Characterization Of Polyaniline Research Articles

Synthesis and Characterization of Polyaniline, Poly(3-fluoroaniline), and Poly(aniline-co-3-fluoroaniline) Derivatives Obtained by Chemical Oxidative Polymerization Methods

ABSTRACTThe syntheses of thermally stable, conducting polyaniline, poly(3-fluoroaniline), and poly(aniline-co-3-fluoroaniline) derivatives by chemical oxidative polymerization methods are described. By varying the mol% of 3-fluoroaniline in the monomer feed, a series of new poly(aniline-co-3-fluoroaniline) derivatives with different chemical compositions were prepared by chemical oxidative copolymerization methods using ammonium persulfate as oxidant in the presence of hydrochloric acid as the dopant. The chemical oxidative copolymerization of aniline with 3-fluoroaniline affords poly(aniline-co-3-fluoroaniline) derivatives with increased solubility properties, greater thermal stability, improved morphological control, and enhanced electrical characteristics, which promotes the processibility of the different fluorine-functionalized polyaniline derivatives when compared with the parent polyaniline homopolymer.Poly(3-fluoroaniline) and the different poly(aniline-co-3-fluoroaniline) derivatives show better solubility and thermal stability than the polyaniline homopolymer, due to the incorporation of the F atoms along the fluorine-functionalized polyaniline backbone. Furthermore, the poly(3-fluoroaniline) homopolymer is thermally more stable than the polyaniline homopolymer due to the presence of the C–F bonds of the 3-fluoroaniline units along the polymer backbone. The electrical conductivity of the different poly(3-fluoroaniline) derivatives is dependent on the 3-fluoroaniline content in the polymer derivative and the morphology of the specific copolymer. The poly(3-fluoroaniline) homopolymer exhibits the lowest electrical conductivity. In addition, the electrical conductivity of the different poly(aniline-co-3-fluoroaniline) derivatives decreases with increasing 3-fluoroaniline content in the copolymer. The different polymer derivatives were characterized by proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) spectrometry, fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, ultraviolet visible (UV–Vis) spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analyses, scanning electron microscopy, and electrical conductivity measurements.

Electrochemical co‐deposition and characterization of polyaniline and manganese oxide nanofibrous composites for energy storage properties

AbstractIon diffusion rate and contact surface area of conducting polymers increased by composite formation with nanometric‐size materials make them promising materials in the fabrication of energy storage devices. In this work, electronically conducting polyaniline and manganese oxide (PANI/MnO2) nanofibrous composites were electrochemically co‐deposited on stainless steel from binder‐free electrolyte solution. Structural characterization and morphological characterization of the materials were performed with Fourier‐transformed infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). SEM images show fibrous micro/nano‐architecture of the composites with cluster networking structure having 200–500 nm length and 100–200 nm diameter. Electrochemical and energy storage properties of the as‐synthesized materials were investigated with cyclic voltammetry (CV), galvanostatic charge discharge curves(GCDC), and potentiostatic electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (PEIS) without any binders. Electrochemical measurements as well as galvanostatic charge discharge curves at 1 mA constant current have shown maximum specific capacitance of 149 F/g for the composite prepared with 0.15 M MnSO4 in the co‐deposition bath. The composites retain 67% specific capacitance even after 400 cycles, indicating the stability of synthesized composite. PEIS confirms the pseudocapacitive nature of the synthesized composites.

Synthesis, Characterization of Polyaniline and Polyaniline Encapsulated Cellulose isolated from Sugarcane Bagasse and its study on Electronic Properties

Synthesis, Characterization of Polyaniline and Polyaniline Encapsulated Cellulose isolated from Sugarcane Bagasse and its study on Electronic Properties

Preparation and Characterization of Polyaniline and Ag/ Polyaniline Composite Nanoporous Particles and Their Antimicrobial Activities

