Characterization Of Landfill Leachate Research Articles

Analysis of the Influence of Tambakrigagadung Landfill Leachate Characteristics on Water Quality and Heavy Metal Contamination of Reservoirs, Tikung District, Lamongan Regency

The Final Disposal Site (TPA) of Tambakrigadung Village, Lamongan Regency, implements a semi-sanitary landfill system in which waste processing still piles up piles of waste with soil for a certain period, causing a foul odor due to the leachate that collects. Leachate that is not managed correctly is feared to flow into reservoirs as irrigation and productive land that is used by local communities for rice fields or ponds around the Tambakrigadung TPA so that it can disrupt workers, reduce the quality and yield of rice fields, and affect the development of pond fish around the Tambakrigadung landfill. This research aims to test the quality of reservoir water, which refers to the leachate water quality standards of PermenLHK RI No. P.59 Tahun 2016. It analyzes the influence of leachate on reservoir water around Tambakrigadung. The method used in this research is grab sampling. Analysis of pH, BOD, COD, and TSS parameters using simple linear regression quantitative analysis. Quantitative parameter analysis shows that TPA Tambakrigadung leachate influences the pH and TSS parameters of reservoir water in Tikung District, Lamongan Regency, which is indicated by a significance value of <0.05. The analysis of heavy metal parameters shows that the leachate does not meet quality standards, with a total N of 187.7 ppm and cadmium of 0.15 ppm. The mercury parameter meets quality standards, namely 0.00065 ppm. Meanwhile, heavy metal parameters in reservoir water have met quality standards based on PP No. 22 of 2021.

Characterization of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) and other constituents in MSW landfill leachate from Puerto Rico

Elevated per- and polyfluoroalkyl substance (PFAS) concentrations have been reported in municipal solid waste (MSW) landfill leachate with higher levels in wet and warmer subtropical climates. Information about landfill leachate characteristics is much more limited in tropical climates. In this study, 20 landfill leachate samples were collected from three MSW landfills on the tropical island of Puerto Rico and results were compared against landfills nationally and within Florida, USA. The samples collected in Puerto Rico underwent physical-chemical analysis, as well as a quantitative analysis of 92 PFAS. Samples described in this study include discrete leachate types, such as leachate, gas condensate, and leachate which has undergone on-site treatment (e.g., RO treatment, phytoremediation, lagoons). A total of 51 PFAS were detected above quantitation limits, including perfluorohexylphosphonic acid, a perfluoroalkyl acid (PFAA) which has not been reported previously in landfill leachate. ∑PFAS concentrations in this study (mean: 38,000 ng L−1), as well as concentrations of individual PFAS, are significantly higher than other reported MSW landfill leachate concentrations. The profiles of leachates collected from on-site treatment systems indicate possible transformation of precursor PFAS as a result of treatment processes – oxidizing conditions, for example, may facilitate aerobic transformation, increase the concentrations of PFAAs, and possibly increase the apparent ∑PFAS concentration. Extreme climate events, including rising temperatures and more frequent hurricanes, have placed additional strain on the solid waste management infrastructure on the island – adding complexity to an already challenging PFAS management issue. As concern grows over PFAS contamination in drinking water, these findings should inform solid waste and leachate management decisions in order to minimize PFAS emissions in island environments.

Effect of landfill leachate on arsenic migration and transformation in shallow groundwater systems.

Arsenic contamination of groundwater has affected human health and environmental safety worldwide. Hundreds of millions of people in more than 100 countries around the world are directly or indirectly troubled by arsenic-contaminated groundwater. In addition, arsenic contamination of groundwater caused by leakage of leachate from municipal solid waste landfills has occurred in some countries and regions, which has attracted widespread attention. Understanding how domestic waste landfill leachate affects the arsenic's migration and transformation in shallow groundwater is crucial for accurate assessment of the distribution and ecological hazards of arsenic in groundwater. Based on literature review, this study systematically summarized and discussed the basic characteristics of landfill leachate, the mechanism of arsenic pollution in groundwater, and the effect of landfill leachate on the migration and transformation of arsenic in groundwater. Combined with relevant research findings and practical experience, countermeasures and suggestions to limit the impact of landfill leachate on the migration and transformation of arsenic in groundwater are put forward.

