Characteristics Of Soybean Research Articles

Heritability and correlation between selected phenotypical characters of soybean under the climatic conditions of Poland

The variability of characters connected with yield structure in soybean is much more influenced by environmental conditions than the genotype as indicated by heritability coefficients (h<sup>2</sup>), calculated on the basis of trials performed during several years under the climatic conditions of Poland. The length of the vegetation period, however, is determined predominantly by the genotype since high reproducibility of h<sup>2</sup> values in different years was found. The heritability coefficients obtained for the agronomic characters of soybean grown in Poland were relatively similar to analogous data from the USA. Phenotypical correlations calculated for the whole group together with correlations between the length of the vegetation period and other characters calculated for individual varieties, provided information on the interrelationship between characters in soybean grown in Poland. This, together with calculated heritability coefficients could be useful for soybean breeding in Poland.

Soybean seed viability and changes of fatty acids content as affected by seed aging

The characteristics of soybean seed chemical composition are related to specific processes occurring in seed during storage. These changes lead to seed aging during storage and affect seed vigour and content of fatty acids. In order to reveal severity of their influence, the following vigour tests were applied: Standard laboratory germination test, cold test, Hiltner test as well as accelerated aging test for three and five days. Six soybean varieties submitted to natural aging process for six and 12 months were tested under conventional storage and controlled storage conditions. Different periods of seed storage, as well as storage conditions adversely affected the seed vigour and fatty acids content, especially linoleic acid. The most reliable results were obtained by cold test and the symptoms observed during accelerated aging test can be used to characterize the degree of aging and storability of soybean seed. Key words: Aging, fatty acids, lipid peroxidation, soybean seed, vigour.

Genetic analysis of antixenosis resistance to the common cutworm (Spodoptera litura Fabricius) and its relationship with pubescence characteristics in soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.)

The common cutworm (CCW, Spodoptera litura Fabricius) is one of the most serious pests of soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.). Previously, two quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for antibiosis resistance to CCW, CCW-1 and CCW-2, were detected in the resistant cultivar Himeshirazu. In this study, we conducted an anti-xenosis bioassay using a recombinant inbred population derived from a cross between a susceptible cultivar Fukuyutaka and Himeshirazu to perform QTL analysis. Two QTLs for antixenosis resistance, qRslx1 and qRslx2, were identified on Chrs 7 and 12, and the resistant alleles of qRslx1 and qRslx2 were derived from Himeshirazu and Fukuyutaka, respectively. The position of qRslx1 is similar to that of CCW-1. We also analyzed pubescence characteristics because they have been reported to be associated with soybean insect resistance. Two QTLs for pubescence length (on Chrs 7 and 12) and two QTLs for pubescence density (on Chrs 1 and 12) were identified. The pubescence QTLs on Chrs 7 and 12 were located near qRslx1 and qRslx2, respectively. These results suggest that the antixenosis resistance could be controlled genetically by the identified QTLs and that the pubescence characteristics might contribute to the soybean antixenosis resistance to CCW.

Effect of previous crop fertilization with nitrogen and seed treatments with Co and Mo on the morphological characteristics of soybean

This three-year study examines the effect of previous crop fertilization with nitrogen and seed treatment with micronutrients cobalt and molybdenum on the morphological characteristics of soybean. Data were processed using analysis of variance by two factorial split-plot experiment with influence of year, where examination factors were: year, different doses of nitrogen fertiliser (main plot) and seed treatment (subplot). Significance of differences between treatments was tested by LSD test. Examined morphological characteristics were significantly dependent upon the year, which had a statistically significant effect. Other examined factors and interactions were not significant, except for the interaction of year x fertilization x seed treatment (AxBxC) that was statistically significant for plant height up to the first fertile node.

Genetic variability, heritability and character association for yield and component characters in soybean (G. max (L.) Merrill)

Genetic parameter and correlation of eight quantitative traits including grain yield were studied in thirty one soybean genotypes. Among all the traits, seed yield per plant exhibited highest estimate of PCV (47.74) and GCV (41.83) followed by dry matter weight per plant (PCV=33.99, GCV=31.15) and number of pods per plant (PCV=33.48, GCV=30.16). Heritability was highest for three characters i.e., days to 50 per cent flowering, number of primary branches per plant and 100 seed weight (91%). High heritability coupled with high genetic advance was recorded for number of pods per plant and dry matter weight per plant. Grain yield per plant exhibited highly significant and positive genetic correlation with dry matter weight per plant (rg=0.491), number of primary branches per plant (rg=0.403), number of pods per plant (0.631) and harvest index (0.487).

