Waste Characterization Research Articles

Solid waste characteristics and management strategies at ST Theresa (STT) and Holy Cross (HC) hospitals in Chirumanzu rural District, Zimbabwe

AbstractManagement of solid waste from rural hospitals is among major problems affecting developing countries. This is mostly attributed to inadequate data related to quantity and quality of hospital solid waste. Similarly, information related to rural hospital solid waste characteristics and management is limited in Zimbabwe. However, SDGs complemented by Zimbabwe Vision 2030, NDS 1 advocates for sustainable solid waste management. Hence, enough data related to characteristics of solid waste from rural hospitals are required to attain sustainability. This research focuses on hospital solid waste characteristics and management strategies at STT and HC rural hospitals. Descriptive cross sectional research design which triangulates qualitative and quantitative paradigms was utilized. Interviews, observations, questionnaires were used to collect data. Quantitative data were analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences whereas qualitative data were subjected to content analysis. Solid waste generated at STT encompasses non-hazardous (77.35%), hazardous waste (22.65%). At HC solid waste consists of non-hazardous (79%) and hazardous waste (21%). Respondents at STT (70.4%) and HC (72.7%) noted that solid waste was increasing. Solid waste was increasing due to various factors namely high use of disposable materials at HC (35.1%), STT (42.5%) and increase of patients at HC (30%) and STT (29.7%). Solid waste was indiscriminately stored in various types of containers although pedal operated bins and sharp containers were highly used at STT (72.4%) and HC (69.1%). Waste receptacles were transported to disposal sites using wheelbarrows and manual handling. Open pits and burning were among disposal strategies but incineration was regarded as the golden approach at STT (44.8%) and HC (41.8%). Inappropriate hospital solid waste management was due to shortage of finance at STT (38.1%) and HC (30.9%) and unawareness among health workers. Although it was worsened by lack of all stakeholder participation at STT (79.0%) and HC (76.4%). Consequently, the study recommended application of strategies which support circular economy, integrated approach, raising awareness of health workers and provision of enough resources to rural hospitals.

A STUDY ON EFFICIENT MICROORGANISMS ISOLATED FOR DEGRADATION FROM MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE OF CHHATRAPATI SAMBHAJINAGAR, MAHARASHTRA, INDIA

With rapid industrial development and the progress of civilization, the problem of increased waste generation has become more complex in urban areas. This research evaluates the composition and characteristics of municipal solid Waste produced in a representative residential neighbourhood. Ten samples were taken from the disposal site of the Chhatrapati—Sambhajinagar (Aurangabad) city area. Gathered from garbage, nine bacterial isolates were made using a nutrient agar medium. Investigations were conducted into the best culture conditions, microbiological traits, biochemical traits within the strains, tolerance to five heavy metals (Cadmium, zinc, Arsenic, lead and mercury), sensitivity to four different antibiotics (penicillin, streptomycin, oxytetracycline, and gentamycin), and extracellular enzyme production of the microbial strains. All six strains that could produce protease were used for the waste degradation efficiency test. Due to these findings, there is now a greater chance of identifying bacteria of scientific significance from municipal waste disposal sites, and these isolates may be a key source of compounds with practical applications in industry. Based on the research, it is possible to extract beneficial bacteria for the environmentally friendly bioconversion of solid Waste from the (Chhatrapati. Sambhajinagar (Aurangabad) city area.

DIAGNOSIS OF THE SITUATION OF SOLID WASTE IN RURAL SETTLEMENTS IN THE PALMAS REGION (TO)

The Brazilian rural environment has been urbanizing influenced by the industrialization that reached the agricultural sector, which requires waste management focused on this new reality. In this context, this work aimed to diagnose the situation of rural settlements in the region of Palmas (TO) in the context of solid waste management. In view of this, exploratory field research was carried out with the objective of obtaining qualitative and quantitative data that demonstrated the current situation of these settlements. 83 interviews were conducted with the community, made up of 331 families. Among the results obtained, it was found that the solid waste generated by the surveyed settlements has predominant characteristics of urban solid waste. The treatment, for the most part, is done under the ground or from burning. In contrast, the reuse of organic waste is directed to animal feed. It is concluded that there is a need for adequate waste management for the specificities of rural settlements, mainly aimed at reuse, recycling and training at source.