Depuration of landfill leachates using fly ash as a catalyst in solar advanced oxidation processes and a compost bioreactor

Fly ash (FA) is a problematic solid waste coming, for instance, from coal combustion. Herein, FA is used in a solar photocatalytic system to deal with landfill leachates (LL), which is another challenging waste. The photocatalytic process is combined with coagulation-flocculation pretreatment and a compost-based biological post-treatment. FA was characterized initially, showing silicon dioxide (52.25%), aluminum oxide (36.99%), calcium oxide (6.92%), iron oxide (2.47%), and titanium dioxide (1.74%), as the main composing oxides. Also, FA had a low surface area (0.48 m2/g), and high thermal stability (<2% of weight loss at 1000 °C). At the same time, the characterization of LL indicated this is a very polluted liquid, due to its high content of chemical oxygen demand (COD, 8072 mg/L), humic acids (HA, 7320 absorbance at 254 nm), iron (3.1 mg/L), copper (258 mg/L), and a slightly basic pH (8.5). After the coagulation-flocculation pretreatment, the supernatant liquid was submitted to the photocatalytic process (FA/H2O2/sunlight), which removed ∼70% of COD. For the photocatalytic system, the effects of pH, H2O2 concentration, and FA dose were assessed; evidencing that the pH change from 3.0 to 6.0 affected the COD and HA removals strongly. Under proper operating conditions (i.e., FA: 2.0 g/L, H2O2: 2000 mg/L, and pH: 3.0), the photocatalytic process significantly decreased the sample toxicity (∼56%). Thereby, the resultant sample from the FA/H2O2/sunlight system was submitted (for 10 days) to the action of the compost-based biotreatment, comparing the use of non-adapted and adapted aerobic microorganisms. The adapted microorganisms exhibited a higher action, achieving removals of ∼68% and ∼9% for the metals (Fe and Cu) and COD, respectively. The results of this research work demonstrated the good suitability of FA-photocatalysis combined with a coagulation-flocculation pre-treatment and a compost-based biological post-treatment to face problematic landfill leachates.

Physical and chemical characterization and pollution index applied in the assessment of the polluting potential of leachate from urban landfills.

During the operation of the landfills, leachate should be managed with caution to avoid possible negative environmental impacts. Considering this, the present study aims to evaluate the relationship between different variables in the leachate composition and elucidate the transformation processes through which this effluent passes during the landfill's period of operation. The study was conducted with eight sanitary landfills from the state of Minas Gerais, in southeastern Brazil, and used descriptive statistical analysis, principal component analysis (PCA), correlation analysis, and calculation of the leachate pollution index (LPI). The biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5)/chemical oxygen demand (COD) ratio was between 0.20 and 0.60. We also observed a significant correlation of 0.45 between Cl- and N-NH4+, which reflects the biological degradation processes that contribute to the presence of both variables. The PCA showed that inorganic variables and organic matter dominated the first component, with coefficients above 0.65, indicating the importance of those variables in determining the general data variability. The LPI values were between 15.26 and 25.97, with BOD5, COD, and N-NH4+ having sub-indexes above 35, being the main variables that increase the pollution potential of the leachate. On the other hand, trace metals present sub-indexes below 7 due to precipitation caused by increased pH and the characteristics of the waste discarded in landfills. The study provides essential information regarding the landfill leachate characteristics and its variation over time, which can contribute to the definition of treatment technologies for this affluent in different scenarios.

Risks of Antibiotic Resistance Dissemination by Leachates from Municipal Landfills of Different Ages

Landfill leachate is regarded as a significant point source of pollutants that may pose a hazard to the environment, particularly to surface and ground waters. Leachates are highly variable and heterogeneous. Our study was focused on the characterization of landfill leachates derived from young (YDS) and matured (MDS) dumpsites in terms of the abundance of micropollutants, antimicrobial resistance genes (ARG), and microbial community structure. The concentrations of poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) were found to be higher in MDS compared to YDS, i.e., 13.19 and 7.16 μg/L, respectively. Among pharmaceutical compounds, ibuprofen was detected at the highest concentrations, i.e., 12.54, 12.81, and 13.13 μg/L, in the leachates derived from MDS, YDS, and ponds. The distribution of bacteria, archaea, eukaryotes, and viruses in the three leachate samples was as follows: 85.15 ÷ 88.04%, 9.13 ÷ 12.29%, 2.20 ÷ 2.68%, and 0.12 ÷ 0.15%, respectively. In total, 31 distinct families of ARGs were identified, comprising a total of 80 ARGs. Incubation of P. putida MSCL650 in sterile leachate from the pond resulted in decreasing the minimum inhibitory concentrations for six antibiotics as compared to cells incubated in nutrient broth. Hydrological processes, i.e., runoff and infiltration, can increase the dissemination of ARGs.

