Characteristics Of Raw Materials Research Articles

Effect of Wheat Gluten and Peanut Protein Ratio on the Moisture Distribution and Textural Quality of High-Moisture Extruded Meat Analogs from an Extruder Response Perspective.

Wheat gluten (WG) and peanut protein powder (PPP) mixtures were extruded at high moisture to investigate the potential application of this mixture in meat analog production. Multiple factors, including the water absorption index (WAI), water solubility index (WSI), rheological properties of the mixed raw materials, die pressure, torque and specific mechanical energy (SME) during high moisture extrusion, texture properties, color, water distribution, and water activity of extrudates were analyzed to determine the relationships among the raw material characteristics, extruder response parameters, and extrudate quality. At a WG ratio of 50%, the extrudates have the lowest hardness (2.76 kg), the highest springiness (0.95), and a fibrous degree of up to 1.75. The addition of WG caused a significant rightward shift in the relaxation time of hydrogen protons in the extrudates, representing increased water mobility and water activity. A ratio of 50:50 gave the smallest total color difference (ΔE) (about 18.12). When the added amount of WG was 50% or less, it improved the lightness and reduced the ΔE compared to >50% WG. Therefore, clarifying the relationship among raw material characteristics, extruder response parameters, and extruded product quality is helpful in the systematic understanding and regulation of the fiber textural process of binary protein meat analogs.

Recent Advances in Nano-metal Oxide-Biochar Composites for Efficient Removal of Environmental Contaminants

Along with global industrialization and rapid urbanization, the perpetual conception of sustainable environmental remediation is to be delivered as its utmost priority. For many years, metal oxide-biochar has followed biochar in the removal of harmful pollutants from natural resources and issues. The relatively lower effectiveness and efficiency of standard biochar (BCs) and metal biochar composites (MBCs) result in the continuation of further research efforts, as nano-metal oxide biochar composites and nano-metal–metal oxide biochar composites (NMOBCs) have emerged as environmental remediation pioneers in recent days. The novel NMOBCs have more flexible physicochemical properties and enhance the removal efficiency of environmental contaminants through adsorption and photocatalytic degradation. The absence of a complete description of adsorption and a systematic summary of NMOBC catalytic processes is still being investigated. Therefore, in this review, efforts have been made to fill these gaps to some extent by emphasizing synthetic methods, properties, and characterization of raw materials, a comprehensive overview of adsorptive properties, and a systematic summary of the catalytic activities of novel NMOBCs. Also, the meager challenges and recent developments up to the mark are discussed. Further, suggestions and recommendations for the modifications of physicochemical properties of NMOBCs are proposed to make them potentially applicable in the enhanced adsorption and photocatalytic degradation of various inorganic and organic environmental contaminants.

Modern non-thermal method of processing plant raw materials used to increase its storability

Along with thermal methods of processing plant raw materials, non-thermal processing methods have been actively developed in recent decades, which make it possible to preserve the qualitative characteristics of the initial raw materials to the maximum and increase the shelf life of the finished product. When using these methods, slight heating of the product can occur, for example, as in the processing by ultraviolet radiation (UVR). In the case of using such a type of processing as filtration, heating is completely absent; under the conditions of high pressure processing of the product (hereinafter HPP), a low temperature regime is observed. These methods are distinguished by minimizing the impact on the organoleptic characteristics of the finished product (texture, appearance, color, odor), as well as the preservation of micro- and macronutrients. The article discusses the main non-thermal methods of processing plant materials: high pressure (HPP), processing in a pulsed electric field (PEF), radioactive radiation, ultraviolet radiation (UVR), filtration. The advantages and factors hindering their widespread use on an industrial scale are noted. It is noted that high pressure, ultraviolet radiation and filtration to one degree or another are widely used in food production, while processing in a pulsed electric field and radioactive radiation are of extremely limited use due to the need to ensure the safety of processing for service personnel. It should also be noted that processing only by non-thermal methods leads to a limited shelf life of finished products and often requires lower storage temperatures. If it is necessary to increase the shelf life, it makes sense to combine thermal and non-thermal processing methods, for example, microfiltration (ultrafiltration) of juice, bottling into consumer packaging, gentle pasteurization. The undoubted advantage of this combination can be a reduction in the thermal load on a product, since the initial microbiological contamination is reduced by filtration. And, as a result, we get a stably stored product with minimal quality loss and preserved native potential.