Drying Characteristics of Soybeans

Drying Characteristics of Soybeans

Interferência de Euphorbia heterophylla no crescimento e acúmulo de macronutrientes da soja

O grau de interferência depende da densidade de plantas daninhas que infestam a soja. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar características de crescimento e nutrição mineral da soja mantida em convivência com densidades crescentes de Euphorbia heterophylla. O experimento foi conduzido em Jaboticabal, SP, Brasil, entre outubro e dezembro de 2008, em vasos mantidos em campo aberto. Os tratamentos consistiram em submeter uma planta de soja por vaso à convivência com 0, 1, 2, 4, 8 e 16 plantas de E. heterophylla por vaso, da semeadura até o início do florescimento. Nesse período, avaliaram-se, apenas na soja, a altura e o número de trifólios, e em ambas as espécies, a matéria seca e o acúmulo de macronutrientes. Observou-se variação na altura de plantas e redução no número de trifólios e no acúmulo de matéria seca e macronutrientes da soja devido ao maior acúmulo de matéria seca e macronutrientes por densidades crescentes de E. heterophylla. Conclui-se que a soja mantida em convivência com E. heterophylla teve o crescimento e o acúmulo de macronutrientes reduzidos em razão da interferência imposta pela planta daninha.

Effect of Plant Growth Substances on Morphological and Anatomical Structure of Leaf and Photosynthetic Characteristics in Soybean

Many soybean [Glycine max(L.) Merr.] morphological and physiological regulations responding to plant growth substances have been reported.Related researches showed that plant growth substances could effectively control lodging,increase leaf area index,promote photosynthesis,reduce productive abscission and improve yield and quality in soybean production.Plant growth substances through adjusting inner hormone control soybean's whole process of growth and development,at the same time possibly affect the structure of soybean organs,including root,stem,leaf,and productive organs,on which there are a little report.Microtechnique and ultramicrotechnique have triumphantly applied in the researches on the changes of fibre texture and ultrastructure in plant caused by nutrient elements and environment factors,which provides availibility to research the effects of plant growth substances on the structure of soybean organs.The present study was carried out in an attempt to compare anatomi-cal structure and photosynthetic characteristics of cultivar Kennong 4,treated with three plant growth substances in the field of experiments on trail farm of Heilongjiang August-First Land Reclamation University in 2006.The selected secure plant growth substances Diethyl anlinoethyl(DTA),Ckolirte chloride(Cc),and SOD simulation material(SODM),were applied by leaf-spraying at the beginning of blossom stage(R1).30 days later,at the beginning seed stage(R5),the functional leaves were sampled to compare fibre texture and ultrastructure by microtechnique and ultramicrotechnique.Photosynthetic characteristics,such as leaf index,photosynthetic pigment content,photosynthetic potential and photosynthetic rate,were measured every 10 days after the treatments.The results indicated that the plant growth substances caused the changes of both anatomical structure of leaf and photosynthetic characteristics.Under light microscope,we found that,compared with control,DTA,CC,and SODM increased palisade tissue thickness and ratio of palisade/spongy of leaf.The tight degree of palisade tissue arrangement,was different in treatment showing the order of SODM DTA CC CK.DTA,CC,and SODM increased the number of chloroplast single cell,granule lamella and starch grains in chloroplast,while reduced the number of osmophilic globuli in the chloroplast.SODM,DTA increased granule number in chloroplast significantly.In the investigation of photosynthetic characteristics,we found that,compared with control,DTA,SODM,and CC increased the contents of Chl a,Chl b,Chl(a+b) in leaf and the ratio of Chl b/a.DTA,SODM,and CC advanced the time to maximum leaf area index and leaf area duration(LAD),increased total LAD and photosynthetic rate during grain filling period under water stress.From above,we drew a conclusion that plant growth substances could at least partially regulate the structure of soybean organs,fibre texture and ultrastructure of soybean leaf,which is helpful to promote photosynthesis,showing the consistency between anatomical structure and physiological function.

