metals (Al, Cr, Cu, Fe, and Zn). A linear regression model was employed to verify the major factors affecting the EFs. The EFs of HCs measured during the dripping of oil and sauce on the charcoal ranged from 2486.2 to 9305.2 mg kg–1, 76.4–357% higher than those measured during no dripping. For PM2.5, the EFs measured during dripping ranged from 3080.4 to 3926.5 mg kg–1, 8–19 times higher than those measured during no dripping. The EFs of benzene, toluene, formaldehyde, and acetaldehyde also significantly increased during dripping. In addition, increasing the combustion temperature reduced the EFs of HCs, formaldehyde, and CO but increased those of Fe and Zn. The charcoal moisture content was significantly positively correlated with the EF of HCs, whereas the volatile matter content was significantly positively correlated with those of HCs and benzene. Positive correlations existed between the charcoal ash content and the EFs of CO, Fe, and Zn. The fixed carbon content was significantly positively correlated with the EF of CO2 but negatively correlated with those of CO, Al, and Zn.

UTILIZATION OF COAL BOTTOM ASH AS BRIQUETTE MATERIAL

Research has been carried out on the use of coal bottom ash as a material for making briquettes as an alternative fuel. Carbonized of rubber seed shells and Halaban wood were used as mixtures and tapioca flour as adhesives. The composition used in making Halaban wood charcoal and coal bottom ash briquettes is 100%: 0%, 90%: 10%, 80%: 20% and 70%: 30%. Tapioca flour used was as much as 5%, the pressure of 150 kg/cm2 and the size of 250 meshes. While for rubber seed shell and coal bottom ash briquettes, the composition used was with ratio 60%: 40% and 70%: 30%; the pressure used was 100, 150 and 200 kg/cm2 and the size of 50 meshes. Tapioca flour used was as much as 5%. The results of the characterization of rubber seed shell and coal bottom ash briquettes were water content (4.35 - 10.65)%, ash content (12.53 - 17.26)%, and calorific value (3,597.59 - 4,549.88) cal/g. While the characterization results of Halaban wood charcoal and coal bottom ash briquettes were water content (2.947 – 4.097)%, ash content (0.383 – 26.667)%, and calorific value (4,749-6,621) cal/g. The results showed that if coal bottom ash in the composition were higher, it would increase the water content and ash content of the briquettes, while the calorific value would be lower. The recommended composition of coal bottom ash was about 10-20 %. While if the briquettes pressure was higher, the water content, ash content and calorific value would be smaller. The recommended pressure was 150 kg /cm2.

Evaluation of charcoal ash nanoparticles pollutant removal capacity from acid mine drainage rich in iron and sulfate

Abstract Acid mine drainage is globally recognized as one of the environmental pollutants, due to its highly toxic metals and sulfate concentration. In this study, the effect of metal and sulfate removal capacity of Namibian hardwood charcoal ash from acid mine drainage was investigated. The experimental results have shown that charcoal ash has dual pollutant removal capacity via adsorption and precipitation. For adsorption, insoluble charcoal ash minerals and precipitates produced during treatment are responsible. While soluble metal oxides and sparingly soluble carbonates are essential for neutralization of the acid mine drainage and metal hydroxide precipitation. Based on the treated acid mine drainage analysis results, almost complete and partial removal of toxic metals and sulfate from acid mine drainage was observed, respectively. Unlike commonly used lime or limestone obtained by purchasing and also which requires crushing to form a powder, charcoal ash obtained for free, need no modification due to its nanoparticle size (20–96 nm) and environmentally friendly nanomaterials. Collection and use of charcoal ash for pollution remediation is one way of creating a clean environment. Overall, charcoal ash performed well in metals and sulfate removal and has been found an attractive and novel-alternative for acid mine drainage treatment, with an added-value of resource recovery.

Effect of Nano Charcoal Ash Coconut Shell in Bitumen as Alternative Binder

The effect of Nano charcoal ash (NCA) from coconut shell on the physical and chemical properties of bitumen as alternative binder was evaluated in this study. Six different Nano grades of charcoal ash were examined. The charcoal ash ground for the optimum grinding time had a median particle size of 148 nm. NCA dosage of 30% by weight of binder was used throughout the experiments. Nanoparticle size analysis and X-ray fluorescence were performed to determine the size and chemical properties of material. Dynamic shear rheometer, penetration, softening point, and penetration index were used to characterize the physical properties of NCA. Thirty hours of grinding time produced the optimum NCA, which could enhance the binder performance. Test results indicated that adding NCA from coconut shell to bitumen improved the binder stiffness up to 47% and significantly increased the softening point up to 12% compared with virgin binder.