Micro universal testing machine system for material property measurement

Universal testing machines can be used to evaluate the mechanical characteristics of raw materials and components by assessing and evaluating their performance in a variety of test methods under differing tensile or compressive stresses. The term's “universal” component refers to the various kinds of tests that an unifying testing equipment can perform. The most common are tensile and compressive strength tests.The Micro Universal Testing Machine (UTM) System is proposed for measuring the properties of composite materials in microstructures. A composite material is made up of two distinct physical and chemical properties. When they combine, they form a material that is tailored to a specific task, such as becoming stronger, lighter, or more electrically resistant. They may also help with muscle stiffness and strength.This system can assess polymeric parameters such as peak load, peak displacement, tensile strength, yield strength, and percentage of elongation by analyzing the driving property of the stepper motor. To validate the validity of the built in electro – mechanical MUTM system in the microstructure, an efficiency test is performed. The designed mini UTM system meets UTM standard 1828, according to the results of the performance test. The developed micro UTM system could be used in microstructures. The software used here is visual basics which runs as an internal programming language.

The Vámoscsalád-Kavicsbánya Site (Vas County)

The archaeological artefacts of the Vámoscsalád-Kavicsbánya site were discovered, collected and preserved by István Marton and his brother, András Marton, mineral collectors from Mesterháza, in about 2015. The slight elevation on a terrace of the Répce River was mined for the M86 highway in 2012–2013. Apart from knapped stone tools, the main subject of our paper, several polished serpentinite and greenschist tools have been recovered from the site, which could be in use between the Neolithic and the end of the Bronze Age. Only a few potsherds indicated a settlement of the Transdanubian Linear Pottery culture (TLPC). Of the Copper Age, Lengyel III and Baden pottery fragments and a clay spatula are worth mentioning. Almost the entire Bronze Age is represented, the most exciting find being a rim fragment of a bowl, decorated with an encrusted geometric pattern on both sides, of the Somogyvár–Vinkovci culture. Given the presumed mixed character of the knapped stone record of the Vámoscsalád-Kavicsbánya site (as the finds were not recovered from a closed stratigraphic context), we looked for possible cultural analogies and relationships, primarily those corresponding to the system of raw material–technology–typology. Although the pottery fragments of the TLPC recovered from the site are few and uncharacteristic, and the recovered finds may represent more than one phase, the knapped stone assemblage most likely represents the industry of the Middle Neolithic cultural unit, as suggested by raw material composition, technological features, type distribution and characteristics of the retouched tools. It is perhaps even possible that we are dealing with relatively old, if not the oldest TLP finds ever unearthed in the county.

Recycling of waste gypsum from αlpha-hemihydrate phosphogypsum: Based on the atmospheric hydrothermal process

Phosphogypsum (PG) is a typical solid waste in the phosphorus chemical industry, which restricts the sustainable development of the phosphorus chemical industry. From the perspective of green manufacturing in the whole life cycle, this paper puts forward the hydrothermal recycling and utilization of waste gypsum (WG) from αlpha-hemihydrate phosphogypsum (α-PGHH). It is revealed that the raw material characteristics of WG will lead to the crystal fine fragmentation of the product, which will lead to the significant deterioration of the strength and filtration performance of the hardened paste. The increase of the acidity of the reaction medium is proposed to weaken the negative effect of the crystal modifier on crystal phase transition, so as to obtain recycled αlpha-hemihydrate gypsum (α-HH) with better crystal integrity and macroscopic performance. It was proved that when the pH value was controlled at 4.5, the comprehensive properties of the product were good, and the 2 h bending strength and 3 d compressive strength were 4.1 MPa and 29.2 MPa, respectively. The preparation of recycled α-HH from WG produced by α-PGHH can be achieved through the atmospheric hydrothermal process.

Effects of Grinding Methods and Water-to-Binder Ratio on the Properties of Cement Mortars Blended with Biomass Ash and Ceramic Powder.

To combat environmental challenges-such as the depletion of natural resources and a high carbon footprint-and contribute to the effort of achieving zero-waste technology and sustainable development, the use of agricultural and industrial wastes in the cement industry has created a research interest. This study explores the potential of two types of harvest residue ash (HRA) and three types of ceramic waste (CP) as supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) through: (1) the characterization of raw materials and (2) examining the physical properties and mechanical performance of cement-based mortar samples prepared with 10%, 30% and 50%wt of the selected SCMs ground into powder form as cement replacement. Two main variables were the water-to-binder ratio (w/b) and the effect of different grinding procedures. Experimental results demonstrated that flexural and compressive strengths were not significantly impaired by SCM additions of up to 50%, but higher replacement levels led to an increased permeability and higher capillary water absorption due to the dilution effect. Also, a lower w/b was shown to effectively reduce the porosity of mortar and increase its mechanical properties, allowing for higher shares of SCMs to be utilized. This study verifies the technical feasibility of cob corn ash and ceramic powder application as SCMs in mortar formulations, further promoting the practice of incorporating industrial and agricultural by-products in greener cementitious composites.