Global landfill leachate characteristics: Occurrences and abundances of environmental contaminants and the microbiome

Landfill leachates are complex mixtures containing very high concentrations of biodegradable and recalcitrant toxic compounds. Understanding the major contaminant components and microbial community signatures in global landfill leachates is crucial for timely decision-making regarding contaminant management and treatment. Therefore, this study analyzed leachate data from 318 landfill sites primarily used for municipal solid waste disposal, focusing on their chemical and microbiological characteristics. The most prevalent and dominant components in landfill leachates are the chemical oxygen demand (COD, 3.7–75.9 × 103 mg/L) and NH4+ (0.03–0.81 × 104 mg/L), followed by salt species such as SO42- (0.03–5.25 × 103 mg/L), Cl- (3.2–7.8 × 103 mg/L), K+ (0.58–4.20 × 103 mg/L), Na+ (1.3–13.0 × 103 mg/L) and Ca2+ (2.35–230.23 × 103 mg/L), which exhibit significant fluctuations. Heavy metals and metalloids are widely distributed in most landfill leachates but at relatively low concentrations (<182.8 mg/L) compared to conventional parameters. Importantly, there is a distinct global variation in the occurrence of emerging environmental contaminants (ECs). Among these compounds, perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA, 0.02–7.50 × 103 μg/L) of per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), bisphenol A (BPA, 0.01–33.46 × 103 μg/L) belonged to endocrine-disrupting compounds (EDCs), together with di-ethyltoluamide (DEET, 1.0–1.0 × 103 μg/L) affiliated to pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) are the most frequently detected in landfill leachates. Additionally, the microbial community compositions in most leachates are primarily dominated by Proteobacteria, Bacteroidota, Firmicutes, and Chloroflexi, and some of their abundances are correlated with the concentrations of NH4+, NO3-, Cl-, Na+ and Cr. Notably, the leading microbes driving advanced removal of inorganic nitrogen in the treatment systems are Candidatus Brocadia (anammox), denitrifying Thauera, nitrite-oxidizing bacteria Nitrospira, along with ammonia-oxidizing bacteria Nitrosomonas and Nitrosospira. The findings of this work provide a deeper insight into the leachate characteristics and the sustainable management of landfill leachates, especially presenting a snapshot of the global distribution of pollutants and also the microbiome.

Investigation with ESI FT-ICR MS on sorbent selectivity and comprehensive molecular composition of landfill leachate dissolved organic matter.

Molecular characterization of landfill leachate dissolved organic matter (LDOM) is essential for developing effective processing techniques. However, the molecular selectivity of extraction method and ionization modes often leads to the bias of molecular characterization of LDOM. Here, seven representative sorbents were selected and electrospray ionization negative ion mode (ESI (-)) and positive ion mode (ESI (+)) Fourier-transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR MS) were used to investigate the molecular composition of different LDOM samples. Obvious sorbent selectivity during extraction procedure was observed, resulting in the underestimation of molecular diversity of LDOM from 32.7% to 69.3%. Totally, 14,000-18,000 unique molecules were obtained in a single sample, indicating the unprecedented molecular diversity of LDOM. Lignins, proteins and lipids are three major molecular groups in LDOM, and N or S containing molecules occupied 83%. Although much of total organic carbon was removed during biochemical treatment process, the molecular diversity of LDOM was not reduced because a considerable of bio-recalcitrant molecules was produced. The results uncover the sorbents selectivity and ionization modes selectivity in LDOM analysis and provided a comprehensive change of LDOM molecular composition during biochemical treatment, which benefits the development of accurate methods to remove organic carbon in landfill leachate.

