Characterization Of Physical Properties Research Articles

Characterization of fiber fraction, physical and chemical properties of coffee flour (Coffea sp.) as functional foodstuff for diabetes mellitus patient

Coffee pulp is solid waste from coffee processing, but unfortunately, it has not been utilized optimally, particularly for foods. Objective of the research was to study characterization of fiber fraction, physical and chemical properties of coffee flour as functional dietary material, which is rich in fiber to reduce blood glucose level for diabetes mellitus patients. The research used Arabica and Robusta coffee pulps. Results of the research showed that characterization of fiber fraction for Arabica has soluble dietary fiber 4.78% (db); 4.30% (wb) higher 0.63% (db); 0.55% (wb) in comparison with Robusta. However, the insoluble dietary fiber is 69.16% (db); 62.24% (wb) and total dietary fiber is 73.32% (db); 65.98% (wb) for Robusta is higher 10.78% (db); 9.82% (wb) insoluble dietary fiber and 10.15% (db); 9.26% (wb) total dietary fiber in comparison with Arabica. Granule shape of the flour for Arabica and Robusta have uneven surfaces and diverse sizes of granule. Arabica flour granules are smaller, 12.8-49.8 µm, than Robusta, 48.8-66.8 µm. Testing the chemical properties showed fat level was 4.05% (wb); 4.55% (db), water 10.96% (wb) and ash 9.35% (wb); 10.50% (db) for Arabica are higher 0.08% (wb); 0.12%(db) fat, 0.66% (wb) water and 0.81% (wb); 0.99% (db) ash. However, carbohydrate level was 62.78% (wb); 70% (db) and protein 14.41% (wb); 16.06% (db) for Robusta was higher 1.24% (wb); 0.88% (db) carbohydrate and 0.31% (wb); 0.23% (db) protein in comparison with Arabica. Coffee flour of Arabica has better characterization for fiber fraction, physical and chemical properties, in comparison with Robusta, due to it has higher soluble dietary fiber (SDF) and smaller flour granules, which are potential as functional foodstuff for diabetes mellitus patient.

Characterisation of physical, mechanical and colour properties of Muntingia calabura fruits

Physical, mechanical and colour properties are necessary parameters in the handling and processing of Muntingia calabura fruits. The study aimed to form physical, mechanical and colour database for Muntingia calabura fruits. Results of the study found that the polar and equatorial diameter ranged from 14.30±0.99 mm and 15.51±0.98 mm, respectively. The weight and the volume were 2.49±0.39 g and 1.12±0.21 cm3, respectively. The particle density, bulk density and porosity ranged 0.97±0,10 g/cm3, 0.57±0.03 gr/cm3 and 40.90±6.59% respectively. The average skin strength and elasticity of the average moisture content of 80.79 ± 0.50 % were 309.60±80.89 g-forces and 38.83±1.63 mm, respectively. The angle of repose on the surface of the acrylic, aluminium, stainless steel and plywood was 23.45±5.390, 24.20±4.770, 25.66±5.000 and 25.93±7.850 respectively with the static friction of 0.44±0.12, 0.45±0.10, 0.49±0.11, and 0.50±0.17 respectively. The coordinate CIE L*a*b* c* and h* of the average colour of samples was 44.914±5.011, 30.274±4.055, 10.460±2.787, 32.288±2.722 and 0.008±0.004.

A Redox-Innocent Uranium(IV)-Quinoid Metal-Organic Framework.

Quinoid-based ligands constitute the most common class of redox-active ligands used to construct electrically conductive and magnetic metal–organic frameworks (MOFs). Whereas this chemistry is intensively explored for transition-metal and lanthanide ions, any related actinide compound has not received attention. In particular, the MOF chemistry of actinide ions in the lower oxidation states is underexplored. We herein report the synthesis, and structural and physical property characterization of a uranium(IV) quinoid-based MOF, [U(Cl2dhbq)2(H2O)2]·4H2O (1, Cl2dhbq2– = deprotonated 2,5-dichloro-3,6-dihydroxybenzoquinone). 1 is a rare example of a U(IV)-based coordination solid and the first material to incorporate bona fide reducible bridging ligands. Despite the anticipated thermodynamic driving force, no indications of valence tautomerism are evident from magnetometry, near-IR spectroscopy, and X-band electron paramagnetic resonance measurements. These initial results suggest that reduction potentials alone are insufficient as guidelines for the prediction of the occurrence of electron transfer in uranium–quinoid-based materials.