Polyaniline (PANI) and Ag/PANI nanoporous composite were prepared by an oxidative polymerization method. The oxidation process of PANI nanoparticles was occurred using (NH4)2S2O8 while the oxidation process of Ag/PANI nanoporous composite was occurred using AgNO3 under the effect of artificial radiation. The structural, morphological, and optical properties of the PANI and Ag/PANI nanoporous structures were studied using different characterization tools. The results confirm the formation of polycrystalline nanoporous PANI and spherical nanoporous composite of Ag/PANI particles. Antibacterial activity tests against gram-positive bacteria, Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus, and gram-negative bacteria, Escherichia coli, and Salmonella species were carried out using different concentrations of PANI nanoparticles and Ag/PANI nanoporous composites. PANI has not antibacterial effect against all studied pathogens. In contrast, Ag/PANI nanoporous composites possessed antibacterial activity that is identified by the zone of inhibition. The inhibition zones of bacteria are in order; Salmonella species > S. aureus > B. subtilis > E. coli. The inhibition zones of all bacteria increased with increasing concentrations of Ag/PANI nanoporous composites from 200 to 400 ppm then decreased with further increasing of the dose concentrations to 600 ppm. Finally, a simplified mechanism based on the electrostatic attraction is presented to describe the antimicrobial activity of Ag/PANI nanoporous composite.

Chemical synthesis and characterization of polyaniline: Water depollution efficiency and effectiveness

Chemical synthesis and characterization of polyaniline: Water depollution efficiency and effectiveness

Synthesis and Characterization of Polyaniline, using Different Dopant, for Sensing Application of Pollutant Gases

Conducting polymers have been attracting considerable attention of researchers worldwide since 1980, due to their unique electrical, optical, thermal and magnetic properties. Among these polymers, polyaniline (PAni) is most popular as it can be synthesized for specific applications like rechargeable batteries, bio-sensors, corrosion paintings, organic electronic materials, EMI shielding, light emitting diodes etc. In this paper, we report synthesis of conducting polyaniline using different dopants such as HCL, HCLO\(_4\), HNO\(_3\) and H\(_2\)SO\(_4\) by oxidative chemical polymerization of aniline. The synthesized polyaniline materials were characterized by Fourier Transform Infra-red Spectroscopy (FTIR), Powder X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Energy Dispersive X-ray analysis (EDAX) and Ultra-Violate (UV-VIS) Spectroscopy techniques.

Study and Characterization of Polyaniline at Various Doping of LiCl wt.% Using Electrical Measurements and XRF Analysis

Polyaniline PANI samples were synthesized via chemical polymerization method. The mechanism of charge transport in these composites has been studies by measuring the DC conductivity at various lithium chloride LiCl wt.%. It shows that their activation energy decreases with increasing LiCl concentration and thus, the conductivity increases at 15 %wt. In addition, X-ray Fluorescence XRF was used to analysis the elements of PANI regarding to LiCl concentration. The elements positively detected by the XRF are Cl, Kr, SO3, Al2O3, SiO2, and ZrO2. The XRF data show a relative systematic error typically independent of the concentration. The accuracy is determined by comparing the XRF data with various LiCl wt.%.

Synthesis, Characterization of Polyaniline/ Lead oxide Nanocomposites and their Electrical, Sensing studies

Lead oxide Polyaniline/nanocomposites were synthesized by In-situ polymerization Technique. The formation of Polyaniline/Lead oxide nanocomposites was characterized by XRD, SEM &TEM. The XRD patterns indicate the crystallite size of PbO as 50 nm. The dc conductivity of the samples was measured as a function of temperature in the range 30-180 °C and it was found that the increasing the concentration of PbO nanoparticles increases the conductivity and also the performance of a room temperature (30 °C) LPG gas sensor based on Polyaniline/Lead oxide nanocomposites were studied.