Transitioning towards circular economy through municipal solid waste analysis and characterisation using SowaCLINK software

Municipal solid waste constitutes environmental challenges globally, especially in developing countries, due to increasing waste generation, population growth, inadequate infrastructure, lack of data and poor planning. This study aims to conduct a comprehensive waste audit on the municipal solid waste generated in Aba, a metropolis in southeastern Nigeria. Aba is a commercial city considered the messiest because of the massive municipal solid waste generation and poor management. The study investigated the energy potential and waste regeneration. Municipal solid waste data was sought to provide insight into the quantity and composition of municipal solid waste. The methodology was site-based, in line with the standard test method for determining unprocessed municipal solid waste (ASTM-D5231-92) and SowaCLINK software, a computer-based environmental application, was used for characterization. Linear extrapolation was adopted to quantify the rate of municipal solid waste generated. The geometric mean was applied to forecast the area’s population for a 10-year design period. The chemical elements of the characterized municipal solid waste were utilized based on the ASTM-D5291 standard for municipal solid waste thermochemical conversion, and the high and low heating values were analyzed. The outcomes provided energy recovery potential, the electrical power potential, and the power to the grid of electrical power of the municipal solid waste. The results obtained were 0.7813 kg/p/d and 490,268 t/y for a population of 1,719,185 persons. The percentage of the municipal solid waste components with energy potential was 71%, comprising 48% combustible and 23% organic components on average. The high heating value computed was 176.5 MJ/kg, and the low heating value was 14 MJ/kg. The energy recovery potential was 3,709,463 MWh, the electrical power potential was 38,680 MW, and the power to the grid was 26.1 MW daily. The research reveals a promising direction in transitioning from the linear economy of municipal solid waste management toward implementing an integrated sustainable municipal solid waste management based on the circular economy model. The study recommends adopting detailed steps to proffer solutions to the environmental challenges associated with municipal solid waste in most low-middle-income countries to achieve sustainable municipal solid waste management while generating electricity and bio-fertilizers through incineration and anaerobic digestion.

Study on the pyrolysis and combustion characteristics of municipal solid waste in a fixed bed

Study on the pyrolysis and combustion characteristics of municipal solid waste in a fixed bed

Potential of organic wastes typical of the Brazilian Amazon for fertilizer use in agriculture

Characterization of different organic wastes is essential to reveal alternative nutrient sources useful for agriculture. The objective of this work was to characterize a variety of organic wastes generated in the Brazilian Amazon in order to identify nutrient sources for potential use as organic fertilizers. Samples of nine different organic wastes from agricultural, livestock and forestry activities were collected in the state of Pará, Amazon region, Brazil. These samples were characterized using reference methods for analyses of organic fertilizers. Palm oil mill boiler ash was highly concentrated in P, K, Ca, and Mg and also highly alkaline, being considered a promising material for use as fertilizer and lime in acid soils. Palm oil mill decanter cake was the best N source; it also contained relevant amounts of K, S, and Zn. Cattle manure was more concentrated in N and oil palm empty fruit bunch in K. Residual eucalyptus charcoal was high in Ca but also in Na and Al. Oil palm fruit fiber, oil palm fruit shell, wood sawdust of the pile top, and wood sawdust of the pile slope were consistently poor in nutrients. All wastes presented low concentrations of As, Ba, Cd, Cr, Hg, Pb, and Se. This study identified organic wastes differing in prevalent nutrients for potential use as organic fertilizers. Such a difference could be explored in further studies by combining two or more wastes with complementary prevalent nutrients in order to better meet the nutritional requirements of different crops in the Brazilian Amazon.