Physical Properties of [A6Cl][Fe24Se26](A = K, Rb) with Self-Similar Structure**Supported by the National Key R&D Program of China under Grant No. 2016YFA0300504, the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 11574394, 11774423, 11822412), the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities, and the Research Funds of Renmin University of China (RUC) (15XNLQ07, 18XNLG14, 19XNLG17).

We have successfully synthesized two novel compounds [A6Cl][Fe24Se26] (A = K, Rb). The key structural units of them are FeSe octamers, consisting of edge-shared FeSe4 tetrahedra. Two kinds of FeSe octamer layers with different connection configurations stack along the c axis, forming a three-dimensional (3D) TiAl3-type structure. Interestingly, the 3D structural topology of these ocatmers in one unit cell is similar to the local atomic arrangement of themselves, i.e., self-similarity in structure. Physical property characterizations indicate that both the compounds exhibit insulating antiferromagnetism with Neel temperatures TN ∼ 110 K and 75 K for [K6Cl][Fe24Se26] and [Rb6Cl][Fe24Se26].

Synthesis and Characterization of Physical Properties of MgO Thin Films by Various Concentrations

Abstract In this work, magnesium oxide was elaborated on a glass substrate at 450°C by a pneumatic spray technique. The structural, optical, and electrical properties were studied at different MgO concentrations (.05, .10, .15, and .2 mol L−1). Poly-crystalline MgO films with a cubic structure with a strong (002) preferred orientation were observed at all sprayed films, with a maximum crystallite size of 21.4 nm attained by the sprayed film at .2 mol L−1. Good transmission was found in the deposited MgO thin films with lowest molarity. The transmission of MgO thin films decreases rapidly as the wavelength increases in the range of 300–400 nm and then increases slowly at higher wavelengths. The bandgap of MgO thin films decreases as the molarity increases, and the band gap values range between 4.8 and 4.3 eV. The Urbach energy values range between 375 and 519 meV. The electrical resistance of our films is on the order of 2 × 107Ω. The prepared MgO thin films were suitable for electronic packaging; they are capable to provide very stable and high secondary electron emission combined with low bandgap energy and low electrical resistance.

Metal-Free Deep Eutectic Solvents: Preparation, Physical Properties, and Significance.

In the past decade, reports detailing the preparation, characterization, and application of deep eutectic solvents (DESs) have grown in number significantly, showing signs of increased interest and attention. Indeed, these systems provide tunable polar environments attractive for their ease of synthesis and lack of need for purification. DESs are homogeneous systems composed of two or more components having a significantly depressed melting point compared to either constituent material. As interest and application of DESs grow, the need for a common understanding of their preparation and characterization is required. In this Perspective, we discuss metal-free DESs, focusing on their preparation, characterization of physical properties, and considerations for their application. We highlight inconsistencies or omissions in literature reports as well as factors for researchers to consider when investigating these systems.

Rapid enrichment of peptides with calcium-chelating capacity and characterization of physical chemical properties

Casein peptides with calcium-chelating capacity were rapidly enriched by using a novel ceramic matrix (CM)-based Ti4+-IMAC adsorbent. The ability of calcium-chelating peptides (CCPs) to bind calcium and the physical properties of complexes formed between CCPs and calcium were investigated. Results demonstrated that the amount of calcium bound depended on the degree of hydrolysis (DH) of casein hydrolysates. The highest calcium binding capacity (683 mg g−1) occurred when bovine casein was hydrolysed by pancreatin at a DH of 0.14%, meanwhile, the calcium content of CCPs-Ca complex exhibited the maximum level (134.96 mg g−1). In addition, CCPs showed a higher radical scavenging capacity (50 µg ml−1; 99% inhibition, or an equivalent activity of 9.91×10−3 M Trolox) compared to casein digest. Moreover, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and fluorescence spectroscopy were used to explore the interaction between CPPs and calcium, and the results demonstrated that phosphoserine residues as well as COO- groups of CCPs were involved in the formation of CCPs-Ca complex.