One pot synthesis, characterization of polyaniline and cellulose/polyaniline nanocomposites: application towards in vitro measurements of antibacterial activity

The development of novel polymeric composites has attracted a great deal of attention due to their wide applications in various fields. In this investigation, we report on the synthesis of Polyaniline (PANI) and its cellulose nanocomposites via insitu oxidation polymerization method using aniline and cellulose with ammonium persulfate as oxidizing agent and thoroughly characterized using different analytical techniques. The polymer and its nanocomposites are characterized by Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) and Ultra Violet (UV)-visible spectroscopy. The structure, morphology and size of the nanocomposites are analyzed using X-ray diffraction method (XRD) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The thermal stability has been investigated by Thermogravimetry-Differential Thermal (TGA/DTA) analysis. The electrochemical responses of the prepared polymer and its composites have been studied by cyclic voltammetry. Also, the pure polyaniline and its nanocomposites are screened for their invitro antibacterial activity against three types of bacterial stain. The result showed that minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the novel PANI-Cellulose (PANI-C) nanocomposite is relatively lower than that of the pristine PANI. This confirms the enhanced activity of PANI-Cellulose nanocomposite than the pure PANI.

Growth, Morphology, and Electrical Characterization of Polyaniline–ZnO Nano-composite Langmuir–Blodgett Thin Films

Polyaniline (PANi)–zinc oxide (ZnO) nano-composites were prepared by chemical polymerization of aniline doped with ZnO nanoparticles. Surface pressure–area (π–A) isotherms for the PANi–ZnO nano-composite revealed phase transformations of the monolayer during compression. Langmuir–Blodgett (LB) films of PANi and PANi–ZnO nano-composite were characterized by use of UV–visible (UV–Vis) and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy, and conductive atomic force microscopy (C-AFM). Local current–voltage (I–V) characteristics revealed the current range for PANi–ZnO nano-composite LB films was larger than that for PANi LB films. Conductive data images were recorded to investigate charge-transport current inhomogeneities in the LB films.

Preparation and characterization of polyaniline, multiwall carbon nanotubes, and starch bionanocomposite material for potential bioanalytical applications

In this article, we are reporting the preparation and characterization of a multi-component integrated nanocomposite material by the combination of a naturally occuring biocompatible biopolymer (Starch—a type of polysaccharide), functional conjugated synthetic polymer (Polyaniline “PANI”—a type of intrinsic conducting polymer) and nanosize tubular conducting template material (multiwalled carbon nanotubes “MWCNTs”—a type of carbonaceous nanotube structure). Comparative studies of the four material systems viz. system-1: PANI, system-2: PANI/MWCNTs, system-3: PANI/Starch, and system-4: PANI/MWCNTs/Starch have been carried out to understand the physical and chemical characteristics by using following instrumental techniques; UV-Visible spectroscopy, fourier infrared spectroscopy, Raman, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, BET-surface area, conductivity, thermal gravimetric analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, and cyclic voltammetry. Proposed nanocomposite material, PANI/MWCNTs/Starch has nanosized integrated porous morphology (� 200–300nm) with interconnected architecture, while simultaneously having good conductivity and better electroactivity. Moreover, the presence of hydroxyl functionality empowers it with good dispersion ability which is further supported by good biodegradability and biocompatibility. These properties together attest the proposed system for promising applications in biosensors and screen printed electrode ink formulation. POLYM. COMPOS., 00:000–000, 2015. V C 2015 Society of Plastics Engineers

Fabrication and characterization of polyaniline by doping TX100-based two surfactants

Several polyaniline, PANI, samples were inverse emulsion polymerized by doping two surfactants. Experimentally, the triton X-100, TX100, was always used and another surfactant was varied as sodiumlauryl sulfate, SLS, sodium dodecyl sulfonate, SDS, or 5-sulfosallcylic acid dehydrate, SSA, respectively. To compare with the pure or only TX100-doped PANI, the PANI doped by two surfactants all showed enhanced conductivity and thermal stability, e.g. the PANI/TX100+SSA presented the greatest conductivity and the PANI/TX100+SDS presented the best thermal stability. The conductivity enhancement is found due to the doping induced PANI crystallinity increase. The thermal stability increase for PANI is found due probably to the surfactant structure because the symmetric double bonded structure, e.g. SDS and SLS, both showed better thermal behavior.