Influence of main operating parameters on the incineration characteristics of municipal solid waste (MSW)

To study the influence of the main operating parameters on the incineration characteristics of municipal solid waste (MSW), a 375 t/d mechanical grate incinerator is selected as the research object, and the effects of primary air temperature, secondary air arrangement, and grate speed on the MSW incineration process are simulated, and experimental tests are carried out under different primary air temperature and grate speed conditions. The results show that the relative errors between the measured and simulated values of the incinerator outlet O2 content and the measurement point temperature are within ±5% for all test conditions. When the primary air temperature increases from 423 K to 503 K, the position where the MSW incineration ends moves 3.32 m towards the front of the grate, and the moisture evaporation and fixed carbon combustion rates also increase, but the maximum volatile release rate and the optimal incineration condition of the MSW occur at the primary air temperature of 483 K. The increase in grate speed delays the incineration process of MSW and decreases the moisture evaporation rate and fixed carbon combustion rate, but it worsens the incineration effect of MSW. When the grate speed increases from 6.94 m/h to 13.88 m/h, the MSW incineration process is delayed by 3.20 m, and the moisture evaporation and fixed carbon combustion rates decrease by 43 kg·m−2·h−1 and 9 kg·m−2·h−1, respectively. To achieve the optimal operating conditions, the secondary air volume ratio of the front and rear arches is 1.59:1, the secondary air direction of the front arch is 40° and 60°, and that of the rear arch is 0° for the primary air temperature of 463 K and 483 K, respectively. This study can provide useful insights for optimizing the design and operation of mechanical grate incinerators.

Effect of NaClO disinfectant treatment on the yields, components and combustion characteristics of typical medical waste pyrolysis products

Medical waste with pathogenic bacteria is infectious and toxic, which could cause significant harm to the environment and human health without being adequately disposed of. Pyrolysis-incineration coupled technology can realize the rapid and efficient treatment of medical waste while reducing the generation of pollutants. Whereas, the NaClO disinfection treatment, which is a necessary process prior to transfer and disposal of medical waste, has not been sufficiently described in terms of its effect on the pyrolysis yield and components characteristics of medical waste. This study clarified the influence mechanism of NaClO disinfection treatment on the yields, components, and combustion characteristics of pyrolysis products derived from typical medical waste (cotton swab sticks, masks, and latex gloves). The results showed that NaClO disinfection treatment induced depolymerization of the internal structure of the polymer and increased pyrolysis tar and syngas at 400 °C. In addition, NaClO disinfection treatment reduced syngas quality, which was attributed to generating more CO2 and inhibiting alkynes gas production under medium-low pyrolysis temperatures. Furthermore, the condensation or cyclization of light components into heavy components in the tar increased the average double-bond equivalents and oxygen content, which was detrimental to tar ignition and combustion. Moreover, the combustion performance of char was improved because there was a tendency for the conversion of graphitic carbon to fatty carbon in the char. These findings elucidate the feasibility of pyrolysis-incineration coupled technology for the fast and effective treatment of medical waste.

Analysis and Characterization of Municipal Solid Wastes Generated in Ifugao State University Potia Campus: A Basis For Planning of Waste Management

The end of the COVID-19 pandemic resulted in the total return of students and employees in Ifugao State University Potia Campus, a higher education institution located in Potia, Alfonso Lista, Ifugao, Philippines. However, the return of the pre-pandemic operations on campus caused problems in managing the generated municipal solid wastes. Hence, an analysis and characterization of the generated municipal solid wastes was conducted to determine important data that can be used for future waste management planning. The generated municipal solid wastes were gathered from the various waste generators within the campus for five consecutive days. The total generated municipal solid waste on the campus was about 140.10 kg.day-1, most of which was contributed by the canteens (20.86%). The generated municipal solid wastes were dominated by biodegradable waste (48.65%) and recyclable waste (37.26%). In addition, most of the generated municipal solid wastes were related to people’s food and beverage consumption behavior. The total volume of the MSW generated daily was about 5.647 m3. It is recommended that the campus create and enforce its waste management plan to specifically address the aforementioned characteristics of the generated municipal solid wastes.