Analyse Characteristics Physical Properties of Rock Manifestations Geothermal Semurup District of Kerinci Jambi With Hight Temperature

There were some changes of mineral components, internal structure and moisture content of the rocks constituent after the thermal annealing treatment was given at 400, 500, 600 °C. Physical of testing rocks like; density, porosity, specific gravity, Absorption have a relationship with temperature. The test results showed that the average density decreased 0.7 g/cm3, porosity increased 26%, Density unchanged and Absortion increased 35%. The test of rock minerals components X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF).

Litter fractions and dynamics in a degraded pine forest after thinning treatments

An integrated characterization of physical, chemical, biochemical and microbiological properties of litter fractions (litter, fragmented and humified), corresponding at three decomposition phases, has been conducted in a degraded pine forest. Litter fractions were characterized in terms of C and N content, microbial communities’ structure, enzyme activities and optical properties. The objective of this approach was to give an insight of actors and mechanisms operating during decomposition process, evaluating the relationships between litter pools (organic matter and microbial communities) and activities (respiration and enzymes). The effect of different thinning treatments (traditional and selective) on litter biomass and respiration was also investigated for 2 years, to identify forest management practices aiming at increase C storage and mitigate climate change. The litter fractions showed well-distinct chemical composition, with a decrease in carbon and an increase in nitrogen as decomposition advanced. Parallelly, an increase in fungal richness and diversity, and related enzyme activities, was observed. Bacteria were similar in the three fractions but seemed to have a role in the early phase of cellulose and hemicellulose decomposition. Thinning induced a short-term increase in litter input to soil, which disappeared after the first year until determining a general decrease in litter biomass, stronger with selective thinning. Further, in the warmer months of the second year after thinning litter respiration showed an increasing trend. Overall, positive effects of thinning on C storage were evident in the short term, followed by a decrease in litter pool driven by higher litter respiration.

Carbon nanotube frameworks by spark plasma sintering

Abstract Present work is devoted to the spark plasma sintering (SPS) of multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), which was found to be an effective route to their compactisation. The products, obtained under different values of pressure (from 10 up to 22 MPa) and temperature (from 1000 up to 1800 оС), have been investigated by thermal analysis, SEM, HRTEM, Raman spectroscopy, X-Rays diffraction and low temperature nitrogen sorptometry as well as physical properties characterisation. It was found that the increase of temperature and pressure during SPS increased the density of the sintered samples and decreased their surface area. It is accompanied by appearance of the mesopores. Raman spectroscopy, TG and X-ray data show that the defectiveness of the CNTs decreased during SPS. Using a focused beam of the transmission electron microscope in-situ experimental simulation of the CNT consolidation and their crosslinking was successfully performed for the first time.

Characterization of the wool fiber physical properties of Ethiopian indigenous sheep breeds

The physical properties of wool fiber considered as vital attribute to grade, classify and select a raw wool fiber for different textile applications. Limited works have been done in Ethiopia to address this subject. In this research, the physical properties (mainly the fineness, crimp and strength) of wool fiber of Ethiopian indigenous sheep breeds have been investigated. Four Ethiopian indigenous sheep breeds such as Menz, Wollo (no wool from its belly), Farta and Tikur (no wool from its belly) were considered. Fibers sampled from four body parts at four defined ages of each sheep breeds. All samples have been conditioned for 24 h at 20 ± 1 °C temperature and 65 ± 2% relative humidity. The results revealed that the fineness, crimps and strength of the four indigenous sheep breeds are significantly different from each other. The wool fiber from Ethiopian sheep breeds is suitable for textile production. Hence, these wool fibers are classified based on their breeds to use for different textile applications.