Preparation and characterization of polyaniline in reversed micelles of decylphosphonic acid for active corrosion protection coatings

Polyaniline (PANI) was synthesized by using ammonium peroxodisulfate as an oxidant in reversed micellar solutions consisting of decylphosphonic acid (DPA) and water in a 2:1 mixture (v/v) of heptane and chloroform. The polymerization rate increased as the DPA concentration in the feed decreased, and this result was explained based on the packing density of DPA molecules in the surfactant shell being a decisive factor affecting the diffusion of aniline into the inner water cavity. The synthesized PANI was characterized by intrinsic viscosity, solubility, FTIR, conductivity SEM and TGA measurements. PANI prepared in reversed micelles of DPA demonstrated conductivity increased by three orders of magnitude when compared with DPA doped PANI prepared by postsynthesis treatment of the PANI-base with DPA. The anticorrosive performance of a polyvinyl butyral resin loaded with 2wt% of DPA PANI was tested on steel by exposure of the coated metal to neutral saline conditions (salt spray and immersion in 3.5% NaCl solution). The corrosion process was monitored by measuring the concentration of the iron ions released to the corrosive media and by electrochemical impedance spectrometry. The results demonstrated that the efficiency of protection increases with the doping level of DPA PANI pigments.

Development and characterization of composites based on polyaniline and modified microcrystalline cellulose with anhydride maleic as platforms for electrochemical trials

In this study, a new material, i.e., composite PANI(MAC) based on polyaniline (PANI) and microcrystalline cellulose modified with maleic anhydride (MAC), was generated in the form of thin films immobilized on indium tin oxide (ITO) slides using a layer-by-layer self-assembly technique. For comparison, thin films of PANI in the absence of MAC were also prepared under the same conditions as those for PANI(MAC). Characterization of PANI(MAC) by ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) spectroscopy showed that MAC acts as an organic acid that promotes secondary doping of PANI, as evidenced by the appearance of an absorption broadband at 900 nm. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) measurements revealed this same effect: the current density values obtained for the PANI(MAC) film were higher than those obtained for PANI in the absence of MAC. Studies on the behavior of the PANI and PANI(MAC) films at different pH values revealed that the PANI(MAC) films required a higher pH to generate electroactivity, which was not required for the reference films. Stability testing of the PANI(MAC) films revealed that their electrochemical profiles did not change after 3 months; this indicates that the presence of cellulose in the film did not accelerate degradation of the polyaniline.

One-step synthesis and characterization of polyaniline nanofiber/silver nanoparticle composite networks as antibacterial agents.

Through a facile and effective seeding polymerization reaction via a one-step redox/complexation process, which took place in aqueous medium at ambient temperature, silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) embedded polyaniline nanofiber (PANI NF) networks were synthesized as antibacterial agents. During the reaction, not only NF morphology formation of the resulting conducting polymers (CPs) but also amplification of the aqueous silver nitrate (AgNO3) solutions' oxidative potentials were managed by vanadium pentoxide (V2O5) sol-gel nanofibers, which acted as well-known nanofibrous seeding agents and the auxiliary oxidative agent at the same time. The PANI/Ag nanocomposites were proven to exhibit excellent antibacterial property against both Gram-negative Escherichia coli and Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus. Antibacterial property performance and average life span of the nanocomposite network were optimized through the homogeneous distribution/embedment of Ag NPs within one-dimensional (1-D) PANI NF matrix. The antibacterial efficacy tests and nanocomposite material characterization results further indicated that the sole components of PANI/Ag have a synergistic effect to each other in terms of antibacterial property. Thus, this well-known catalytic seeding approach via a one-step oxidative polymerization reaction can be considered as a general methodology and a substantial fabrication tool to synthesize Ag NP decorated nanofibrillar PANI networks as advanced antibacterial agents.