Harnessing Untapped Resources for Sustainable Energy Production from Municipal Solid Waste in Recourse Challenged Economies: A Case Study of Rajshahi City Corporation, Bangladesh

The sustainable management of municipal solid waste is of utmost importance for cities in Bangladesh, including Rajshahi City, which faces unique challenges due to rapid urbanization, industrial growth, and population expansion. This study aimed to gain insights into waste generation patterns and characteristics in Rajshahi by analyzing factors like moisture content, bulk density, dry density, and calorific value of municipal solid waste at the Rajshahi landfill site. The objective was to identify the most feasible method for waste characterization and segregation. The research methodology utilized a comprehensive approach, incorporating field surveys, laboratory analyses, and statistical modeling to create an energy matrix and assess the potential for waste-to-energy production in Rajshahi City. This study aligns with several Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) related to waste and energy management, including SDG 7: Affordable and Clean Energy - by exploring waste-to-energy options. SDG 11: Sustainable Cities and Communities - by addressing waste management challenges in a rapidly urbanizing area. SDG 12: Responsible Consumption and Production - by promoting sustainable waste management practices. SDG 13: Climate Action - by potentially reducing greenhouse gas emissions through efficient waste-to-energy conversion. Overall, this research contributes to Rajshahi City's efforts to achieve sustainable development while addressing its waste and energy needs by converting its 75.8% organic waste to electricity using an anaerobic digester.

REVIEW OF THE EFFECT OF INDUSTRIAL WASTE ON SELF COMPACTING CONCRETE

Self-Compacting Concrete (SCC) is an innovation in concrete technology used in building elements with dense and complex reinforcement frameworks. SCC is characterized by its high fluidity and the ability to self-compact without the use of vibrators. Superplasticizer is one of the components applied in the production of SCC. The use of superplasticizer aims to reduce water consumption, accelerate the setting time, improve concrete workability, and also make the concrete impermeable.
 As time progresses, industrial waste continues to increase, highlighting the importance of recycling industrial waste. The purpose of this research is to investigate the influence of industrial waste as a substitute material for fine aggregates on the workability and compressive strength of SCC. This study is the result of a literature review obtained by examining various sources including books, proceedings, as well as international and national journals.
 The results of this literature study involve the use of industrial waste materials such as recycled glass, granite waste, nickel slag, and copper slag as substitutes for fine aggregates. The results of the workability and compressive strength of SCC are influenced by the characteristics of each industrial waste used. This indicates an improvement in the flowability (slump flow) with an increasing percentage of industrial waste, ranging from 0% to 60%, in the concrete composition.
 Compressive strength test results indicate that the optimal percentage of industrial waste addition in the concrete composition lies between 20% and 40%."

Physicochemical and Fatty Acid Profile of Refined Tuna Fish Oil By-Product from Canning and Meal Fish Industries