Experimental Study on Electrochemical Desulfurization of Coal Liquefaction Residue

The occurrence of sulfur in coal direct liquefaction residue affects its further high quality and high value utilization. Electrochemical desulfurization is characterized by mild reaction conditions, simple operation, easy separation of sulfur conversion products and little influence on the properties of the liquefied residue. An anodic electrolytic oxidation desulphurization experiment was carried out on the liquefaction residue of the by-product of a coal-to-liquid enterprise in the slurry state. An electrochemical test and material characterization of raw materials before and after electrolysis showed that electrolytic oxidation can desulfurize the liquefaction residue under an alkaline condition. Linear sweep voltammetry (LSV) was used for the electrolysis experiments to obtain the optimal slurry concentration of 60 g/L. On this basis, the reaction kinetics were calculated, and the minimum activation energy in the interval at 0.9 (V vs. Hg/HgO) was 19.71 kJ/mol. The relationship between the electrolytic desulfurization of the liquefied residue and energy consumption was studied by the potentiostatic method. The influence of anodic potential and electrolytic temperature on the current density, cell voltage, desulfurization rate and energy consumption was investigated. The experimental results showed that the desulfurization rate and total energy consumption increase positively with the increase in reaction temperature and electrolytic potential in a certain range. The influence of the reaction temperature on the desulfurization rate and total energy consumption is more prominent than that of electrolytic potential, but the energy consumption of sulfur removal per unit mass does not show a positive correlation. Therefore, with the energy consumption per unit mass of sulfur removal as the efficiency index, the optimal experimental results were obtained: under the conditions of 0.8 (V vs. Hg/HgO) anode potential, 50 °C electrolytic temperature, 60 g/L slurry concentration and 14,400 s electrolytic time, the desulfurization rate was 18.85%, and the power consumption per unit mass of sulfur removal was 5585.74 W·s/g. The results of XPS, SEM, BET and IC showed that both inorganic and organic sulfur were removed by electrolytic oxidation, and the morphology, pore structure and chemical bond of the liquefied residue were affected by electrolytic oxidation. The research method provides a new idea and reference for the efficiency evaluation of desulfurization and hydrogen production from coal liquefaction residue.

STUDY OF FREE AMINO ACIDS AND ELEMENTAL COMPOSITION OF COMMON BARLEY GRAINS AND ITS DRY EXTRACT

The article is devoted studying of free amino acids and elemental composition of common barley grains cultivated in Uzbekistan and its dry extract.
 When conducting a comparative analysis of the amino acid composition of barley grains and its dry extract, their identity in qualitative composition was established – 20 amino acids, of which 8 are essential. The presence of all essential amino acids in the studied objects indicates their usefulness and high value as medicinal plant raw materials. It was found that the dry extract by the content of the sum of amino acids (7.71 mg/g) is almost 3 times higher than the grains (2.89 mg/g). But the percentage of the sum of essential amino acids from the total number of amino acids in the dry extract (20.36%) is 1.7 times less than in grains (35.29%).
 As a result of the conducted research in common barley grains and dry extract based on them, the presence of 41 mineral elements was found. Toxic heavy metals (As, Pb, Hg, Cd), which are subject to priority control, in the raw materials and dry extract under study are determined within the acceptable values adopted by the World Health Organization and in the State Pharmacopoeia of the Russian Federation XIII edition for medicinal plant raw materials and preparations based on it, which indicates their environmental safety.
 The obtained data will be in demand for the chemical characterization of raw materials and dry extract and their subsequent standardization.

Investigation of the Characteristics of Bio-based Raw Materials: Technical Hemp Fibers

The relevance of the topic is indicated. Examples of the use of technical hemp fibers for the manufacture of various products are given. The research methods used to obtain qualitative indicators of the characteristics of technical hemp fibers are described. A description of the samples is compiled. The data obtained as a result of measuring the parameters of technical hemp fibers are presented. A comparative analysis of samples of technical hemp fibers from various regions of the spring harvest is carried out. The disadvantages of the obtained raw materials are revealed. A proposal is introduced to unify requirements in order to improve the quality of raw materials and products.

Green Synthesis of Advanced Carbon Materials Used as Precursors for Adsorbents Applied in Wastewater Treatment.

