Interface Character Research Articles

Effect of Alkalization Treatment on The Tensile Strength and Interface Character Matrix-Fibber of Bamboo Petung (Dendrocalamus Asper) Reinforced Polyester Resin Composite

The purpose of this study is to determine the alkalization process effect of bamboo petung fiber (Dendrocalamus Asper) on the Tensile strength of Polyester composite reinforced with bamboo petung fiber. The alkalization process is expected to increase the bond between the automatic and the fiber which in turn can increase the tensile strength of the composite. In this study NaOH was used as an alkaline substance. NaOH is an alkali commonly used as a substance for the alkalization process in various natural fibers for natural composite reinforcing material. Alkalization was done by soaking the fiber into NaOH solution at room temperature and time variation for 1 hour, 2 hours, and 3 hours. After the alacalization process, the fiber was processed to be made into a composite with a polyester matrix with the direction of unidirectional fiber orientation. The process of making composites used vacuum infusion method. Before being used as reinforcing fibers, petung bamboo fiber composites were tested for single fiber tensile strength both after alkalization treatment and fiber before alkalization process. Composite tensile testing was conducted on all variations of both composites with fibers before Alkalization and composite after the alkalization process by using ASTM D638-03 standard. Scaning Electronics Microscope (SEM) was also conducted to observe the morphology of fibers before and after alkalization, besides that SEM was also used to determine the fracture shape of polyester composite reinforced with bamboo petung fiber. From the Tensile testing conducted on single fiber and composite, it was obtained results that either the single fibers strength or composites decreased with increasing NaOH soaking time.

Surface/Interfacial Engineering of Inorganic Low-Dimensional Electrode Materials for Electrocatalysis.

Exploitation of highly active and cost-effective electrode materials for the design of new types of renewable energy storage and conversion systems has been tremendously stimulated by the higher attention being paid to global energy security and invention of alternative clean sustainable energy technologies. Low-dimensional solid materials with special atomic and electronic structures are deemed desirable platforms for establishing clear relationships between surface/interface structure characteristics and electrocatalytic activity, representing enormous potential in the pursuit of high-performance electrocatalysts. Recent achievements revealed that surface and interfacial atomic engineering is capable of achieving novel physical and chemical properties as well as superior synergistic effects in inorganic low-dimensional nanomaterials for electrocatalysis. Compared to bulk counterparts, the electronic structure in the surface of inorganic low-dimensional nanomaterials is more sensitive to and can thus be regulated more easily by surface and interfacial modification strategies, resulting in greatly optimized electrocatalytic performance. In this Account, we focus on recent progress in surface and interfacial modification strategies to efficaciously engineer the electrocatalytic performance of inorganic low-dimensional electrode materials. We summarize several important regulation strategies of dimensional confinement, incorporation, surface reconstruction, interface modulation, and defect engineering, which immensely optimize the spin configuration, electrical conductivity, catalytic active site exposure, and reaction energy barrier of inorganic electrode material. At dimensionally confined atomic-scale thickness, more surface-facet atoms are exposed as active sites, which provide an ideal platform for applying surface incorporation and defect engineering, subsequently producing more catalytic active sites and better adsorption free energy for the improvement of catalytic activity. Moreover, regulation of the interfacial character of electrode materials, such as the surface strain, contact area, and bridged bonds, can optimize the electron transfer capacity and reaction kinetics process. On the other hand, once exposed to a strong alkaline solution under oxidizing potentials, the real active layer of electrode materials (such as transition-metal sulfides, nitrides, and phosphides) could be activated by a surface reconstruction strategy, realizing a unique core-shell structure with a highly conductive electron transfer channel inside and highly active catalytic sites outside for electrocatalysis. Based on these points of view, focusing on inorganic low-dimensional electrode materials, the proper choice of surface and interfacial modification strategies would effectively modulate their electrocatalytic activity, realizing unlimited potential applications in promising areas of electrocatalytic water splitting, rechargeable metal batteries, and fuel cells. Overall, we anticipate that surface and interfacial regulation approaches can provide a new understanding of the design of inorganic electrode materials, facilitating the rapid promotion of electrocatalytic performance in electrode materials for electrocatalysis.