Fish oil by-product (FOB) recovered from the precooking process in the cannery industry and the pressing process in fish meal production are potential resources. However, this fish oil still needs a refinery process to improve the quality of fish oil. This study aimed to identify the physicochemical characteristics of the initial fish oil by-product, the physicochemical profiles, and fatty acids of the fish oil by-product after degumming neutralization and bleaching (bentonite, zeolite, and carbon adsorbents) processes from the cannery and fish meal industry. Results showed the initial physicochemical characteristics of fish oil waste from fish flour have lower quality than canned products (acid value, free fatty acids, PV, AV, TOTOX value, viscosity, and refractive index) but are inversely proportional to the iodine value. Results showed degumming (D) and neutralization (N) processes from the Fish oil canning process (FCP) and Fish oil meal process (FMP) could improve the quality parameters of fish oil by-products by reducing the acid value (7.90, 0.65, 9.17, 0.58 mg KOH/g), respectively; free fatty acid (3.97, 0.33, 4.60, 0.29 % oleic) respectively; peroxide value (PV) (15.18, 7.38, 17.64, 7.10 mEq/kg), respectively; anisidine value (AV) (14.36, 6.61, 14.64, 6.51) respectively; total oxidation (TOTOX) value (44.72, 21.37, 49.64, 20.71) respectively; and iodine (167, 153, 163, 155 mg/100 g), respectively as well as increasing the lightness (23.80, 25.70, 20.65, 26.00), respectively. In the bleaching process (B), zeolite (15 %) was an effective adsorbent to obtain oil with the best quality parameters due to zeolite possessed greater polarity and surface area at a higher concentration, which resulted in the acid value for FCP and FMP (0.26, 0.22 mg KOH/g); free fatty acid (0.13, 0.15 % oleic); PV (2.44, 5.71 mEq/kg); AV (2.5, 4.9); TOTOX value (7.16, 9.11); and iodine (138, 151 mg/100 g) as well as increasing the lightness (37.08, 36.74) that are appropriate to International Fishmeal & Oil Manufacturers Association (IFOMA), Codex Alimentarius Committee (CAC), and International Fish Oils Standards (IFOS) standards (p < 0.05). All adsorbents effectively increase the brightness of the FOB. The higher the concentration of adsorbents, the higher the clarity of the FOB. For zeolite absorbents, there was an increase of 16.73 - 32.3 % for FCP and 15.39 - 32.69 % for FMP, but the viscosity decreased with a range of 24.50 - 36.50 cPs. FCP contains 14 fatty acids, while FMP contains 12 fatty acids. The number of SFA and MUFA detected in FCP is lower than in FMP. In contrast, the amount of PUFA in FCP is relatively higher than in FMP. The percentage of EPA and DHA in FCP is lower than in FMP. Overall, the refining process affects the fatty acid composition of fish oil by-products both in the canning process and in fish meal. HIGHLIGHTS Fish oil by-product (FOB) of yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares) from the fish canning process (CP), and fish meal process (MP) streams were successfully purified through a chemical process which was by IFOMA, CAC, and IFOSH standards Zeolite resulted in the best fish oil quality at higher concentrations The Final Fish oil canning process (FCP) was mainly composed of linoleic, whereas the Fish oil meal process (FMP) was highly distributed in oleic and palmitic acid The sum of PUFA in FCP after bleaching was relatively higher than in FMP GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Composition of public waste - a case study from Austria

Waste from public places like parks, pedestrian zones or sidewalks is a visible yet unexploited waste stream. Publications and information on the amounts and makeup of this waste flow are very scarce. To evaluate the resource potential and enable waste management planning, this study aims to assess the quality and quantity of public waste in a detailed waste characterisation campaign. For the first time, an analysis at this level of detail was conducted in a medium-sized town (25,000 inhabitants) in Austria. The sampling campaign included the whole town area. In total, almost 1000 kg of waste was sorted in up to 88 different fractions, which allows the detailed composition of, for example, packaging waste and single-use plastics to be delineated. We found that the amount of waste collected in public street bins is approximately 2.6 % of the total mixed municipal solid waste, resulting in 4.1 kg of public waste per inhabitant annually. The vast majority of this waste is currently collected as mixed waste. The results indicate a high share (52 %) of recyclable materials (glass, metal, paper and lightweight packaging) in mixed public waste, most of which is packaging (44 % of total waste). Other large shares include dog feces (18 % of total waste) and biogenic waste (17 % of total waste). The results lay the foundation for further investigations into, for example, exploiting recycling potential or evaluating possible improvements in separate waste collection in public spaces. Further, the collected data serve as an essential knowledge basis for policymakers and local authorities.

