Characterization Of Solid Polymer Electrolyte Research Articles

Measuring the ionic conductivity of solid polymer electrolyte powders

Ex-situ characterization of solid polymer electrolytes plays an important role in their development as materials for energy applications, with ionic conductivity being a crucial parameter to quantify. Conventional measurements of ionic conductivity often require the formation of a free-standing polymer film which in many instances is difficult to fabricate, thus there may be a need to quantify their ionic conductivity in powder form. In this work, we present a practical and reproducible method for measuring the ionic conductivity of solid polymer electrolytes (SPEs) in their powder form. By using a modified configuration of a through-plane cell, demonstrated with both a proton conducting- and an anion conducting-solid polymer electrolyte powder (SPEP), we are able to obtain ionic conductivity values under variable conditions in order to explore the influence of external parameters on the ionic conductivity of powders. Two types of SPEs in insoluble powder form were employed in this work: (1) a proton-exchange material (SPEP-H+) based on a hyperbranched, sulfo-phenylated poly(phenylene) SPEP (HB-sPPT-H+), with measured ionic conductivity of ⁓ 210 mS cm−1 at 80 °C and 95 % of relative humidity (RH); (2) an anion-exchange conducting polymer in its chloride form (SPEP-Cl-), consisting of a radiation-grafted ultra-high density polyethylene insoluble SPEP containing covalently-bonded benzyltrimethylammonium (BTMA) head-groups, with measured ionic conductivity of ⁓ 53 mS cm−1 at 80 °C and 95 % RH.

Design of plasticized proton conducting Chitosan:Dextran based biopolymer blend electrolytes for EDLC application: Structural, impedance and electrochemical studies

In this work, for the use of an electrical double-layer capacitor (EDLC) device applications, the fabrication and characterization of solid polymer electrolytes (SPEs) based on chitosan-dextran (CS-DN) blended polymer doped and plasticized with ammonium thiocyanate (NH 4 SCN) and glycerol are studied, respectively. The Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy method has been used to investigate the structural behavior of electrolytes. It was observed that the FTIR bands are shifted and decreased in their intensities with the increased glycerol plasticizer content and it results in the complex formation. According to the electrical impedance spectra (EIS), the electrolyte incorporated with high contents of plasticizer (42 wt%) revealed the highest ionic conductivity of (3.08 × 10 −4 S/cm). The electrical equivalent circuits (EEC) were used to investigate the circuit elements of the electrolytes further. Increasing glycerol plasticizers verified an improvement in ions density number (n), mobility (μ), and diffusion coefficient (D). The transference number measurements (TNM) indicated that the predominant charge carriers in the conduction process are ions where the ( t ion ) is 0.95. According to the linear sweep voltammetry (LSV) study, the uppermost conducting sample was found to have sufficient anode stability with a breakdown voltage of 1.9 V that can be used in electrochemical devices. The absence of peaks in the cyclic voltammetry (CV) demonstrated that the charge storage mechanism within the constructed EDLC is fully capacitive. Based on this finding, the starting specific capacitance ( C s ), energy density ( E d ), and power density ( P d ) have been identified to be 118F/g, 13.2 Wh/kg, and 1560 W/kg, respectively. Throughout its 100 cycles, the equivalence series resistance ESR value was between 53 and 117 Ω.

Characterization of solid polymer electrolyte based on gum tragacanth and lithium nitrate

ABSTRACT Tragacanth Gum is a natural gum that has been widely used in food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries. The electrochemical properties of the gum have not been explored yet. Therefore, in the present work solid polymer electrolytes based on Gum Tragacanth (GT) and Lithium nitrate (LN) have been synthesized by solution casting method. The dissociation and complexation of the salt with the host polymer are confirmed using XRD and FTIR studies. Impedance analysis was carried out using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) in the temperature range of 308–343 K. The highest ionic conductivity at room temperature is found to be 8.28 × 10−3 Scm−1. The temperature dependence of the system GT:LN was found to obey Arrhenius behavior. Dielectric studies were carried out using impedance spectroscopy in the frequency range 10 Hz-4 MHz. Transference number study showed that the main charge carriers were ions and electrochemical stability window for the highest conducting electrolyte was studied using Linear sweep voltammetry. Thermogravimetry studies showed that thes electrolytes are thermally stable.