A New Method to Determine How Compaction Affects Water and Heat Transport in Green Roof Substrates

Although compaction affects water and heat transport processes in porous media, few studies have dealt with this problem. This is particularly true for substrates, which are artificial porous media used for engineering and technological solutions, such as in vegetated or green roofs. We propose a methodology to study the effect of substrate compaction on the characterization of physical, hydrodynamic and thermal properties of five green roof substrates. The methodology consists in a parametric analysis that uses the properties of a substrate with known bulk density, and then modifies the substrate properties to consider how compaction affects water and heat fluxes. Coupled heat and water transport numerical simulations were performed to assess the impact of the changes in the previous properties on the hydraulic and thermal performance of a hypothetical roof system. Our results showed that compaction reduced the amplitude of the fluctuations in the volumetric water content daily cycles, increasing the average water content and reducing the breakthrough time of the green roof substrates. Compaction changes the thermal behavior of the green roof substrates in different ways for each substrate due to the dependence of the air, water and soil fraction of each substrate.

Characterisation of structural and physical properties of cellulose nanofibers from Pennisetum purpureum

Recently, cellulose nanofiber (CNF) and its applications gain immense attraction in both research and industrial areas due to its attractive properties such as excellent mechanical properties, high surface area, rich hydroxyl groups for modification, and natural properties with 100% environmental friendliness. Pennisetum purpureum, also known as Napier grass fibre is a newly-identify plant which is highly sustainable throughout Malaysia. In this study, the typical extraction of cellulose nanofiber from Pennisetum purpureum method is summarised, in which the cellulose nanofiber extraction concerning alkali treatment and planetary ball milling is mainly introduced. Cellulose nanofiber from Pennisetum purpureum also has been extracted using different concentration acid hydrolysis, such as 20% and 30% to observe the effect towards the fibre bonding. The morphology, chemical structure and crystallinity of the fibre were obtained using scanning electron microscopy SEM, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy FTIR, and X-ray diffraction XRD. SEM clarifies that the increment of acid hydrolysis lowers the fibre-fibre bonding upon freeze-drying of the cellulose nanofiber suspensions. The result of XRD and SEM shows that 30% of acid hydrolysis gives higher crystallinity and chemical effect towards the structure of cellulose nanofibers.

PENGARUH SUHU AKTIVASI TERHADAP SIFAT FISIS DAN ELEKTROKIMIA ELEKTRODA SUPERKAPASITOR DARI LIMBAH DAUN AKASIA (Acacia mangium Wild)

The carbon electrode from acacia leaves (Acacia mangium Wild) for supercapacitor cell has been fabricated with physical activation temperature variations of 800oC, 850oC, and 900oC for the AK800, AK850 and AK900 samples respectively. Carbon electrodes were carbonized at a temperature of 600oC followed by physical activation in CO2 gas atmosphere. The KOH is use as an activating agent. The results of physical properties characterization show the higher physical activation temperature cause lower density data and smaller pore size of the particles. The EDX data shows an increasing in the carbon content. The best specific capacitance was found in AK900 as high as 76 g F-1 and the lowest specific capacitance is found in AK800 as high as 12,4 g F-1. Specific capacitance increases with increasing physical activation temperature.

Characterization of Physical Properties and Tensile Strength of Chitosan/Fibroin Composite via Freeze Drying Method

Chitosan and silk fibroin composite are natural biopolymers widely used in biomedical engineering applications. This work studied the properties of a chitosan and silk fibroin composite were prepared by freeze drying method. The characterizations were operated by fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and x-ray diffraction. In addition, the tensile strength was obtained for various compositions. The results showed that the freeze-dried composite was of high porosity with 3D interconnected pores that are suitable for tissue engineering. In addition, both Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and x-ray diffraction indicated that the composite materials were water soluble.