Effects of Brassinosteroid on Photosynthetic Characteristics in Soybean under Aluminum Stress

Al sensitive soybean genotype BD2 was pretreated by soaking seeds with two kinds of brassinosteroids,24-epibrassinosteroid(EBR) and long-effective brassinosteroid(coded as TS303),and then hydroponically cultured with 1/5 strength Hoagland solution with or without 1 mmol L-1 Al. Root elongation,root tip Al and callose concentrations were determined to find the optimal applicative concentration of BRs. Effects and mechanisms of EBR and TS303 on photosynthetic characteristics were subsequently investigated at optimal applicative concentration. The results showed that EBR and TS303 enhanced soybean tolerance to Al,as indicated by increased root elongation and in accordance with decreased Al and callose concentrations in root tips. The optimal effects occurred at concentration of 0.1 mg L-1 for both EBR and TS303,and TS303 showed a better effect than EBR. The results also showed that 0.1 mg L-1 of EBR and 0.1 mg L-1 of TS303 both ameliorated the decrease in leaf area and net photosynthetic rate caused by Al stress,indicating an enhancement in photosynthetic capacity. EBR and TS303 could counteract,at least in part,the decrease in chlorophyll content,maximal PS II efficiency(Fv/Fm),stomatal conductance,carbonic anhydrase activity,concentration and activity of RuBPCase caused by Al stress. The results suggested that,under Al stress,the increased net photosynthetic rate of soybean caused by EBR and TS303 was due to the increase in light energy harvest and transfer,and CO2 transportation and fixation as well.

Soybean Nitrogen Relations and Root Characteristics after Cerotoma trifurcata (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) Larval Feeding Injury

Bean leaf beetle, Cerotoma trifurcata (Förster), is a pest of economic importance to soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merr.) production in the U.S. This greenhouse study was conducted to characterize larval feeding damage effects on nitrogen (N) assimilation and root system characteristics in soybean. Pots containing individual plants (n = 15) were exposed to 1 of 3 treatment levels that varied in infestation intensity: high intensity (19 larvae per pot), low intensity (5 larvae), and an uninfested control group. After 3 wk, the plants were dissected, and the fresh and dry weights of the roots and shoots were recorded. Also, the number of nodules, number of damaged nodules, and the volume of nodules were compared among the treatments. Leaf and pod chlorophyll, nitrate-N, ureide-N, amino-N, and total N concentrations were measured and compared among the treatments. Nodules were the only organs on the root system that were visibly damaged by larval feeding. External nodule surfaces were scarred, and frequently the internal matrices of the nodules were completely excavated by the larvae. Significantly more nodules per plant were found in the infested treatments, and damaged nodules were significantly more abundant on plants in the high infestation compared with those in the low infestation treatment. Also, plants from the highly infested treatment had significantly smaller nodules than the uninfested control, suggesting that the infested plants responded to larval damage by producing additional nodules. Leaf and pod ureide-N and total N concentrations were significantly lower in infested plants. Thus, feeding by C. trifurcata larvae affects the characteristics of nodules as well as the concentrations of N assimilates within soybean plants.

Isolation and characterization of endophytic bacteria from wild and cultivated soybean varieties

Endophytic bacteria were isolated from surface sterilized stems, root, and nodules of wild and cultivated soybean varieties. Various phenotypic traits that are expected to be involved in the persistence and functions of the bacteria were analyzed. Most of the isolates from soybean were motile and indoleacetic acid producers, and 70 and 33% of isolates excreted cellulase and pectinase, respectively. These traits may be involved in endophytic characteristics in soybean. Some isolates were resistant to Str100, formed capsules, and produced fluorescent pigments. Molecular characterization of selected 35 endophytic bacteria by 16S rDNA–polymerase chain reaction–restriction fragment length polymorphism showed two main clusters at 48 and 43% similarity coefficients in which most of the endophytes belonged. The genetic variation was more among endophytes isolated from Glycine max tissues than from G. soja.

A simple method for evaluation of sprout characters in soybean

Soybean sprouts are an important year-round vegetable in Asia. Currently, testing of soybean lines for sprout traits is labor intensive and amount of seed required have dictated that testing generally begins after lines have been composited from a plant row in the F4 or later generations. Sprout testing requires germination of more than 150 seeds, precise watering over several days and movement of seedlings from water baths to growth chambers limiting the number of entries which can be evaluated. The objective of this study was to determine if germinating fewer seeds (10, 20 or 40) on an agar medium is comparable to sprouting over 150 seeds in the traditional method for evaluating soybean genotypes for sprout traits. Sprout growth characteristics were compared for Pungsannamulkong, a known sprout soybean, germinated on 1.0, 1.2, and 1.4% agar medium. Sprout traits 5 days after seeding 20 or 40 seeds on a 1.4% agar medium were very similar to the traditional method. There was no advantage for germinating soaked seeds over dry seeds on the agar medium to determine sprout characteristics. Evaluation of 20 dry seeds on a 1.4% agar medium of eight known sprout cultivars was comparable to the traditional method for measuring sprout characteristics for each cultivar. The agar method requires less labor, fewer seeds, no watering schedules or water baths and less growth chamber space than the traditional method to test genotypes for sprout characteristics. This allows more lines from soybean breeding populations in earlier generations to be evaluated. The agar method will improve the efficiency for evaluating soybean breeding lines for sprout traits.