Smart-sight: Video-based waste characterization for RDF-3 production

A material recovery facility (MRF) can transform municipal solid waste (MSW) into a valued commodity called refuse-derived fuel (RDF) as a promising solution to waste-to-energy conversion. The quality of the produced RDF significantly relies on the composition of in-feed waste and waste characterization method applied for auditing purposes, a process that is both time-consuming and fraught with potential hazards. This study focuses to enhance the workflow of the waste characterization process at an MRF. A solution named Smart Sight is proposed to detect and classify waste based on videos recorded after processing MSW through a mechanical sorting line consisting of bag breakers and trommel screens. A comprehensive dataset is created encompassing thirteen mixed waste classes from single and multi-family streams. The dataset is preprocessed with motion compensation techniques and frame differencing methods to extract and refine valuable frames. A one-stage YOLO detector model is then trained over the dataset. The experimental results show that the proposed method works efficiently at detecting and classifying waste objects in indoor MRF environments. Accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score related to the proposed solution are found to be 0.70, 0.762, 0.69 and 0.72, respectively, with a mAP@0.5 of 0.716. The proposed approach is validated using data collected from local MRF by comparing the estimated waste composition values of the proposed solution with laboratory results obtained through current standardized industrial practices. Comparison reveals that waste characterization estimation obtained is consistent with the laboratory results, inferring that Smart-Sight is a viable tool for estimating waste composition.

Sensor-based characterization of construction and demolition waste at high occupancy densities using synthetic training data and deep learning.

Sensor-based monitoring of construction and demolition waste (CDW) streams plays an important role in recycling (RC). Extracted knowledge about the composition of a material stream helps identifying RC paths, optimizing processing plants and form the basis for sorting. To enable economical use, it is necessary to ensure robust detection of individual objects even with high material throughput. Conventional algorithms struggle with resulting high occupancy densities and object overlap, making deep learning object detection methods more promising. In this study, different deep learning architectures for object detection (Region-based CNN/Region-based Convolutional Neural Network (Faster R-CNN), You only look once (YOLOv3), Single Shot MultiBox Detector (SSD)) are investigated with respect to their suitability for CDW characterization. A mixture of brick and sand-lime brick is considered as an exemplary waste stream. Particular attention is paid to detection performance with increasing occupancy density and particle overlap. A method for the generation of synthetic training images is presented, which avoids time-consuming manual labelling. By testing the models trained on synthetic data on real images, the success of the method is demonstrated. Requirements for synthetic training data composition, potential improvements and simplifications of different architecture approaches are discussed based on the characteristic of the detection task. In addition, the required inference time of the presented models is investigated to ensure their suitability for use under real-time conditions.

Pyrolytic characteristics of abutilon stalk waste using TG-FTIR, Py-GC/MS, and artificial neural networks: Kinetics, thermodynamics, and gaseous products distribution

The physicochemical properties of abutilon stalk (ABUS) were investigated to assess its suitability for pyrolytic conversion into bioenergy and bio-based chemicals based on kinetic triplet state, thermodynamic parameters, decomposition mechanisms and product distributions. The pyrolysis behavior of ABUS was studied using a thermogravimetric analyzer at five heating rates in a nitrogen atmosphere. The Gaussian deconvolution function indicated that the pyrolysis process of ABUS can be successfully modeled as four parallel devolatilization events (R2 > 0.99), divided into the devolatilization of pseudo drying (PO-D), hemicellulose (PO-H), cellulose (PO-C), and lignin (PO-L), respectively. The average apparent activation energies were 34.89 kJ/mol for PO-D, 163.02 kJ/mol for PO-H, 169.55 kJ/mol for PO-C, and 107.51 kJ/mol for PO-L using four model-free methods (Ozawa-Flynn-Wall, Kissinger-Akahira-Sunose, Starink, and Tang). The pyrolysis process was accurately predicted using diffusional, power law, geometrical contraction, and order-based reaction mechanism models. Thermal degradation process for each devolatilization event was successfully reconstructed using combined kinetics (R2 > 0.96), providing a useful theoretical basis and mathematical model for predicting the pyrolysis behavior of ABUS. The volatile products produced by ABUS pyrolysis were characterized using an integrated TGA-FTIR and Py-GC/MS system, confirming the proportion of high-energy compounds (benzenes, phenols, ketones, alcohols, aldehydes, acids, esters, hydrocarbons and their derivatives, N-heterocyclic substances, and N-containing compounds) and gas emission levels (CO > CH4 > C-O > H2O > CO2 > CO > C-O(H) > HCN > NH3 > SO2). Artificial neural network (ANN) was used to predict the pyrolysis behaviors of ABUS, and the best ANN model was ANN (5 *11 *1) with high R2 of 0.99998. Based on the kinetics, thermodynamics, and gaseous products distribution, ABUS has great application potential as raw material for bioenergy production.