Fabrication and characterization of junctionless carbon nanotube field effect transistor for cholesterol detection

We have reported fabrication and characterization of polyaniline (PANI)/zinc oxide (ZnO) membrane-based junctionless carbon nanotube field effect transistor deposited on indium tin oxide glass plate for the detection of cholesterol (0.5–22.2 mM). Cholesterol oxidase (ChOx) has been immobilized on the PANI/ZnO membrane by physical adsorption technique. Electrical response has been recorded using digital multimeter (Agilent 3458A) in the presence of phosphate buffer saline of 50 mM, pH 7.0, and 0.9% NaCl contained in a glass pot. The results of response studies for cholesterol reveal linearity as 0.5–16.6 mM and improved sensitivity of 60 mV/decade in good agreement with Nernstian limit ∼59.2 mV/decade. The life time of this sensor has been found up to 5 months and response time of 1 s. The limit of detection with regression coefficient (r) ∼ 0.998 and Michaelis-Menten constant (Km) were found to be ∼0.25 and 1.4 mM, respectively, indicating high affinity of ChOx to cholesterol. The results obtained in this work show negligible interference with glucose and urea.

Synthesis and Characterization of Polyaniline–Mn3O4 Nanocomposite: Electrical Conductivity and Magnetic Studies

Polyaniline (PANI)–Mn3O4 nanocomposites (NCs) have been synthesized by in situ chemical oxidative polymerization of aniline with different molar ratios of aniline:Mn3O4 (3.3:1 and 2.5:1) using ammonium per sulfate as an oxidant in an aqueous solution of sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonic acid, as surfactant and dopant at 5 °C under N2 atmosphere. The structural components and the crystalline phase of the Mn3O4 nanoparticles (NPs) and PANI–Mn3O4 NCs were identified from Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction. The result of FTIR and TGA shows that the interaction between Mn3O4 particles and PANI matrix could improve the thermal stability of NCs. The room temperature electrical conductivity of the synthesized PANI, PANI-Mn3O4 NCs (3.3:1) and (2.5:1) was found to be 3.26 × 10−4, 8.11 × 10−7 and 3.93 × 10−7 S/cm respectively, indicating the decrease of conductivity with an increase of Mn3O4 content in PANI. The magnetic behavior of composite was studied at 5 K. The coercive force (Hc) and remnant magnetization (Mr) increases with increase in addition of Mn3O4 NPs in PANI matrix.

Preparation and characterization of polyaniline+TiO2 composite films

In this work, we have prepared electrochemically and studied a composite materials based on an organic conducting polymer, polyaniline (PANI), in which inorganic semiconductor titanium dioxide (TiO2) particles were incorporated with different concentrations. The polyaniline/titanium dioxide composite material which had been deposited by cyclic voltammetry on substrates of indium tin oxide was then characterized. The cyclic voltammogram showed one redox couple characteristic of the oxidation and reduction states of the produced composite material. The impedance spectroscopy study showed that the resistance of the film increases with the TiO2 cocntent incorporated in the polymer. The incorporation of TiO2 in PANI covering the surfaces was confirmed by the scanning electron microscopy and the energy dispersive X-ray analysis. The morphological analysis of the film surfaces showed that the TiO2 nanoparticle increased the roughness. These observations allow to consider a new approach to improve the physicochemical properties of the interface between the organic and inorganic material. The I–V characteristics of PANI+TiO2 heterostructure diode showed the nonlinear nature of the I–V curve of PANI+TiO2 heterostructure device.

Synthesis and Characterization of Polyaniline by Using Weak Oxidizing Agent

SummaryPolyaniline was synthesized by using weak oxidizing agent CuCl2 and characterized with FTIR, UV‐vis, and XPS spectroscopic techniques. The composition of products was calculated from elemental analysis. The results show the presence of polyaniline in the emeraldine base (EB) form doped with [CuCl4]−. An increase in the yield and decrease in the final pH was observed when the oxidant to monomer ratio was increased. The increase in the yield was attributed to increase in the oxidation potential of oxidant with increase in its molar concentration.

Electrodeposition and Characterization of Polyaniline on Stainless Steel Surface via Cyclic, Convolutive Voltammetry and SEM in Aqueous Acidic Solutions

Electrodeposition and Characterization of Polyaniline on Stainless Steel Surface via Cyclic, Convolutive Voltammetry and SEM in Aqueous Acidic Solutions