Reconstructing large‐scale karst paleogeomorphology at the top of the Ordovician in the Ordos Basin, China: Control on natural gas accumulation and paleogeographic implications

AbstractKarstification in carbonate successions has an important influence on hydrocarbon accumulation. Taking the Ordos Basin, currently the largest petroliferous basin in China, as an example, this study examines the large‐scale, long‐term (~120 Myr) paleokarst at the top of the Ordovician. The objectives of the study are to characterize the karst paleogeomorphology of this area, to explain the inconsistency between existing understandings of karst paleogeomorphology and exploration in the eastern Ordos Basin, and to reveal the control of paleokarst on natural gas accumulation and its paleogeographic significance. A total of 860 exploration wells were used for detailed stratigraphic correlation and analysis, along with core observations, well‐logging analyses, physical property characterization, and isotope analyses. Results of residual thickness and moldic thickness reconstruction reveal variation in karst paleogeomorphology between north and south in the eastern Ordos Basin, differing from the traditionally recognized E‐W variation. Two geomorphic units are classified as follows: the karst highland and the karst slope from north to south, with the karst slope being subdivided into northern and southern slope areas. The karst highland area has negligible reservoir capacity and hydrocarbon accumulation owing to the enhanced denudation that occurred there. In contrast, the northern karst slope shows favorable reservoir properties and has abundant gas wells according to well‐logging interpretations, whereas the southern karst slope is of poor reservoir quality and hosts mainly water wells. Differences in dissolution‐filling effects controlled by the surface paleodrainage system are suggested to be the main contributor to differential reservoir space preservation, which, together with the variable width and depth of source rocks in the grooves (thereby variably exposing source rock), further promoted differential gas accumulation. The Ordos Basin and its periphery in the southwestern North China Craton (NCC) show inheritance of sedimentary‐tectonic patterns from the Middle Ordovician to the Late Carboniferous. These results should provide a reference for hydrocarbon exploration in the Ordovician of other basins in the NCC in which karst occurs and karst basins worldwide, and deepens understanding of the paleogeographic framework in the context of regional uplift of the North China Platform.

Panelist acceptance level and characterization of physical and chemical properties on dark chocolate bar with addition of kaffir lime (Citrus hystrix DC.) leaf essential oil

In this study, panelist acceptance level, physical, and chemical properties of dark chocolate bar enriched with kaffir lime (Citrus hystrix DC.) leaf essential oil (0.25%, 0.5%, and 0.75%) were studied. The addition of kaffir lime leaf essential oil in dark chocolate bar is aimed to enrich the content of functional compounds in dark chocolate and is expected to create an Indonesian chocolate signature. The results showed that panelist acceptance level decreased with increasing concentration of kaffir lime leaf essential oil added in parameters of aroma, taste, and overall, thus, the highest panelists acceptance was dark chocolate bar with the addition of 0.25% kaffir lime leaf essential oil. The addition of various formulations of kaffir lime leaf essential oil showed a decrease in hardness significantly and the color differences between dark chocolate with and without addition of kaffir lime leaf essential oil were very small. The addition of 0.25% kaffir lime leaf essential oil increased the moisture content and antioxidant activity in dark chocolate bar significantly. Major compounds detected in GC-MS analysis of dark chocolate bar with the addition of 0.25% kaffir lime leaf essential oil were theobromine, citronellal, caffeine, and vanillin.

Detailed characterisation of LINERs and retired galaxies in the local universe

AbstractWe present a detailed characterisation of physical properties of low-ionization nuclear emission-line regions (LINERs) and retired galaxies (RGs) in the local universe for redshift range 0 < z < 0.4 and two subranges z < 0.4 and 0.1 < z < 0.4. Furthermore, we test the effectiveness of WHAN diagnostic diagram in separating the two populations. We used photometric data, public spectroscopic data and morphological classification from SDSS-DR8, MPA-JHU SDSS-DR8 catalogue and Galaxy Zoo survey, respectively. We studied the distribution of LINERs, RGs and AGN-LINERs in relation to luminosity, stellar mass, star formation rate (SFR), colour, and their location on the SFR-stellar mass and colour-stellar mass diagrams. We then studied the morphologies of both populations. Results have shown that for higher redshift range, AGN-LINERs have higher apparent g magnitude, SFRs and dominate on/above the main sequence (MS) of star formation compared to RGs. However, both populations have similar stellar mass and luminosity distributions at all redshift ranges hence suggesting a significant difference in terms of star formation of RGs and AGN-LINERs with redshift. However, larger and more complete samples of LINERs are needed from the future surveys (e.g., LSST) and missions (e.g., JWST) to study in more details the properties of RGs and AGN-LINERs and find alternative methods of separating the two populations, since using simply WHAN diagram from our study we do not find it to be effective for separating the two populations.