Leachate Characterization Generated from Municipal Solid waste at Landfill Site Ghazipur, New Delhi

Abstract: The management of municipal solid waste (MSW) is one of the key environmental issues facing Indian cities, mostly as a result of the country's growing industrialisation and urbanisation. According to numerous studies, open dumps and landfills are used to dispose of around 90% of solid waste in an improper manner. Pollutants can escape a poorly constructed landfill in a number of ways. Leachate can escape from a landfill or dumpsite and contaminate groundwater and surface water if the soil above or below it is porous. Therefore, In this paper an attempt is made to characterize the leachate produced by municipal solid waste dumping site of Ghazipur, New Delhi which is located at Latitude: 28° 37' 30.8784". Longitude: 77° 19' 40.764" near the Delhi-UP border. In this investigation, about 12 leachate parameters were identified. Three sample sites at the bottom of the landfill, spaced 7 metres apart, were used to characterise the leachate samples. All of the leachate samples had an acidic pH value ranging from 6.24 to 6.88, it is discovered. All of the sample’s conductivity and total dissolved solids ranged from 567 to 1945 S/cm and 513 to 1289 ppm respectively. Similar dissolved ions such chloride, calcium, sodium, nitrate, and potassium were found in the leachate sample. The majority of the ions were discovered to be above the standards-permitted level. The present study concludes that characterization of landfill leachate is important to identify the most critical pollutants present in the leachate and thereby to introduce suitable and applicable technologies such as in-situ impermeable barriers etc.

Investigation on characteristics of landfill leachate and feasibility study of low-temperature vacuum evaporation treatment

Leachate is characterized by poor biochemical properties and complex organic matter, which is potentially harmful to the surrounding environment. Low-temperature vacuum evaporation have been intensively studied for leachate treatment, but less attention was paid to monitoring the evolution of leachate organics. In order to analyze the component characteristics (especially organic matter) of typical landfill leachate and the feasibility of low-temperature vacuum evaporation process, fluorescence Excitation Emission Matrix (EEM) measurement coupling with Parallel Factor Analysis (PARAFAC) analysis and GC-MS was used to supplement the routine monitoring in order to reveal more insights into pollutants removal during the leachate treatment. The results showed that the main organic matter of landfill leachate was humic-like organic compounds, which accounted for 75–81%. The GC-MS showed that long-chain hydrocarbons, aromatic, aldehydes and esters compounds were abundant in the raw leachates. However, the humus and protein-based organic matter could be separated in a short time through low-temperature vacuum evaporation process, and the content of protein-based organic matter in condensate could be almost 100%, thus the biochemical properties were improved. The original CC, CO, C-N, C-O-C and other groups in the raw leachate were all disappeared after the low-temperature vacuum evaporation process, which was the essential reason for the transformation of fluorophores and improvement of biochemical properties.

Characterization of landfill leachate at the Karadiyana open dumpsite, Sri Lanka, and assessment of water pollution in its vicinity

The Journal of the National Science Foundation of Sri Lanka publishes the results of research in all aspects of Science and Technology. The journal also has a website at http://www.nsf.gov.lk/. 2021 Impact Factor: 0.682The JNSF provides immediate open access to its content on the principle that making research freely available to the public supports a greater global exchange of knowledge.

Investigation on Characteristics of Landfill Leachate and Feasibility Study of Low-Temperature Vacuum Evaporation Process

Investigation on Characteristics of Landfill Leachate and Feasibility Study of Low-Temperature Vacuum Evaporation Process

Leachate from municipal solid waste landfills in a global perspective: Characteristics, influential factors and environmental risks

Landfilling is one of the most common measures for disposing municipal solid waste, while the environmental leakage of landfill leachate, a kind of wastewater with complex compositions and high-level pollutants, has become a crucial eco-environmental issue all over the world. Understanding the profiles of landfill leachate can be useful for promoting sustainable municipal solid waste management, however, there are very few studies at a global level because of data insufficiency. In this work, we established a global database on the physicochemical characteristics of landfill leachate from academic literature, including 1251 pieces of data from 236 provinces or cities in 51 countries. Concentrations of typical pollutants in landfill leachate were aggregated by different categories of countries, climate zones, and landfill ages. Correlations between typical leachate pollutants (chemical oxygen demand, biochemical oxygen demand after five days, ammonia nitrogen, sulfate, chloridion, potassium, cadmium, chromium, ferrum, nickel, and lead) and their influential factors (mean annual temperature, mean annual precipitation, landfill age, and the fraction of food waste) were analysed; and the environmental risks led by landfill leachate were assessed. Results showed that: (1) landfill leachate in developing countries at the dry temperature zone, as well as the moist and wet tropical zone, contained higher concentrations of chemical oxygen demand and biochemical oxygen demand after five days; (2) the percentage of food waste, as an influential factor, has a positive correlation with typical landfill leachate pollutants, with R2 varying from 0.07 to 0.18, indicating its high potential on transforming organic fraction in solid waste into leachate; (3) In regard to the environmental risk resulted from landfill leachate, the groundwater and surface water had greater risks than soil environment nearby the landfill. Besides, chemical oxygen demand, ammonia nitrogen, ferrum, chloridion and heavy metals, especially arsenic, cadmium, nickel, and manganese were dominating pollutants in groundwater and surface water. This work provides valuable data and parameters of global landfill leachate, which could be helpful to mitigate pollution from landfills and achieve the goals of sustainable municipal solid waste management.