Phenomena at Porous Carbon Electrode/Saturated Electrolyte Interface in Electrochemical Capacitors

Development of electrochemical capacitors focuses today on the improvement of their energy density (or specific energy) and cyclability. The energy density might be improved by capacitance enhancement and operating voltage increase. To some extent, the relation between capacitance and voltage and their impact on the energy output reflects an interfacial character of charge storage mechanisms in capacitors; capacitance is intimately linked with the electrode material whereas the operating voltage is governed by the electrolyte applied. Of course, they cannot be considered separately, since the final performance is always a combination of various factors (e.g., electrode porosity – electrolyte viscosity, wettability, etc.). In case of capacitance-related issues, it appears that activated carbons with their well-developed surface area and suitable porosity, recently reached the limit of purely capacitive storage and further progress in this field require another insight into the electrostatic charge accumulation. That approach enforces intensive research on the novel architectures of the electrode materials. On the other hand, the electrolyte-related issues create an interesting pathway for investigations aiming at maximum voltage increase and energy density enhancement. Undoubtedly, organic media (based on acetonitrile or propylene carbonate) and ionic liquids are the optimal electrolytic solutions in terms of electrochemical stability. However, their impact on the environment and user safety is quite often questioned. Water-based electrolytes seem to be an interesting alternative, but the major objection against their commercialization concerns their low electrochemical stability governed by water decomposition voltage. Although the neutral electrolytes might demonstrate a significant decomposition overpotential once applied to porous carbon electrodes and thus provide the operating voltage up to 1.8 V, the performance of water-based capacitors is still not satisfactory enough for a broad application. Since the significant disadvantage of water-based solutions is attributed to the solvent decomposition, in our recent study, we decided to decrease the amount of water in aqueous electrolytes to the minimal level. Following the approach presented by the Belanger group, we have formulated the series of electrolytes with water: salt ratio up to 50% (either by mass, volume or molarity). Since the primary study has been done on LiTFSI salt, in our study, we have focused on the conventional inorganic salts, based on the well-known anions like NO3 - or SO4 2-. It appeared that these formulations demonstrated various correlations with concentration, conductivity and decomposition potentials. Moreover, their viscoelastic properties perfectly correlated with electrochemical performance, mostly with charge propagation. Surprisingly, the role of cation appeared to be crucial, essentially for capacitance values. The paper will discuss the correlation between the pore size distribution of carbon electrodes, electrolyte viscosity, and capacitor performance. Elucidation of the energy/power characteristics as well as cyclability at various temperatures will give a novel insight into ‘water’-based electrolytes. Spectroelectrochemical measurements will support the physicochemical data (e.g., operando Raman spectroscopy), unraveling (or trying to unravel) the mysteries at carbon electrode/highly concentrated electrolyte interface. Acknowledgements European Research Council is acknowledged for financial support within the Starting Grant project (GA 759603) under European Unions’ Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme.

Serious Games to Support Cognitive Development in Children with Cerebral Visual Impairment

Cerebral Visual Impairment (CVI) is a disability that entails a visual deficit, due to a brain damage. Children affected by this disability are not able to see an object if it is not moving. In this paper, we present a study on the use of serious games in the assessment and rehabilitation of children with CVI. Our serious games help them keeping focused on the exercise by using touch interface, game paradigm and cartoon characters. The paper reports lesson learned from data collected in a user study to highlight the high potential of using these games also in the rehabilitation process. For this reason, we develop the games also in the mobile platforms to allow children to train their skills at home, i.e., more intensively and in a familiar environment.

Characteristics of Thermal–Hydraulic and Heat Transfer in Liquid Windowless Target of Accelerator Driven Subcritical

In recent years, the morphological characteristics and stabilization methods of free interface in liquid windowless target become hot research topics in accelerator driven subcritical system (ADS). Based on the structure design of a certain windowless spallation target, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) software of CFX was used to simulate and analyze its free interface character. The method of k–ε turbulence, cavitation, and volume of fluid (VOF) model was used to study the flow characteristic of liquid Lead-Bismuth eutectic (LBE) alloy with cavitation phase change and to analyze the free interface morphology characteristics of coolant in the target area. It is concluded that the target region forms two stable free interfaces when fluid outlet pressure is in the range of 10–40 kPa and fluid entrance velocity is in the range of 0.5–1.2 m/s. The flow field near the free interface structure is complex. The vortex region appears, and the disorders in the vortex flow pattern lead to fluctuation of the free interface. After the study of stable free interface morphology establishing process, heat transfer characteristic of windowless target was further analyzed.