Characterization of Solid Polymer Electrolyte Based on Methylcellulose Doped Ammonium Bromide

A new biodegradable and low cost solid polymer electrolyte (SPE) membrane mainly from Methylcellulose (MC) blended with Ammonium Bromide (AB) to enhance the SPEs ionic conductivity. Casting method was used in this study in order to produce thin film. In this study, MC as a based doped with different weight percentage of AB (4%, 9%, 14%, 19%, 24% and 29%) to produce thin film for further study on polymer electrolytes. Two objectives were done in this study: prepare MC doped AB thin film via casting method and to determine and compare the conductivity of MC and AB with different weight percentage (wt.%) of AB. The result shows that different weight percentage of salt resulting different result of conductivities as ion conductivities is the major part in the battery system. Sample MCAB19 was found to have the maximum ionic conductivity value of 1.42 x 10−7Scm−1 at room temperature. The samples’ conductivity is very low comparing to the commercial used nowadays. However, it is proven that the combination of MC and AB has the prospective to be an alternative to a SPE in the battery.

Synthesis and characterization of solid polymer electrolyte based on poly(vinyl alcohol)/gum Arabic/LiClO4

In this study, we report on poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA)/gum arabic (GA)/LiClO4 membranes as solid polymer electrolytes (SPEs) for possible application in electrochemical devices. The samples were prepared with 0 to 48 wt% of LiClO4 as a source of ions and subjected to electrochemical, structural, morphological, optical, and thermal characterizations. The best results were obtained for PVA/GA with 24 wt% of LiClO4. This sample exhibited the highest ionic conductivity of 1.6 × 10−4 and 8.6 × 10−4 S cm−1 at 25 and 80 °C, respectively, transparency of 80–87% in the 400 and 633 nm range, being thermally stable up to 150 °C. The PVA/GA electrolytes were predominantly amorphous according to X-ray diffraction (XRD) data, and formed homogeneous surfaces in scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) images.

Binary Ce(III) and Li(I) triflate salt composition for solid polymer electrolytes

This study describes the results of the characterization of solid polymer electrolytes using chitosan matrix plasticized with glycerol and doped with cerium and lithium triflate binary salt composition. The electrolytes were prepared by solvent casting method and characterized by thermal analysis (thermogravimetric analysis—TGA and differential scanning calorimetry—DSC), impedance measurements, X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR). Samples are thermally stable up to 128–153 °C, and most of them are amorphous. In some cases, the appearance of crystalline peaks is due to the diffraction of salt domains, which makes the samples less conductive. The room temperature conductivity maximum of 10−6 S cm−1 at 30 °C was obtained for the samples with the same total salt mass of 0.15 g (ChitCeTrif0.05LiTrif0.10 and ChitCeTrif0.10LiTrif0.05). Finally, the EPR analysis suggests that the local coordination environment of the paramagnetic Ce3+ is not the same in different samples. In summary, beside the modest conductivity values of these samples, they are still adequate for some electrochemical applications.

Preparation and properties of solid polymer electrolyte based on imidazolium-based ionic liquids for structural capacitors

We prepared solid polymer electrolytes (SPEs) composed of poly(ethylene glycol) monomethyl ether acrylate (1A9OMe) and 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium trifluoromethanesulfonate ([EMIm][OTF]) and 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethane sulfonyl) imide ([EMIm][TFSI]) as the ionic liquid. The SPEs formed by appropriately adding ionic liquids in the 1A9OMe prior to thermal cure. The ratio of 1A9OMe and ionic liquid was 1:9, 3:7, and 5:5, respectively. The characterization of solid polymer electrolytes were investigated using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy in the attenuated total reflectance mode (FTIR-ATR), Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), cyclic voltammetry (CV), and glavanostatic charge-discharge test. The highest ionic conductivity of SPEs was found to be 4.90×10−4 S/cm in a 1A9OMe/[EMIm][OTF] of 3:7. As IL contents were increased, the specific capacitance of supercapacitor was increased. The specific capacitance of supercapacitor for ionic liquid with large ion size was lower than that for ionic liquid with smaller ion size.