Huge amounts of vegetable waste, mainly resulting from the food industry, need large areas for storage, as they could cause hazardous environmental impact, leading to soil and water pollution or to CO2 emissions during accidental incineration. This work was aimed at recycling certain lignocellulosic waste (walnut shells, kernels of peach, apricot, and olive) to design advanced carbon material precursors (ACMP) to be used for obtaining nano-powders with high applicative potential in pollution abatement. Both waste and ACMP were characterized using proximate and elemental analysis, and by optical microscopy. Complex characterization of raw materials by FTIR, TGA-DTG, and SEM analysis were carried out. The ACMP were synthetized at 600-700 °C by innovative microwave heating technology which offers the advantages of lower energy consumption using 3.3 kW equipment at laboratory level. The ACMP ash < 3% and increased carbon content of 87% enabled the development of an extended pore network depending on degassing conditions during heating. TEM analysis revealed a well-developed porous structure of the synthesized ACMP carbonaceous materials. Due to the presence of oxygen functional groups, ACMPs exhibit adsorption properties highlighted by an iodine index of max. 500 mg/g and surface area BET of 300 m2/g, which make them attractive for removal of environmental pollutants such as dyes having molecule sizes below 2 nm and ions with pore dimensions below 1 nm, widely used industrially and found in underground waters (NO3-) or waste waters (SO42-).

Determination of the Best Quality of Sappan Bark Kombucha Drink Based on Its Sensory Characteristic

Kombucha secang is a fermented drink of Acetobacter xylinum and Saccharomyces cerevisiae with the addition of sappan bark. The purpose is to get the best quality of kombucha secang drink based on sensory characteristics with differences in the amount of sugar and fermentation time. The research was conducted using a factorial completely randomized design method. The factors were the addition of sugar concentration (G = 10%, 20% and 30%) and the fermentation time (F = 4, 7, 10 and 13 days). The parameters observed were raw material characteristics, sensory tests in the form of color, aroma, taste, viscosity, general acceptance, and the best drink quality with further tests of antioxidant activity, alcohol content, and total plate number. The best quality characteristic of the kombucha secang drink was the addition of 20% sugar concentration and 10 days of fermentation time with antioxidant activity IC50 of 31.9744 ppm, the alcohol content of 0.1967%, and total plate count (TPC) of 7.6 x 105 CFU/ml.

Raw material characterization and lithic provenance from Shishan Marsh 1, a Middle Pleistocene site in the central Azraq Basin, Jordan

Provenance analyses have been utilized to cast light on the nature of lithic procurement and the mobility strategies of prehistoric foragers. Recently, scholars have applied them to chert formations of the Levant with noted success. However, the Azraq Basin in the eastern desert of Jordan is a region of the Levant where characterization of the lithology is on-going. This study evaluates additional chert sources from the central Azraq Basin, Jordan through LA-ICP-MS. These geochemical data contribute to an expanding regional dataset, particularly on the Umm Rijam Chert-Limestone formation. Furthermore, their profiles are used to investigate the provenance of a sample of lithic artifacts from the Middle Pleistocene site of Shishan Marsh 1 located within the Azraq wetlands. The evaluated stone tools are most consistent with certain profiles of the URC formation. The results indicate that raw material was procured from sources on-site and in distant areas to the west and northeast of the wetlands. Foragers remained mobile throughout the region and moved lithics over local and non-local distances into the wetlands before discarding them at Shishan Marsh 1. The utility of geochemistry for provenance in the Azraq Basin is recognized, but a future incorporation of petrography is suggested.

Characterization of Empty Fruit Bunch of Palm Oil as Co-firing Biomass Feedstock

Empty fruit bunches of Palm Oil (EFB) are a potential source of biomass energy because they contain lignocellulose (cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin) so that they can be converted into biopellets for co-firing. The purpose of this research is to determine the raw material properties of EFB in the form of proximate, ultimate, lignin, and biopellets. Using a pelletizer, biopellets are created by adding starch as an adhesive. The raw material characteristics of EFB from proximate analysis revealed moisture content of 11.98%, ash content of 6.53%, volatile matter content of 65.15%, and fixed carbon content of 16.44%. According to the final study results, the biopellets from empty fruit bunches included 48.53% C, 6.05% H, 0.32% N, 36.8% O, and 0.08% Sulphure. The atomic ratio obtained from the final analysis results could be used to determine the calorific value that can be used for fuel; the biopellet calorific value of EFB is 4,583 kcal/kg, with Hardgrove Grindability Index (HGI) values of 78.6 and Ash Fusion Temperature (AFT) 1100oC. The lower the value of the atomic ratio contained, the higher the calorific value contained in a specific fuel.