Evolution of interface character distribution in duplex stainless steel processed by cross-rolling and annealing

Duplex stainless steel UNS S31803 samples were cross-rolled with a true strain of ε=2 followed by annealing at 1323K for 2min and 240min, respectively. The distributions of intervariant boundary planes in the precipitated austenite (A) from ferrite (F) and phase boundary planes conforming to Kurdjumov-Sache (K-S) orientation relationship (OR) were characterized by electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) and the five-parameter analysis (FPA) method, respectively. The intervariant boundary planes with misorientation angle of 60° around <111> and <011> occur frequently and tend to terminate on the {111} plane. At the grain size level of 4μm, the phase boundary appears to be connected with the K-S OR terminating on {110}F‖{111}A at the early stage of annealing. When the grain size reaches approximately 20μm, phase boundary was modified into {541}F‖{533}A due to twinning in austenite during annealing.

Five-parameter crystallographic characteristics of the interfaces formed during ferrite to austenite transformation in a duplex stainless steel

The crystallography of interfaces in a duplex stainless steel having an equiaxed microstructure produced through the ferrite to austenite diffusive phase transformation has been studied. The five-parameter interface character distribution revealed a high anisotropy in habit planes for the austenite–ferrite and austenite–austenite interfaces for different lattice misorientations. The austenite and ferrite habit planes largely terminated on (1 1 1) and (1 1 0) planes, respectively, for the austenite–ferrite interfaces associated with Kurdjumov–Sachs (K–S) and Nishiyama–Wasserman (N–W) orientation relationships. This was mostly attributed to the crystallographic preference associated with the phase transformation. For the austenite–ferrite interfaces with orientation relationships which are neither K–S nor N–W, both austenite and ferrite habit planes had (1 1 1) orientations. Σ3 twin boundaries comprised the majority of austenite–austenite interfaces, mostly showing a pure twist character and terminating on (1 1 1) planes due to the minimum energy configuration. The second highest populated austenite–austenite boundary was Σ9, which tended to have grain boundary planes in the tilt zone due to the geometrical constraints. Furthermore, the intervariant crystallographic plane distribution associated with the K–S orientation relationship displayed a general tendency for the austenite habit planes to terminate with the (1 1 1) orientation, mainly due to the crystallographic preference associated with the phase transformation.

Fabrication and characterization of a bimetallic Al/Cu tube using the tube sinking process

In this work, two types of bimetallic tubes were fabricated from aluminum alloy and pure copper using the tube sinking process. The joint quality of the bimetallic tubes was evaluated using the so-called push experiment to determine the bonding shear strength. In addition, different microstructural studies were conducted in order to study the interface character of the layers. It was found that the bonding shear strength of the aluminum-clad copper was slightly higher than that of the copper-clad aluminum. Also, the former exhibited lower bonding shear strength variation than the latter. The discontinuous intermetallic components were detected at the latter interface for both types of bimetallic tubes. Also, it was interesting to note that a relatively thick aluminum oxide layer was found to be formed partially at the copper-clad aluminum tube layer interface. Signs of the cold pressure welding mechanism based on the film theory were indicated in aluminum-clad copper, whereas localized oxidation and wear phenomenon between the aluminum and copper layers deteriorated the bonding strength in copper-clad aluminum.

Numerical Analysis of Reinforcement Structure Stability Based on the Stress State of Geogrid

The reinforcement effect of geogrids is exerted through the fixing and occlusion with the surrounding soil to ensure the stability of reinforced structure. Based on the friction reinforced mechanism, the geogrids play the role of anti-shear and anti-pulling. So the indexes of interface strength identified by shear and tensile tests are usually used to conduct the stability analysis of reinforced structure. At present, the same indexes of interface strength areadopted in the stability analysis of reinforced structure, where only one of the anti-shearing action or anti-pulling effect of geogrid is considered, which is separated from the practical stress state of geogrids and has certain limitation. To solve the problem, the paper adjusts the interface indexes of geogrids based on the potential sliding surface and the stress state of geogrids when the failure happens. So the method of stability analysis is concluded where cyclic iterative analysis is carried out till the interface characters of geogrids and the unstable mode of the whole structure are the same. The calculation examples of reinforced soil slope in the paper shows that the method can fully reflect the reinforcement of geogrids and can complete the adoption of numerical method in the stability analysis of reinforcement structure.