Improved performance of solid polymer electrolytes for structural batteries utilizing plasticizing co‐solvents

ABSTRACTThis study describes the formulation, curing, and characterization of solid polymer electrolytes (SPE) based on plasticized poly(ethylene glycol)‐methacrylate, intended for use in structural batteries that utilizes carbon fibers as electrodes. The effect of crosslink density, salt concentration, and amount of plasticizer has been investigated. Adding a plasticizing solvent increases the overall performance of the SPE. Increased ionic conductivity and mechanical performance can be attained compared to similar systems without plasticizer. At ambient temperature, ionic conductivity (σ) of 3.3 × 10−5 S cm−1, with a corresponding storage modulus (E′) of 20 MPa are reached. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 44917.

Synthesis and Characterization of Solid Polymer Electrolyte based on Activated Carbon for Solid State Capacitor

This paper describes the synthesis and characterization of a new silver ion conducting solid polymer electrolyte based on activated carbon. Solid nanocomposite polymer electrolytes and their application in energy storage devices has been widely studied because of their environmental safe, no leakage and ion transport mechanism directly connected with the salt (silver iodide) used. Aqueous and non-aqueous electrolytes are widely used in electronic devices but have numerous limitations such as volatility, flammability and leakage. Therefore, we have developed all solid state capacitor in this report and used polymer electrodes and electrolyte as the host. A solid polymer electrode of type 1–x (70 polyethylene oxide: 30 silver iodide): x activated carbon (where x=10 ≤ x ≤ 50wt.%) composites have been synthesized using hot press method. The ionic conductivity has been significantly improved for the optimum amount (30wt.%) of the activated carbon added into the polymer host. The performance of the synthesized electrodes is studied by various physical and electrochemical methods. The leakage current and self-discharge characteristics of the solid state capacitor device have been reported.

Synthesis and Characterization of Solid Polymer Electrolyte from <i>N</i>-Succinyl Chitosan and Lithium Perchlorate

Batteries are being developed to solve the global energy crisis. Using portable electronic devices, especially mobile phones and notebook computers, has been increasing, and leading to a strong need of their power-sources. However, secondary batteries using a liquid electrolyte have weaknesses, such as prone to leakage and difficulty of packing. Solid polymer electrolyte is a solution to the existing problems. The objective of this research is to prepare an environmental-friendly and cheap material as the solid polymer electrolyte. In the present study, the effect of succinyl group on to polymer electrolyte membrane which synthesized from chitosan and lithium perchlorate salts was investigated. The N-succinyl chitosan was obtained by reacting chitosan with succinic anhydride. Solid polymer electrolyte membranes were derived from N-succinyl chitosan with different ratios of lithium perchlorate. The degree of deacetylation of chitosan was determined by FTIR analysis. Synthesis of N-succinyl chitosan has been successfully carried out, which is indicated by the characteristic peaks at wavenumbers of 1640 cm-1 and 1560 cm-1 correspond to -C=O stretching and -NH bending of succinyl groups on FTIR spectrum of N-succinyl chitosan. Modification of chitosan by the addition of succinyl group increases the membrane ionic conductivity values. A N-succinyl chitosan membrane contained 10% (w/w) lithium perchlorate showed conductivity of 8.01×10-3 S.cm-1. This solid polymer electrolyte membrane was suggested to have one potential used for polymer electrolyte in lithium battery applications.