Effect of soaking of Ficus natalensis Hochst. leaves in different solutions on intake, digestibility and nitrogen balance in goats

This study evaluated the effectiveness of soaking Ficus natalensis leaves in bamboo charcoal or bamboo ash solutions to improve intake, digestibility and nitrogen utilization by goats. The leaves were prepared in four different ways (four treatments) prior to being fed to eight goats as the sole diet in a double 4 × 4 Latin square design. The four treatments were: Charcoal (F. natalensis leaves soaked in bamboo charcoal solution for 24 h); Ash (F. natalensis leaves soaked in bamboo ash solution for 24 h); Water (F. natalensis leaves soaked in water for 24 h); and Control (non-soaked fresh F. natalensis leaves). Daily feed intake, digestibility of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM) and crude protein (CP) as well as nitrogen utilization by the goats were determined. Soaking (Charcoal, Ash and Water treatments) did not improve (P > 0.05) intake of F. natalensis leaves; however soaking in the bamboo ash solution significantly reduced (P 0.05) on OM and CP digestibility Similarly, soaking either in water or bamboo charcoal solution significantly improved (P < 0.05) nitrogen (N) utilization; with lower (P < 0.05) faecal and urinary N excretions as well as higher (P < 0.05) N retention values than the control treatment (non-soaked leaves). There is a need for further studies to determine effect of soaking in water or bamboo charcoal solution on goat performance (average daily gain) and slaughter, carcass and organoleptic characteristics of goat meat.

Microstructure and physical properties of nano charcoal ash as binder

Waste coconut shell (CS) was used to produce nano charcoal ash (NCA) as a potential modifier material in an asphalt binder. This study focused on the microstructural and physical properties of NCA. Thermogravimetric analysis and derivative thermogravimetric analysis (TGA/DTA), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), X-ray fluorescence, particle size analysis (PSA), penetration tests, softening point tests and dynamic shear rheometer (DSR) tests were performed. The TGA/DTA results revealed 490°C to be a suitable CS burning temperature to form carbon and to reduce impurities. The morphology determined by FESEM showed that charcoal CS presents a smooth, porous and irregular shape. The carbon content on the surface of the material was 77·6%, as indicated by energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. PSA showed that the optimum size of the charcoal CS obtained after several grinding cycles was 148 nm. Test results indicated that adding NCA from coconut shell to bitumen improved the binder stiffness up to 47% and significantly increased the softening point up to 12% compared with virgin binder. The DSR test revealed that the optimum size of NCA enhanced the bitumen by increasing the resistance to rutting until a temperature of 76°C was reached, prior to failure at a temperature of 82°C.

Stability and virucidal efficacies using powder and liquid forms of fresh charcoal ash and slaked lime against Newcastle disease virus and Avian influenza virus.

Aim:The present study was examined the virucidal activity comparison between fresh charcoal ash (FCA) and slaked lime (SL) against avian influenza virus (AIV) and Newcastle disease virus (NDV), using powder and liquid forms, either in the absence or presence of organic materials. In addition, both FCA and SL were evaluated for the persistence of virucidal activity in wet and dry conditions and stability of the solution.Materials and Methods:Two hundred milligrams of FCA or SL powders were mixed with 100 µl of AIV or NDV in the absence of organic material or 33% of organic materials. In the same time, 400 µl of 1%, 5%, or 10% solution samples were mixed with 100 µl of each virus and then incubated at room temperature for an indicated time. After that, the mixed solution was stop activity of sample using 500 µl of 1M Tris-HCl pH 7.2. Each treatment was titrated onto Madin-Darby canine kidney cells or chicken embryo fibroblasts for AIV or NDV, respectively, for determining the efficacy of viral inactivation. In addition, the stability of powder under the wet-dry condition and solution stability under room temperature was examined.Results:The results demonstrated that the FCA and SL in powder form could inactivate AIV and NDV even in the absence or presence of organic materials. In the liquid form, 5% and 10% of FCA could inactivate AIV and NDV either in the absence or presence of organic materials. Alongside, 1%, 5%, and 10% of SL could inactivate both viruses. 10% of FCA solution could inactivate virus at a shortest time when compared with other concentrations. In addition, the efficacy of wet-dry conditions of FCA was limited when compared with SL. On the other hand, it is demonstrated that the FCA solution was more stable and kept at room temperature longer than SL.Conclusion:The FCA may, hence, be used as an alternative virucide, while applying it to prevent spreading of poultry disease on commercial chicken farms and also backyard chickens, especially in developing countries, including in rural areas of Thailand.