Efisiensi dan Efektivitas Pengelolaan Sampah Organik dengan Komposting Skala Rumah Tangga di Kabupaten Buleleng

This study focuses on the analysis of domestic waste management in Buleleng Regency based on data from the National Waste Management Information System (SIPSN) managed by the Ministry of Environment and Forestry. The background of this study is grounded on the necessity to comprehend the basic characteristics of waste in Buleleng and its challenges and solutions. Employing descriptive analysis and literature study methods, this research successfully maps the composition, quantity, and waste management methods in the regency. Results indicate that the composition of domestic waste is dominated by specific types and, compared to other urban areas in Indonesia, there are distinct characteristics in waste management in Buleleng. A brief conclusion from this study emphasizes the need for a more integrated and sustainable waste management strategy in Buleleng Regency.

Characterization and Environmental Risk Assessment of Coal-based Solid Waste Towards Underground Backfilling

This study evaluated the feasibility of coal-based solid waste as a subsurface fill material based on its physicochemical properties and potential environmental risks. The results show that the special physical structure and the chemical composition of coal-based solid wastes are advantageous as filling materials. In terms of physical structure, the spheres improve the flowability and mixing homogeneity of the mixture, while lumps give stabilizing support; the special chemical compositions also improve the strength, durability and corrosion resistance of the filler. The contents of Cd, As, Cr, Cu, Ni and Co in coal-based solid waste are less directly harmful to the environment, but arsenic showed a relatively strong enrichment. Cd in coal gangue and desulfurized gypsum were medium or very high risk due to strong migration and bioavailability, respectively, while Co in desulfurized gypsum present a medium risk. Both coal gangue and desulfurized gypsum may contaminate the underground environment, the other materials pose less threat to the environmental. In engineering applications, attention should be paid to the main contaminant As, as well as Cd and Co because of their mobility and high bioactive fraction, to reduce potential environmental risk.

Waste characterization and recycling potential in a university campus: ITU Ayazağa Campus zero waste management practices

Waste characterization and recycling potential in a university campus: ITU Ayazağa Campus zero waste management practices

Peningkatan Pengetahuan Masyarakat Desa Penembang Kecamatan Merigi Kelindang Kabupaten Bengkulu Tengah Tentang Manajemen Pembuangan Sampah Yang Baik

One of the environmental problems that is often encountered in daily life is waste. Waste is a never-ending problem because its volume continues to increase along with population growth. The volume of waste produced by households is the second largest after industrial waste. In our daily lives we can never be separated from what is called rubbish. The problem of waste is not a new problem, because until now the waste problem has not been resolved properly, so its management needs to be carried out comprehensively and integrated from upstream to downstream in order to provide economic benefits, be healthy for the community, and be safe for the environment. In order to help the community understand how to manage waste properly, this community service aims to provide knowledge to the community or residents in Penembang village regarding the meaning of waste, characteristics of waste, waste management, good waste management planning.