Preparation and characterization of solid polymer electrolytes based on PHEMO and PVDF-HFP

Polymer electrolyte membranes consisting of a novel hyperbranched polyether PHEMO (poly(3-{2-[2-(2-hydroxyethoxy) ethoxy] ethoxy}methyl-3′-methyloxetane)), PVDF-HFP (poly(vinylidene fluoride-hexafluoropropylene)) and LiTFSI have been prepared by solution casting technique. X-ray diffraction of the PHEMO/PVDF-HFP polymer matrix and pure PVDF-HFP revealed the difference in crystallinity between them. The effect of different amounts of PVDF-HFP and lithium salts on the conductivity of the polymer electrolytes was studied. The ionic conductivity of the prepared polymer electrolytes can reach 1.64 × 10 − 4 S·cm − 1 at 30 °C and 1.75 × 10 − 3 S·cm − 1 at 80 °C. Thermogravimetric analysis informed that the PHEMO/PVDF-HFP matrix exhibited good thermal stability with a decomposition temperature higher than 400 °C. The electrochemical experiments showed that the electrochemical window of the polymer electrolyte was around 4.2 V vs. Li +/Li. The PHEMO/PVDF-HFP polymer electrolyte, which has good electrochemical stability and thermal stability, could be a promising solid polymer electrolyte for polymer lithium ion batteries.

Characterization of solid polymer electrolytes based on poly(trimethylenecarbonate) and lithium tetrafluoroborate

The results of an investigation of a polymer electrolyte system based on the poly(trimethylene carbonate) host matrix, designated as p(TMC), with lithium tetrafluoroborate guest salt are described in this presentation. Electrolytes with lithium salt compositions with n between 3 and 80 (where n represents the number of (OCOCH 2CH 2CH 2O) units per lithium ion) were prepared by co-dissolution of salt and polymer in anhydrous tetrahydrofuran. The homogeneous solutions obtained by this procedure were evaporated, within a preparative glovebox and under a dry argon atmosphere, to form thin films of electrolyte. The solvent-free electrolyte films produced were obtained as very flexible, transparent, completely amorphous films and were characterized by measurements of total ionic conductivity, cyclic voltammetry, differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetry.

25pD02 Preparation and characterization of solid polymer electrolytes for selective lithium ion conduction(NCCG-34)

25pD02 Preparation and characterization of solid polymer electrolytes for selective lithium ion conduction(NCCG-34)

Ionically conductive thin polymer films prepared by plasma polymerization. Part 7. Preparation and characterization of solid polymer electrolyte having fixed carboxylic acid groups with single mobile species

Ultra-thin, uniform, pinhole-free solid polymer electrolyte films having a fixed carboxylic ester group of approximately 1 μm thickness were prepared by polymerization of methyl acrylate and tris(2-methoxyethoxy) vinylsilane in a glow discharge plasma. The carboxylic ester group of the plasma polymer were transformed to lithium carboxylate groups by treatment with lithium iodide. This process give a single lithium ion conductive film. These solid polymer electrolyte films showed ionic conductivities of the order of 10 −8 S cm −1 (10 4 Ω cm 2 resistance per unit area) at room temperature.

Ionically Conductive Thin Polymer Films Prepared by Plasma Polymerization: V . Preparation and Characterization of Solid Polymer Electrolyte Composed of Plasma Polymerized Complex

Ultrathin, uniform, pinhole‐free solid polymer electrolyte films of approximately 1 μm thickness were prepared by the complexation of plasma‐polymerized tris(2‐methoxyethoxy)vinylsilane (TMVS) with . The results of FT‐IR, 1H NMR, and 13C NMR measurements indicate that the structure of the plasma polymer is very similar to poly(TMVS), except for the presence of a small amount of what is probably a cyclic group impurity. The glass transition temperature and ionic conductivity of the solid polymer electrolyte depend on the content, and the variation of the ionic conductivity with temperature can be described exactly by using a WLF type of equation. Room temperature conductivities greater than 10−6 S cm−1 (102 Ω cm2 resistance per unit area) were observed.