Nutrient accumulation characteristics in soybean shoots at different levels of NPK supply

Nutrient accumulation characteristics in soybean shoots at different levels of NPK supply

Parameters Affecting Milling Qualities of Undefatted Soybeans (Glycine max, L. Merill) (2): Selected Physical Properties

Soybean protein is highly rich in the essential amino acid needed by human body. In the developing countries, its use will be more generally acceptable when converted to flour like wheat. This work focused on establishing the optimum conditions of some physical characteristics of soybean for high quality and acceptable soy flour. The characteristics studied for soybean samples subjected to heat treatment of boiling and oven drying were the effect moisture content (MC) and the hull thickness on the quality of the flours. Ten samples of Tax 1485 at different moisture levels ranging from 20.6% to 8.6% and five varieties (Tax 1440-1E, Tax 1740, Tax 1485, Tax 1456 and Tax 1448-2E) obtained from International Institute for Tropical Agriculture (IITA), having different hull thicknesses were used. Soybean with mixed varieties commonly found in the open markets was also used to compare the effects of MC on the studied parameters. Flours obtained from the samples milled in an attrition mill were subjected to proximate, sieve and organoleptic evaluations. The hull thickness was found to have no correlation with protein retention, acceptability and flour yield, but moisture content has a very significant effect on the qualities. Between moisture content of 20.6% and 8.6%, protein and acceptability reduced from 40.0% to 27.7% and 4.3 to 2.2 respectively while yield increased from 0.9% to 5.8%. Though protein was reducing with reduced MC, there was no significant difference (p<0.05) in protein retention between MC of 20.6% and 10.1% but it became significant at 9.4%. There was no significant difference in acceptability from 13.6% to 8.6% MC and between 8.9% and 11.0% MC for flour yield. Both Tax 1485 and mixed varieties followed the same trend only that they have different absolute values. The mixed varieties however had no significant difference in protein content between 19.8% and 10.2% MC. These results, therefore established that to obtain acceptable soyflour of high flour yield and protein content, moisture content of soybean after processing should be about 10% (dry basis).

Characteristics of soybeans as affected by soaking conditions

The water absorption of soybeans in soaking is directly related to the changes in textural characteristics and grinding properties of soybeans for processing. In this study, we determined the characteristics of water absorption, solid loss, and moisture content, textural characteristics and grinding properties of soybeans at four different soaking temperatures, 10°C, 20°C, 30°C, and 40°C, and various soaking times up to 8 h. We found that the solid loss increased significantly when the soaking temperature increased from 30°C to 40°C. The measured moisture data of soaked soybeans fitted well with the data predicted using Peleg's equation. Rupture force and maximum tangent and secant modulus measured by the compression test decreased as the moisture increased, up to 122%. The grinding property of soaked soybeans was related only to the final moisture content and not to the soaking conditions. High soaking temperature could significantly reduce the required soaking time. Based on these results, we recommend that soybeans be soaked to minimal final moisture content of 120% before grinding.

No Effect of Soybean Lipoxygenase on Aflatoxin Production in Aspergillus flavus–Inoculated Seeds

Soybean lines lacking lipoxygenase (LOX) activity were compared with soybean lines having LOX activity for the ability to support growth and aflatoxin B1 production by the fungal seed pathogen Aspergillus flavus. Whole seeds, broken seeds, and heat-treated (autoclaved) whole seeds were compared. Broken seeds, irrespective of LOX presence, supported excellent fungal growth and the highest aflatoxin levels. Autoclaved whole seeds, with or without LOX, produced good fungal growth and aflatoxin levels approaching those of broken seeds. Whole soybean seeds supported sparse fungal growth and relatively low aflatoxin levels. There was no significant difference in aflatoxin production between whole soybean seeds either with or without LOX, although there did seem to be differences among the cultivars tested. The heat treatment eliminated LOX activity (in LOX+ lines), yet aflatoxin levels did not change substantially from the broken seed treatment. Broken soybean seeds possessed LOX activity (in LOX+ lines) and yet yielded the highest aflatoxin levels. The presence of active LOX did not seem to play the determinant role in the susceptibility of soybean seeds to fungal pathogens. Seed coat integrity and seed viability seem to be more important characteristics in soybean seed resistance to aflatoxin contamination. Soybean seeds lacking LOX seem safe from the threat of increased seed pathogen susceptibility.