Influence of Wood Physical Properties on Charcoal from Eucalyptus spp.

ABSTRACT The use of wood in the form of charcoal for energy production, has great economic importance in Brazil. In this context, the study of variables and mechanisms that affect charcoal quality is essential. The present study aimed to verify the influence of some physical properties of Eucalyptus wood on the quality and yield of the produced bioreducer. We used three commercial Eucalyptus clones, cultivated for use in the steel industry, determining wood density and shrinkage, density and immediate chemistry of the charcoal produced and the charcoal gravimetric yield. The data was submitted to Pearson’s correlation analysis. Correlations between wood density and apparent charcoal density as well as charcoal ash content were observed. All clones presented characteristics suitable for the production of charcoal for the steel industry, with emphasis on the hybrid E. urophylla x E. grandis.

Effect of Charcoal Ash Coconut Shell from Waste Material at Different Size on the Physical Properties of Bitumen

Environmental pollution caused by abundant wastes from agricultural activities has increased in recent years because of increased productivity. Agricultural waste recycling has been employed to solve this problem. Coconut shell charcoal (CSC) ash is a by-product of coconut shell (CS) used as a bitumen modifier to enhance the properties of the binder. This study investigated the effect of fineness charcoal ash from CS on the rheological properties of bitumen. Penetration, softening point, and viscosity tests were performed to determine the properties of the binder. Laboratory simulation of aging called rolling thin film oven test was applied in this study. CSC at different sizes (&lt; 75μm, 75–150μm, and 150–300μm) was added to replace bitumen 60/70 PEN at 0%, 10%, 15%, and 20% by weight of the binder, respectively. Result showed that the bitumen became more viscous and that the softening point of bitumen increased, whereas the rate of penetration decreased when CSC was incorporated. CSC at a proper amount improved the resistance of bitumen to temperature susceptibility. In addition, the modification of bitumen can relieve the effect of aging. Modified bitumen shows better result when incorporated with the finest particle (&lt; 75μm) of CSC compared with other sizes.

노계마을 제철유적 출토유물의 자연과학적 분석연구

The purpose of the present study is to examine the objects excavated from the archaeological site of the Nogye Village in terms of their relationships with the iron production facilities such as 1ho smithing hearth and 2ho smelting furnace. 32 samples including slags, iron ores, and wall were analyzed to identify the mineralogical and chemical characterization. In addition, in the case of the 1ho smithing hearth slag, differing points of the cross-section were analyzed to examine its formation in depth. The analysis results suggest that the slags from the each site adjacent to the 1ho smithing hearth and 2ho furnace are related to smithing and smelting process respectively. Furthermore, it is possible to draw some conclusions that the aspects of the increased contents of nonferrous elements such as CaO in the slags in comparison with those of the iron ores are due to various factors such as charcoal ash and analytical reasons rather than an addition of CaO as flux.

Phototrophic culture of Chlorella sp. using charcoal ash as an inorganic nutrient source

Although several studies have recognized the suitability of employing ashes as a component of a culture medium or fertilizer, the number of these studies remains limited. The use of biomass ash as a nutrient source for algal culture is an unexplored research topic that should be investigated to analyse the possibility of reducing the costs associated with commercial microalgae culture.In this study, biomass ash from charcoal was used as a source of nutrients for the cultivation of Chlorella sp., and two alternative processes for nutrient supply were studied. First, various culture media containing the leachate stock solution from solid ash at different concentrations were prepared. Second, different amounts of solid ash were added directly to the culture media. The results indicated that the direct use of biomass ash mixed in water enables the formation of a more suitable medium compared with Guillard's f/2 medium because it promotes faster cell growth and higher biomass productivity. The higher biomass productivities were reached over the same period compared with those achieved with the culture media based on biomass ash leachates. Moreover, the nutrients in the media containing ash leachates are sufficient to maintain cell growth rates and biomass productivities that are comparable to those achieve with Guillard's f/2 medium.