Consideration on Proper Management and Final Disposal of Residues from SRF Manufacturing Facilities in South Korea

Solid Refuse Fuel (SRF) manufacturing facilities process 4.72 million tons of waste annually. The residues generated after manufacturing SRF products account for 35–40% of the input waste, and most of them are finally disposed of in landfills. The process flow and management status of SRF manufacturing facilities were investigated, and the residues generated from SRF manufacturing facilities using municipaland industrial waste, respectively, were separated by particle size. The appropriate separation conditions for the residues according to the characteristics of the input raw materials were presented through the analysis of loss on ignition (LOI), organic foreign substance content, heating value, and carbon content. Based on this, the appropriate management criteria (draft) for the subsequent treatment of final residues were derived to improve recyclability. Residues generated in the SRF manufacturing process need to be additionally separated into combustibles and incombustibles through cylindrical rotary separating devices before subsequent the final disposal process.

Hydrothermal Carbonization of Sewage Sludge with Sawdust and Corn Stalk: Optimization of Process Parameters and Characterization of Hydrochar.

Disposal of sewage sludge (SS) is one of the problems in treatment plants; however, SS has a high-water volume and lacks some compounds and can be mixed with other biomass. The present study analyzed co-hydrothermal carbonization of sewage sludge with sawdust and corn stalk. This research aimed to optimize the process parameters, the temperature in the range of 180-300°C, the reaction time in the range of 30-60min, and pH in the range of 5-9 on the mass yield, energy yield, and high heat value (HHV) to increase the quality of hydrochar, and to analyze the effect of hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) on the characteristics of raw materials and hydrochar. The response surface method and Benken's box model were conducted using Design Expert 10 software. The optimal conditions for HHV, mass yield, and energy yield were 15.802MJ/kg, 63.754%, and 67.415% respectively which occurred in the 205.358°C, 30min reaction time, and pH of 5. The temperature was the most influential parameter. The morphological, physicochemical, thermal, and crystalline properties of the hydrochar with the maximum HHV, mass yield and energy yield were evaluated as well. These results demonstrate that HTC is a suitable process to produce hydrochar, which can be used as a direct solid fuel. • Hydrothermal carbonization of sewage sludge with sawdust and cornstalk was investigated.• Response surface optimization hydrothermal carbonization process was studied.• The morphological, physicochemical, thermal, and crystalline properties of the hydrochar are reported.• The optimal HHV was 15.802MJ/kg.• The process can produce hydrochar which can be used for direct combustion or activated carbon.

Replicating the Manufacturing Sequence of Ground Discoidal Biconvex Stones from Southeastern South America: Experimental Research

ABSTRACT Ground discoidal lenticular stones are common archaeological finds in southeastern South America in the area of southern Brazil, northeastern Argentina, and Uruguay. As part of an ongoing experimental program to explore and understand diverse aspects of lithic technologies from the Americas, this article reports a preliminary experiment dedicated to replicating this particular artifact. The research was performed to explore the techniques and stages of manufacture from obtaining the blank to the finished product. This article reports the experiment and proposes a four-stage model of a production sequence employing multiple techniques of lithic reduction (flaking, grinding, pecking, and polishing). The study takes into account the methods, implements, stages of manufacture, characteristics of raw materials, and other significant factors useful to discuss topics related to the traditional technological knowledge involved in the manufacturing process of these artifacts. In light of this investigation, the broader implications concerning the archaeological record are discussed.

ИССЛЕДОВАНИЕ КАЧЕСТВА МЯСОСОДЕРЖАЩЕГО ПРОДУКТА ИЗ МЯСА ПТИЦЫ

Raw material characteristics have been given in the paper together with its using justification for ready-to- cook product producing from poultry meat. Analysis has been made of data received for optimal recipe choice and ready product quality results have been given.

Characteristics of stone raw materials in medieval churches in Kołbaskowo commune

Characteristics of stone raw materials in medieval churches in Kołbaskowo commune

Study on the relationship between raw material characteristics of soybean protein concentrate and textured vegetable protein quality

To investigate which protein properties affect the quality of high moisture textured vegetable protein (HTVP), we compared 12 commercial Soy Protein Concentrate (SPC). The comparison revealed that characteristics of different SPCs vary greatly, significant impact on the quality of extrusion products. There were significant differences in the degree of texturization, textural properties, and the sensory score of products. Statistical correlation analysis between SPC raw materials and products showed that the quality of products was significantly affected by the nitrogen solubility index (NSI), water holding capacity (WHC), emulsifying properties (EAI), foaming capacity (FC), gel strength, and sulfhydryl content of SPC raw materials. Our research provides a way to stabilize extrusion product quality.