Gene Action and Heritability of Leaf and Reproductive Characteristics in Soybean.

Soybean 〔Glycine max (L.)Merr.〕 cultivars with smaller area and lanceolate leaves have shown better light distribution through their canopy and a higher photosynthetic rate than those with larger leaf area and oval leaf shape. However, very little information has been published about leaf characteristics in relation to yield potential and inheritance which would assist breeding effects to develop new cultivars with optimum leaf area and leaf shape. Gene action and heritability for leaf area, leaf shape, and other reproductive characteristics were studied in a diallel cross including nine parents with large, medium, and small leaf area. Most progenies from crosses among parents with different leaf areas had larger mean leaf area, longer flowering, and later maturity than the midparent and both parents, suggesting transgressive segregation for these traits. General combining ability (GCA) and specific combining ability (SCA) for leaf area and leaf shape were significant in populations. Ratios of GCA to SCA were 0.96% for leaf shape and 0.89 for leaf area, indicating that GCA effects were more important than SCA. Genetic gain for leaf area and shape may be possible through selections. Narroow sense heritability estimated on the basis of variance components was 43.4% for leaf area, 63.2% for leaf shape, and 29.1% for maturity, which were lower than days to flowering and flowering period due to large error variances (σ2E) caused by field environmental factors. This study indicated that it is possible to optimize leaf area and leaf shape related to photosynthetic rate and subsequently yield, because of relatively large and significant GCA effects for these traits. The predominance of additive effects should improve the effectiveness of selection based on performance of individual cultivars.

Tropic leaf movements, photosynthetic gas exchange, leaf δ13C and chlorophyll a fluorescence of three soybean species in response to water availability

Midday leaf angle, photosynthetic gas exchange, stable carbon isotope ratio (δ13C), and chlorophyll a fluorescence among three wild soybeans, Glycine soja, G. tomentella and G. tabacina, from habitats with different water availability were examined. Plants grown under low water availability had reduced leaf area, photosynthetic and electron transport rates, more positive δ13C values, and more vertical midday leaf angles. The three species differed in midday leaflet orientation, leaf size, photosynthesis and fluorescence responses to water availability. The species differences were consistent with the water availability of their habitat. G. soja, which grows in the wettest habitats, was shown to be the most photosynthetically susceptible to low water treatment and tended to have the most vertical midday leaflet angles. In contrast, G. tabacina, distributed in the driest habitats, had the least vertical midday leaflet angles and the lowest photosynthetic sensitivity to low water availability. G. tomentella, inhabiting an intermediate habitat, had intermediate midday leaf angles and photosynthetic responses. Our results support the hypothesis that paraheliotropic leaf movements respond in concert with photosynthetic characteristics in soybean leaves such that water use efficiency is enhanced and the risk of photoinhibition under water stress conditions is reduced.

NUTRIENT UPTAKE AND QUALITY CHARACTERS AS INFLUENCED BY LEVELS OF P, ENRICHED FYM AND PHOSPHOBACTERIA IN SOYBEAN

Field experiments were conducted to study the effect of P levels, enriched FYM ad phosphobacteria on nutrient uptake and quality characters in soybean. Application of 100 per cent recommended dose of inorganic P2Os as enriched FYM (80 kg/ha along with seed and s inoculation of phosphobacteria significantly influenced the nutrient uptake and quality characters in soybean.

Valuation of the quality characteristics of Japanese soybean imports

The implicit prices of the physical and intrinsic characteristics of soybeans exported by the United States are estimated. The results suggest that the US grades and standards assigned to a shipment either do not provide information valued by the market or the existence of US grades and standards has resulted in the definition of a standard of quality that is met by all exporters. Additionally, in Japan there are two identifiable soybean markets - a premium food bean market and a crushing market. The soybeans going into the food market for processing can be identified by their lower oil content, lower percentage of split and damaged beans, and a lower amount of foreign material, as well as smaller shipment sizes.