Eco‐friendly produced lightweight structural graphene/polyamide 12 nanocomposite: Mechanical performance and the controlling microstructural mechanisms

The present study explores the potential use of graphene nanoplatelets (GL‐GNPs), synthesized from glucose through a new chemical approach that is facile, economical, and eco‐friendly alternative to the conventional Hummer's method, as a nanoreinforcement in polymers for the production of light‐weight structural polymer nanocomposites. Understanding the interface character of GL‐GNPs/Polyamide 12 (PA12) nanocomposites with various nanofiller loadings and how this affects their tensile behavior, are focal points of interest. Results reveal that enhancements in polymer stiffness and strength are superior at low GL‐GNPs content than higher contents. This is attributed to higher degree of GL‐GNPs exfoliation and increased polymer phase crystallinity. Interestingly, abundant small/imperfect PA12 crystallites have grown on the GL‐GNPs surface, strongly interlinking thus the polymer and graphene phases within nanocomposites. The intensity of such crystallites in interface region is the determinant of the nanocomposites' Young's modulus, assessed at small applied tensile stress. While the GL‐GNPs‐PA12 interfacial bonding is the determinant of yield and ultimate strengths, estimated at medium and high stress levels. Overall, the 1 wt% GL‐GNPs/PA12 nanocomposite is considered the optimum. Its low density and good mechanical performance among the previously developed graphene/Polyamide nanocomposites, propose promising future for GL‐GNPs‐based nanocomposites as ecofriendly and cost‐effective lightweight structural material. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 58:1201–1212, 2018. © 2017 Society of Plastics Engineers

Tribological properties of hydrogenated amorphous carbon films in different atmospheres

In this study, hydrogenated amorphous carbon (a-C:H) films prepared by plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition had distinguishing tribology behaviors in dry nitrogen, oxygen, argon, humid air and vacuum. Both the friction and wear rates of a-C:H films sliding against Al2O3 in nitrogen and argon were lower than that in oxygen and humid air atmospheres. And superlubricity (0.009) was achieved in dry nitrogen atmosphere for self-mated a-C:H counterpart. From the viewpoint of various gas molecules' adsorption, the a-C:H films' friction behavior was investigated. Micro-Raman and scanning electron microscope (SEM) were employed to study the interfacial structural evolution and tribofilm distribution in different atmospheres. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) was used to reveal the relation between wear rate and tribo-oxidation reaction in various atmospheres. We confirmed that nitrogen molecule provided repulsion force at sliding interface and reduced friction of a-C:H film. Meantime, graphitic tribofilm also played a significant role. It was stated that electronic repulsion force aroused by adsorption was enough for ultra-low friction, while the presence of graphitic tribofilm had synergetic effect with it in achieving superlubricity. This study provided considerations and discussions about interfacial electronic character's effect on friction behaviors of carbon based film.

The interfacial character of antibody paratopes: analysis of antibody-antigen structures.

In this study, computational methods are applied to investigate the general properties of antigen engaging residues of a paratope from a non-redundant dataset of 403 antibody-antigen complexes to dissect the contribution of hydrogen bonds, hydrophobic, van der Waals contacts and ionic interactions, as well as role of water molecules in the antigen-antibody interface. Consistent with previous reports using smaller datasets, we found that Tyr, Trp, Ser, Asn, Asp, Thr, Arg, Gly, His contribute substantially to the interactions between antibody and antigen. Furthermore, antibody-antigen interactions can be mediated by interfacial waters. However, there is no reported comprehensive analysis for a large number of structured waters that engage in higher ordered structures at the antibody-antigen interface. From our dataset, we have found the presence of interfacial waters in 242 complexes. We present evidence that suggests a compelling role of these interfacial waters in interactions of antibodies with a range of antigens differing in shape complementarity. Finally, we carry out 296 835 pairwise 3D structure comparisons of 771 structures of contact residues of antibodies with their interfacial water molecules from our dataset using CLICK method. A heuristic clustering algorithm is used to obtain unique structural similarities, and found to separate into 368 different clusters. These clusters are used to identify structural motifs of contact residues of antibodies for epitope binding. This clustering database of contact residues is freely accessible at http://mspc.bii.a-star.edu.sg/minhn/pclick.html. minhn@bii.a-star.edu.sg, chandra@bii.a-star.edu.sg or zhong_pingyu@immunol.a-star.edu.sg. Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.