木炭の炭素結晶性と灰分が溶鉄への炭素溶解と鉄−木炭コンポジットの浸炭反応に及ぼす影響

Charcoal use instead of fossil fuel is one of the possible technologies for mitigation of CO2 emission in the steel industry because charcoal can be considered as “carbon-neutral” material. In this study, the possibility of utilization of charcoal as carbon source for carburization reaction was examined; more specifically effects of carbon crystalinity and ash in charcoal on carbon dissolution into molten iron and iron carburization reaction in iron-charcoal composite were investigated. Two kinds of experiments were carried out. One is measurement of charcoal carbon dissolution rate in iron bath. Another is observation of isothermal reaction between iron and charcoal in a composite sample. Several kinds of charcoal with relatively low ash content were applied as experimental samples. Charcoal samples were treated with several heating patterns to control their carbon crystallinity. Additionally, charcoal samples were treated with acid solutions, HCl and HF, to control the ash content in them. From these investigations, following results were revealed. Charcoal heat-treated at low temperature, 1 273 K, has advantage for carbon dissolution reaction into iron bath. Charcoal ash strongly prevents the carburization reaction between iron and carbon in the composite sample.

Optimizing Dye Adsorption Onto a Waste-Derived (Modified Charcoal Ash) Adsorbent Using Box–Behnken and Central Composite Design Procedures

The objective of this work was to optimize the experimental conditions for adsorption of reactive azo dye using a waste-derived adsorbent, modified charcoal ash. With this aim, Box–Behnken and Central Composite Design models were applied to achieve maximum dye adsorption and minimum operation costs. In the models studied, independent variables were pH (1–12), ash dosage (0.02–0.1 g/50 ml), dye concentration (10–200 mg/L), and operation time (10–130 min). The quadratic models were developed for the predetermined responses (dye removal and operation cost), and it was clearly seen that the experimental data fit well to model predictions statistically (R 2 ≥ 0.89 and “Prob > F” < 0.005). Experimental conditions for optimum dye removal of 90.2 % were determined as pH 2, 0.08 mg/50 ml ash dosage, 80.5 mg/L dye concentration, and 100 min agitation period. Operating cost which includes expenses for modification of adsorbent, arrangement of solution pH, and sample shaking was calculated as 1.17 €/m3 for optimized conditions.

Kinetic, thermodynamic, and equilibrium studies for adsorption of azo reactive dye onto a novel waste adsorbent: charcoal ash

abstract This paper investigates the usability of activated charcoal ash for removal of reactive azo dye from aqueous solution. Firstly, elemental composition and surface characteristics of the ash have been examined by using X-ray fluorescence and scanning electron microscopy. The effects of pH, ash dosage, initial dye concentration, agitation period, agitation speed, and temperature were determined by batch experiments. Calculated thermodynamic parameters indicated exothermic and spontaneous characteristics of the adsorption process. Langmuir, Freundlich, and Temkin adsorption isotherms were applied to examine the efficiency of charcoal ash. The obtained correlation coefficients and the considered isotherm parameters showed fitness of the applied isotherm models. Pseudo-second-order kinetic model was found to best represent the kinetic data considering closer values of experimental and calculated dye amounts adsorbed by unit ash mass. Results of the study demonstrated usability of activated charcoal as ...

Charcoal Ash as an Adsorbent for Ni(II) Adsorption and Its Application for Wastewater Treatment

The aim of present research is to investigate sorption characteristic of nanoadsobent charcoal ash (ash) for the removal of Ni(II) from aqueous solutions and wastewater. The sorption of Ni(II) is carried out by batch method. The optimum conditions of sorption were found to be as follows: a sorbent amount of 3 g in 100 mL of aqueous solutions, contact time of 120 min, and pH 4. In optimum conditions, removal efficiency was 94.2 % for the Ni(II). Three equations, i.e., Morris–Weber, Lagergren, and pseudo second order, have been tested to track the kinetics of the removal process. The Langmuir, Freundlich, and D-R are subjected to sorption data to estimate sorption capacity. It can be concluded that ash has the potential to remove Ni(II) ions from aqueous solutions at different concentrations. Desorption efficiency had been tested by water saturated with CO2 and by aqueous solution of NaOH, and the results were not considerable. The effect of temperature has been studied; it was found that increasing tempera...