Experimental design approach to COD and color removal of landfill leachate by the electrooxidation process

Toxic leachates originate from landfills are one of the major environmental problems. It has an important role in groundwater contamination and its treatment is crucial for environmental protection. In this research, the Electrooxidation (EO) process is applied to the landfill leachate balancing pool effluent. At the beginning of the study, conventional characterization of landfill leachate was conducted. Then, the EO process was progressed via 14 stainless steel and parallel positioned electrodes. Through the Response Surface Methodology (RSM), the effectiveness of process variables was explained statistically. Effects of pH, current density, and reaction time on the process efficiency were studied and optimum conditions of the EO reaction were determined via COD and color removal efficiency parameters. By the model, optimum conditions of the reaction were found to be pH 7, current density 4.30 mA/cm2, and reaction time 35 min. The estimated removal efficiencies for COD and color were 42% and 97%, respectively. R2 values of the models were 98% for color removal and 93% for COD removal.

Phytoremediation of landfill leachate using Ipomoea aquatica and Pistia stratiotes

Aim: In this study, Ipomoea aquatica and Pistia stratiotes were used to remove total suspended solids, chemical oxygen demand and ammoniacal nitrogen (NH3-N) from the landfill leachate collected at Ampar Tenang Closed Landfill (ATCL) site in Dengkil, Selangor, Malaysia. Methodology: The physico-chemical characteristics of landfill leachate (pH, temperature, NH3-N, dissolved oxygen, biochemical oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand, total dissolved solids, total suspended solids, salinity, electrical conductivity and nitrite as well as selected heavy metals were determined before phytoremediation treatment. Results: The physico-chemical properties of leachate samples were found to be lower as compared to the standards set by the government, except for COD (&gt;100 mg l-1). Heavy metals content, Na, Mg and Fe was high in leachate. It was found that the concentrations of NH3-N, COD and TSS in leachate decreased by 57.64%, 26.85% and 62.05% after treatment with Ipomea aquatica, respectively. Whereas, 61%, 32% and 74.7% removal rate was observed for NH3-N, COD and TSS, post-treatment by Pistia stratiotes. One-way ANOVA analysis for Ipomoea aquatica revealed insignificant difference (p&gt;0.05) but for Pistia stratiotes there was a significant difference (p&lt;0.05) in the reduction of TSS, COD and NH3-N concentrations. Interpretation: Based on the findings, Pistia stratiotes was found more effective than Ipomea aquatica for reducing TSS, COD and NH3-N concentrations from landfill leachate.

Treatment of landfill leachate with different techniques: an overview

AbstractLandfill leachate is characterised by high chemical and biological oxygen demand and generally consists of undesirable substances such as organic and inorganic contaminants. Landfill leachate may differ depending on the content and age of landfill contents, the degradation procedure, climate and hydrological conditions. We aimed to explain the characteristics of landfill leachate and define the practicality of using different techniques for treating landfill leachate. Different treatments comprising biological methods (e.g. bioreactors, bioremediation and phytoremediation) and physicochemical approaches (e.g. advanced oxidation processes, adsorption, coagulation/flocculation and membrane filtration) were investigated in this study. Membrane bioreactors and integrated biological techniques, including integrated anaerobic ammonium oxidation and nitrification/denitrification processes, have demonstrated high performance in ammonia and nitrogen elimination, with a removal effectiveness of more than 90%. Moreover, improved elimination efficiency for suspended solids and turbidity has been achieved by coagulation/flocculation techniques. In addition, improved elimination of metals can be attained by combining different treatment techniques, with a removal effectiveness of 40–100%. Furthermore, combined treatment techniques for treating landfill leachate, owing to its high chemical oxygen demand and concentrations of ammonia and low biodegradability, have been reported with good performance. However, further study is necessary to enhance treatment methods to achieve maximum removal efficiency.

Characterization of landfill leachate by spectral-based surrogate measurements during a combination of different biological processes and activated carbon adsorption.