Flux free single crystal growth and detailed physical property characterization of Bi1−xSbx (x = 0.05, 0.1 and 0.15) topological insulator

Here, we report the crystal growth, physical and transport properties of Bi1−xSbx (x = 0.05, 0.1 and 0.15) topological insulator. Single crystals of Bi1-xSbx (x = 0.05, 0.1 and 0.15) were grown by melting bismuth and antimony together using the facile self flux method. The XRD measurements displayed highly indexed 00l lines and confirmed the crystalline nature as well as the rhombohedral structure of the Bi1-xSbx (x = 0.05, 0.1 and 0.15) crystals. Raman spectroscopy measurements for Bi1-xSbx system revealed four peaks within the spectral range of 10 to 250 cm−1 namely A1g and Eg modes corresponding to Bi-Bi and Sb-Sb vibrations. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive x-ray analysis (EDAX) measurements showed the layered surface morphology and near stoichiometric chemical composition of Bi1-xSbx (x = 0.05, 0.1 and 0.15) crystals. Furthermore, EDAX mapping confirmed the homogeneous distribution of Bi and Sb elements. Temperature dependent electrical resistivity curves with and without applied magnetic field exhibited a metallic behaviour and linear non-saturating magneto-resistance (MR) respectively for all the antimony (Sb) concentrations of x = 0.05, 0.1 and 0.15. The lowest Sb concentration sample with x = 0.05 (Bi0.95Sb0.05) exhibited the highest MR value of about 1400%, followed by x = 0.1 and 0.15 samples (Bi0.9Sb0.1 and Bi0.85Sb0.05) with MR values reaching up to 500% and 110% respectively at 2 K and 6Tesla applied field. Also, a coexistence of negative MR and WAL/WL behaviour is observed at lower magnetic fields (below ±0.2Tesla) in Bi0.9Sb0.1 and Bi0.85Sb0.05 system. To further elaborate the transport properties of Bi1-xSbx (x = 0.05, 0.1 and 0.15), the magneto-conductivity (MC) is fitted to the HLN (Hikami Larkin Nagaoka) equation and it is found that the charge conduction mechanism is mainly dominated by WAL (weak anti-localization) along with a small contribution from WL (weak localization) effect. Summarily, the short letter discusses the synthesis, interesting transport and magneto-transport properties of Bi1-xSbx (x = 0.05, 0.1 and 0.15), which could be useful in understanding the fascinating properties of topological insulators and their technological applications.

Downscaling Images with Trends Using Multiple-Point Statistics Simulation: An Application to Digital Elevation Models

Remote sensing and geophysical imaging techniques are often limited in terms of spatial resolution. This prevents the characterization of physical properties and processes at scales finer than the spatial resolution provided by the imaging sensor. In the last decade, multiple-point statistics simulation has been successfully used for downscaling problems. In this approach, the missing fine-scale structures are imported from a training image which describes the correspondence between coarse and equivalent fine-scale structures. However, in many cases, large variations in the amplitude of the imaged physical attribute, known as trends, pose a challenge for the detection and simulation of these fine-scale features. Here, we develop a novel multiple-point statistics simulation method for downscaling coarse-resolution images with trends. The proposed algorithm relies on a multi-scale sequential simulation framework. Trends in the data are handled by an inbuilt decomposition of the target variable into a deterministic trend component and a stochastic residual component at multiple scales. We also introduce the application of kernel weighting for computing distances between data events and probability aggregation operations for integrating different support data based on a distance-to-probability transformation function. The algorithm is benchmarked against two-point and multiple-point statistics simulation methods, and a deterministic interpolation technique. Results show that the approach is able to cope with non-stationary data sets and scenarios in which the statistics of the training image differ from the conditioning data statistics. Two case studies using digital elevation models of mountain ranges in Switzerland illustrate the method.