Application of Trace Element Analysis Using ICP-MS to Forensic Discrimination of Charcoal Ash

Application of Trace Element Analysis Using ICP-MS to Forensic Discrimination of Charcoal Ash

Effects of Charcoal Carbon Crystallinity and Ash Content on Carbon Dissolution in Molten Iron and Carburization Reaction in Iron-Charcoal Composite

Charcoal use instead of fossil fuel is one of the possible technologies for mitigation of CO2 emission in the steel industry because charcoal can be considered as “carbon-neutral” material. In this study, the possibility of utilization of charcoal as carbon source for carburization reaction was examined; more specifically effects of carbon crystalinity and ash in charcoal on carbon dissolution into molten iron and iron carburization reaction in iron-charcoal composite were investigated. Two kinds of experiments were carried out. One is measurement of charcoal carbon dissolution rate in iron bath. Another is observation of isothermal reaction between iron and charcoal in a composite sample. Several kinds of charcoal with relatively low ash content were applied as experimental samples. Charcoal samples were treated with several heating patterns to control their carbon crystallinity. Additionally, charcoal samples were treated with acid solutions, HCl and HF, to control the ash content in them. From these investigations, following results were revealed. Charcoal heat-treated at low temperature, 1 273 K, has advantage for carbon dissolution reaction into iron bath. Charcoal ash strongly prevents the carburization reaction between iron and carbon in the composite sample.

Charcoal Ash and Volatile Matter Effects on Soil Properties and Plant Growth in an Acid Ultisol

There is a growing interest in converting organic wastes to charcoal for use as a sustainable soil amendment with a potential to improve soil productivity and sequester C. Three consecutive greenhouse experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of charcoal with different ash and volatile matter (VM) contents on soil properties and maize (Zea mays) growth and to evaluate the effect of time on charcoal performance. Five charcoal amendments (high-VM corncob, low-VM corncob, Kiawe, Binchotan, and a gasification charcoal of Leucaena leucocephala) applied at a 2.5% (wt/wt) rate were compared with a zero-charcoal control with and without fertilization. Only the gasification charcoal significantly increased maize growth without fertilization. The low-VM corncob charcoal with fertilization significantly increased maize growth by 164% compared with the fertilized control in the first planting cycle. Maize growth in the high-VM corncob charcoal supplemented with fertilizer treatment was significantly lower than that of the fertilizer-alone treatment in the first planting cycle. The negative effect of the high-VM charcoal on the fertilizer was caused by bioavailable carbon in the charcoal, which increased soil microbial activity and could have caused N immobilization. Both the beneficial and detrimental effects of charcoal did not persist beyond the first planting cycle, suggesting that charcoal impacts are temporary. Whereas charcoal ash and VM content seem to be important parameters for predicting charcoal behavior in the short-term, more research is needed to examine a broader spectrum of feedstocks exposed to varying thermal treatments.

Environmental Management Portfolio of Korean Fashion Brands

Abstract Green growth or green management practices originating from advanced countries proliferated worldwide during the 2000s. According to the Low Carbon, Green Growth Act announced by the government of South Korea in April 2010, business should gradually adopt an environmental management system (EMS) to efficiently use resources and energy and to minimize the emission of greenhouse gas or other pollutants as a result of business activities. In addition, businesses should acknowledge social and ethical responsibilities. Environmental management systems were introduced in Korea as a competitive strategy in the early 1990s, and have increased in Korea since 2003 under the influence of the product-related environmental regulations of European countries and the Korean government. Achieving the ISO 14001 standard requires an EMS system. This critical and authoritative certification system, legislated in 1996, directly connects to business reliability. The number of corporations with the ISO 14001 certificat...

Sorption equilibrium of Cr(VI) ions on oak wood charcoal ( Carbo Ligni) and charcoal ash as low-cost adsorbents

The aim of this study is to demonstrate the potential of oak wood charcoal (WC) and oak wood charcoal ash (WCA) as a low-cost adsorbent for environmental protection applications of Cr(VI) ion. The influence of contact time, solution pH, initial metal concentration, amount of adsorbent and ionic strength on the removal of Cr(VI) ion was studied. The adsorption of Cr(VI) with (WC) and (WCA) was investigated in a batch arrangement. The Cr(VI) ions sorbed onto the adsorbents were determined by a UV–Visible Spectrophotometer. The sorption of Cr(VI) on the adsorbent surface depends strongly on the pH and Cr(VI) ion-sorption increased with a decreasing pH until pH 2 and increase in the concentration of this metal in solution phase. The adsorption of Cr(VI) was higher between pH 2.0 and 2.5 for both adsorbents. The Freundlich adsorption isotherm was used to describe observed sorption phenomena. The maximum adsorption capacity of 30.10 mg of Cr(VI)/g for (WC) and 46.17 mg of Cr(VI)/g for (WCA) was obtained at pH of 2 and 2.5 respectively.