Surrogate measurements based on excitation-emission matrix fluorescence spectra (EEMs) and ultraviolet-visible absorption spectra (UV-vis) were used to monitor the evolution of dissolved organic matter (DOM) in landfill leachate during a combination of biological and physical-chemical treatment consisting of partial nitritation-anammox (PN-Anammox) or nitrification-denitrification (N-DN) combined with granular active carbon adsorption (GAC). PN-Anammox resulted in higher nitrogen removal (81%), whereas N-DN required addition of an external carbon source to increase nitrogen removal from 24% to 56%. Four DOM components (C1 to C4) were identified by excitation-emission matrix-parallel factor analysis (EEM-PARAFAC). N-DN showed a greater ability to remove humic-like components (C1 and C3), while the protein-like component (C4) was better removed by PN-Anammox. Both biological treatment processes showed limited removal of the medium molecular humic-like component (C2). In addition, the synergistic effect of biological treatments and adsorption was studied. The combination of PN-Anammox and GAC adsorption could remove C4 completely and also showed a good removal efficiency for C1 and C2. The Thomas model of adsorption revealed that GAC had the maximum adsorption capacity for PN-Anammox treated leachate. This study demonstrated better removal of nitrogen and fluorescence DOM by a combination of PN-Anammox and GAC adsorption, and provides practical and technical support for improved landfill leachate treatment.

Applicability of conventional and non-conventional parameters for municipal landfill leachate characterization

The disposal of municipal solid waste (MSW) in landfills generates leachate, a highly polluting liquid to the aquatic environment. Leachate composition become a challenge to choose the best treatment process. Then, detailed techniques to determine the organic content, in terms of refractability, composition, sources and biodegradability in landfill leachate can help to choose the appropriate treatment and improve landfill management. In this sense, the aim of this study is to apply conventional and non-conventional parameters through inert chemical oxygen demand (COD) analyses and spectroscopic techniques of fluorescence and UV–vis absorbance for the characterization of municipal landfill leachate. Results indicated that physicochemical characterization cannot provided enough detailed information about leachate composition, which becomes the treatment process fragile. Inert COD, besides have high time to execution (∼30 days), presented additional information on potential of biological treatability in anaerobic conditions. Dissolved organic matter (DOM) characterization showed transitions between labile and refractory organic matter compounds. Moreover, the cost estimated showed that non-conventional parameters analysis have lower investment than conventional, being their implementation feasible. In conclusion, the synergy between conventional and non-conventional parameters, and the detailed information provided by inert COD and DOM characterization, shown a useful tool to the landfill management and, consequently, improving treatment process and its efficiency.

Sustainability analysis on landfilling and evaluation of characteristics in landfill leachate: a case study

Issues on solid waste management in the most Asian developing countries is not recent. Unfortunately, Malaysia is still practicing landfilling method to dispose the solid wastes. The apparent consequence of this method is the production of highly polluted wastewater called leachate, which can cause several inconveniences and issues. The characterization of landfill leachate is merely important because it can guide towards the possible appropriate treatment. The main focus of this study was to analyse the leachate characteristics at Simpang Renggam Landfill Site, Johor, Malaysia for five consecutive months from January to May of 2018. There were 16 analyzed parameters; namely temperature, pH, total dissolved solids (TDS), conductivity, suspended solids (SS), colour, turbidity, ammonia (NH3-N), dissolved oxygen (DO), chemical oxygen demand (COD), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5), BOD5/COD ratio, as well as heavy metals (iron (Fe), chromium (Cr), arsenic (As), lead (Pb)). All parameters were analyzed according to the Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, and have followed the procedures of respective instruments. Leachate in SRLS could be classified as stabilized ones, by considering the characteristics and the age of landfill. SRLS is recommended to upgrade its management system for better waste disposal and leachate treatment.

Membrane fouling and micro-pollutant removal of membrane bioreactor treating landfill leachate

The characteristics of landfill leachate from solid waste disposal vary, depending on waste composition, waste age, and landfilling technique. Landfill leachate also contains a wide range of pollutants of varying concentrations, from high for organic matters, nutrients, and inorganics to low for toxic micro-pollutants. Membrane bioreactor (MBR) technology has been increasingly adopted to treating landfill leachate. However, membrane fouling and micro-pollutant removal mechanisms of MBR and their relationship are little publicized. This paper thus aims to review publications related to these topics in the previous 5 years. Future development in MBR technology for improved landfill leachate treatment is also elaborated.