Structure/redox/activity relationships in CeO2/CuMn2O4 CO-PROX catalysts

CuMn2O4 prepared by a microemulsion method is employed as support of ceria with different loading level (between 5 and 80wt.%) and the CO-PROX properties of corresponding catalysts are explored. The catalysts have been characterized by XRD, SBET measurement, HREM and XEDS, XPS and TPR, which allows establishing a complete model of the structural and chemical characteristics of the catalysts. The characterization results have been correlated with the analysis of CO-PROX catalytic properties performed by means of activity measurements complemented by operando-DRIFTS. Important differences in structural, redox and catalytic properties are detected as a function of the amount of ceria present in the catalyst. These are shown to depend basically on the size of the supported ceria nanocrystals as well as the fact that the increase in the ceria loading gradually increases the interfacial character of surface exposed sites of the support with important implications for the CO-PROX properties of the catalyst.

Application of Welding Electrical Signal Monitoring and Analysis System Based on Virtual Instrument

In this paper, a welding electrical signal monitoring and analysis has been established basing on virtual instrument. The system contains two parts that are hardware and software. Hardware of the VI system using the data acquisition card, shielding box, control module is made by national instrument. Software including data collection and analysis system are programming using LabVIEW. Two groups of welding electrical signal getting from the two welders by same process have been acquired and analyzed using the system. The results of each analysis module have a high consistency. The system can accurately evaluate welding spatter size, welding stability and melt transfer in the welding process. Additionally, the system has the characters of friendly interface, simple operation, stable performance and high-reliability. Therefore, the system established in this paper can satisfy the requirements of monitoring and analysis during the quality of welding process.

Microelectrodes As Effective Tools to Evaluate Biodiesel Corrosiveness By Electrochemical Techniques

Corrosion is one of the main concerns for using biodiesel as an alternative fuel. Nowadays, the vast majority of studies are done by immersion tests and the monitoring of its physicochemical properties during degradation reactions. The low conductivity of biodiesel and the development of high ohmic drops has restricted the use of electrochemical techniques for understanding the mechanisms involved in the corrosion processes. The addition of supporting electrolytes is often used to increase the conductivity and reduce the ohmic drop. In organic media as biodiesel, unfortunately, it is suspected that supporting electrolytes are not inert and can give misleading results. Microelectrodes are sensors with at least one dimension in the range of few micrometers (~50) and its geometry mostly depend on its application. Due to the small currents registered in microelectrodes, the effects of the ohmic drop become insignificant, even in very resistive electrolytes as biodiesel. In this work, we propose the use of microelectrodes as a methodology to evaluate the corrosion rate of metals, particularly copper, by EIS without any addition of supporting electrolytes (water or other contaminants). Two different types of microelectrodes (i.e. single classic and array) with disk geometry were constructed and characterized by different techniques (optical microscopy, SEM and cyclic voltammetry). Single classic microelectrodes were constructed manually by introducing a metallic wire (working electrode) into a capillary glass. The arrays with sixteen and twenty-five microelectrodes were constructed by photolithography technique. The impedance measurements were done in a Gamry ref. 600 potentiostat/galvanostat using a two electrode cell configuration were a Pt foil was used simultaneously as counter and reference electrode (i.e. short-circuited to the corresponding inlets of the potentiostat) and the microelectrode was the working electrode. The frequency range was from 100 kHz to 5 mHz, with an amplitude of potential perturbation of 30 mV rms (with lower perturbation of potential no response is obtained). For both types of microelectrodes, two time constants were observed, one at high frequencies and the other at low frequencies. The former corresponds to the electrolyte and the latter to interfacial phenomena between the electrolyte and the metal surface. Both hypothesis were corroborated using three different types of experiments. In the first case, another quality of biodiesel was used. Degraded biodiesel was obtained by introducing a copper foil, increasing the temperature and bubbling air during 5 days. With degraded biodiesel a reduction in the impedance at high frequencies was observed in both types of microelectrodes, as a result of the higher conductivity of the electrolyte. In the second case, an inert metal (Pt) was used as a microelectrode (single classic) and it was observed an increase in the impedance with respect to copper, due to the low activity that Pt has in biodiesel. Additionally, an array of copper with 25 microelectrodes was left in contact with degraded biodiesel during 60 h. Every 12 h the impedance was monitored and recorded. The results showed an increase in this parameter as a consequence of the growth in the corrosion layer formed on the surface of the metal in contact with the biofuel. As the corrosion layer growths the rate of the electron transfer reactions at the interface is reduced. In all cases, the second semicircle observed in Nyquist diagrams started at 0.3 – 0.1 Hz. A decrease in the phase angle at medium frequencies (1-0.1 Hz) was observed when the number of microelectrodes increased as a result of a higher kinetic for the change transfer process, due to the higher area and the interfacial character of the signal. Figure 1

Fracture mechanism and electromechanical behavior of chemical vapor deposited graphene on flexible substrate under tension

The electromechanical characteristics of chemical vapor deposited graphene transferred onto a polymeric substrate were investigated by conducting tensile tests in combination with electrical resistance measurement inside a scanning electron microscope. Our results showed that the unique interfacial adhesion character of the graphene/polymer substrate, where the graphene adheres to the substrate by weak van der Waals forces, gives rise to interfacial sliding in the region around the crack edge during tensile straining, causing a reduction in strain transfer from the substrate to the graphene, and this retards or restricts the growth of preformed cracks and promotes the nucleation of new cracks. Such a fracture mechanism (i.e., cracking mechanism) was closely associated with the electromechanical behavior, leading to a distinct three–stage feature, i.e., the stage I flat region, the stage II superlinear region and the stage III linear region, in the electrical resistance−strain curve. We demonstrated the validity of the suggested fracture mechanism and its correlation with the electromechanical characteristics by combining statistical analysis of the evolution of crack size distribution with strain, frictional force measurement and coupled thermal–electrical finite element analysis.

Austenite-ferrite interface crystallography dependence of sigma phase precipitation using the five-parameter characterization approach

In the current study, the propensity of austenite-ferrite interface to sigma phase precipitation was investigated in a duplex stainless steel. The crystallographic characteristics of the interphase interfaces significantly affected the tendency to sigma phase precipitation. The lattice misorientation was found to be an insufficient criterion to fully define the interface character and ultimately the propensity of austenite-ferrite interface to sigma phase precipitation. The interphase interfaces with a rational orientation relationship, considering all five crystallographic parameters, generally exhibited the lowest sigma precipitation propensity. This could be attributed to the high sigma precipitation nucleation barrier energy and low diffusion rate at (semi-)coherent interphases.

Analysis of sub-bandgap losses in TiO2 coating deposited via single and dual ion beam deposition

We present a detailed study of sub-bandgap losses in TiO2 optical coatings prepared by using a single and a dual ion beam deposition. By extracting high-precision spectra of the losses in the TiO2 layers deposited under varied parameters we were able to study the losses in great detail. We were able to identify several spectral features and discuss their origin. Additional experiments allowed us to determine the contribution of absorption and scattering to the losses, as well as to discern whether the observed losses have volume or interface character. The results reveal that the dominant source of absorption in the high-quality samples is volume absorption originating from the so-called Urbach tail. We discuss the limitations imposed by the Urbach tail.

Theoretical investigation of magnetic properties in interfaces of magnetic nanoparticles and amorphous carbons

Based on the experimental finding of the exchange bias in amorphous carbon samples with embedded Co nanoparticles and on the graphited character of the amorphous carbon interface confirmed by molecular dynamics simulations we have proposed the interface of graphited carbon to be antiferromagnetic. A theoretical model, which comprises the Kondo interactions in the interfaces of Co nanoparticles and the induced antiferromagnetic interactions in the graphited carbons, is employed to evaluate the ferromagnetism of the interfaces of Co nanoparticles. We have shown that the ferromagnetism of interfaces of Co nanoparticles will be enhanced by the increase of antiferromagnetic interaction as well as the increase of electron density in the graphited carbons. In particular, we found that the antiferromagnetic interactions in graphited carbons will change the spin-wave excitation in interfaces of Co nanoparticles from the quasiacoustic mode to the quasioptical one.

The Interface Character Distribution and Intergrannular Corrosion Resistance of Duplex Stainless Steel UNS S32304

The duplex stainless steels (UNS S32304) after solid solution annealing at two different temperature (1323K and 1573K) were subjected to the same cold rolling with ε =3 and subsequent annealing for 230 min at 1323 K . The corresponding interface character distribution (ICD) were determined by electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD). The results show that a larger population of phase boundaries (PB) having K-S orientation relationship (OR) between the neighboring δ and γ grains was introduced and therefore higher intergrannular corrosion resistance (ICR) were resulted in the specimen initially solid-solution annealed at 1573K.