Characterization Of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles Research Articles

Green synthesis and characterization of iron oxide nanoparticles using Coriandrum sativum L. leaf extract

Green nanoparticle synthesis is a promising, eco-friendly and safe approach. In the current study, Iron oxide nanoparticles (FeONPs) were synthesized using aqueous leaf extract of Coriandrum sativum L. Further, the characterization of synthesized FeONPs was performed using ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), dynamic light scattering (DLS), vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) and differential scanning colorimetry (DSC). The surface plasmon resonance effect confirmed the synthesis of FeONPs. Dynamic light scattering (DLS) revealed mean particle size of FeONPs around 163.5 and polydispersity index 0.091 with a zeta potential of −13.8 mV. Differential scanning colorimetry (DSC) exhibited an endothermic peak at 176.91°C. Vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) analysis showed superparamagnetic properties of iron nanoparticles with a magnetization value of 3.483 emu/g and the results indicated superparamagnetic behavior of prepared iron nanoparticles at room temperature, thus highlighting their potential as magnetically targeted drug delivery system. This biosynthetic method has been proven to be cost-effective, environment friendly and promising for use in biomedical sciences.

Investigation of antioxidant and antibacterial activity of iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPS) synthesized from the aqueous extract of Penicillium spp.

The biological synthesis of metal nanoparticles has arisen vastly with significant health and medical applications in recent years. The current study employs Penicillium spp. that was isolated from soils to synthesis iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs). The antimicrobial and antioxidant activity of the IONPs were investigated. The IONPs were synthesized via the extracellular method using cell-free filtrate and challenged with FeCl3. The characterization of IONPs was performed using UV-spectrophotometer, FTIR, TEM, SEM, EDX, and Zeta Potential Analysis. The antibacterial and antioxidant activity was examined through the disk diffusion method and DPPH-scavenging activity, respectively. This study showed that the IONPs were successfully synthesized from the fungal filtrate of Penicillium spp. The UV-spectrophotometer displayed a peak at 350 ​nm, indicating the formation of IONPs. The spherical shape of IONPs was determined by TEM and SEM analysis, with the size ranging from 3.31 to 10.69 ​nm. The FTIR spectrum of IONPs showed bands at 3313 ​cm−1, and 1636 ​cm−1 revealed the protein's involvement in the formation and capping of nanoparticles. The EDX showed the presence of iron elements in the biosynthesized IONPs, and Zeta potential analysis indicated the high stability of IONPs (+33.9 ​mV). Biosynthesized IONPs exhibited good antibacterial activity against pathogenic bacteria as well as showed potent antioxidant activity. At the highest concentration (250 ​μg), the IONPs showed higher inhibition activity against S. aureus (12 ​± ​0.6 ​nm), E.coli (11.3 ​± ​1.2 ​nm), K.pneumonia (11.3 ​± ​0.6 ​nm), S.sonnie (11.3 ​± ​0.6 ​nm), and P.aeruginosa (11.3 ​± ​0.6 ​nm). IONPs also exhibited antioxidant potential against DPPH radical compared with ascorbic acid with IC50 values of 12.2 ​μg/mL. In conclusion, the biosynthesized IONPs from Penicillium spp. demonstrated the potential biomedical application such as antimicrobial and anticancer agents in the future.

Biogenic iron oxide nanoparticles and activated sodium persulphate for hydrocarbon remediation in contaminated soil

Biogenic iron oxide nanoparticles synthesized from a locally sourced, readily available plant — Azadirachta indica, were used synergistically with sodium persulphate (PS) to degrade total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPHs) in contaminated soil. A chemometric approach to optimizing the conditions for the degradation of TPH was developed using central composite design (CCD). Characterization of iron oxide nanoparticles was carried out with X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), and selected electron area diffraction (SAED). Analysis of TPH was carried out with gas chromatography flame ionization detector (GC-FID). The optimum condition for the complete degradation of TPH was achieved at pH 6.0 and oxidant dosage of 0.74 M within 14 h and 5 days. Iron nanoparticles AZA FeNP (1:1) and AZA FeNP (2:1) were synthesized by varying the ratio of extract/precursor. The nanoparticles displayed heterogeneous, amorphous morphology with increased agglomeration in AZA FeNP (1:1). AZA FeNP (2:1) XRD spectra exhibited characteristic peaks at 27.0°, 35.4° and 44.5°, which are attributed to iron nanoparticles. TEM and HR-TEM images confirmed spherical nanoclusters’ presence with an average size of 9.3 and 10.0 nm for AZA FeNP (1:1) and AZA FeNP (2:1), respectively. The EDX spectra displayed intense peaks of oxygen, carbon, and iron at 0.4, 0.6 and 6.4 KeV confirming the presence of FeNP. Under optimized conditions, PS alone degraded 68% TPH while 0.07 and 0.15 g/L FeNP achieved ∼93 and 95% degradation, respectively. Additionally, 0.07 and 0.15 g/L FeNP-activated PS achieved ∼99 and 100% TPH degradation, respectively. The outcome of these findings suggests that FeNP synthesized using A. indica successfully catalyzed PS for complete degradation of TPH in crude oil-contaminated soil.

Synthesis and characterization of iron oxide nanoparticles (Fe2O3, Fe3O4): a brief review

The iron oxides (Fe3O4, Fe2O3, and their polymorphs) with nano dimensions have many interesting applications in various fields, like biomedical, electronics, etc. This is due to the fact that nanomaterials have unique magnetic and physiological properties as compared to bulk materials. Synthesis is the most important parameter in developing crystalline polymorphs of iron oxide with desirable and distinctive properties that make them suitable for technological applications. In this review, we have briefly discussed the methods of synthesis of iron oxide nanoparticles (chemical, physical and biosynthesis techniques) with quite interesting outcomes reported in earlier literature. The different characterization tools and concerns for iron oxide nanoparticles are also elaborated. Abbreviations: AFM, atomic force microscopy; 3D, three dimensions; DLS, dynamic light scattering; FCS, fluorescence correlation spectroscopy; FTIR, Fourier transform infrared; IR, infrared; MS, mass spectroscopy; NMs, nanomaterials; NMR, nuclear magnetic resonance; NPs, nanoparticles; SEM, scanning electron microscopy; STM, scanning tunnelling microscopy; TEM, transmission electron microscopy; XRD, X-ray diffraction.

Synthesis and Characterization of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles Using Syzygium aromaticum Extracts and their Activity on Organic Dye and Phytopathogen

In present study, biosynthesis of iron oxide nanoparticles using clove (Syzygium aromaticum) extracts was performed and characterized. The activity of the biosynthesized iron oxide nanoparticles was evaluated against phytopathogen (Colletotrichum falcatum) and the result showed that the biogenic nanoparticles produced antifungal activity on the test organism. The photocatalytic activity of the present study revealed a rapid and efficient degradation of methylene blue within 0.5 h.

Synthesis and characterization of α-Fe2O3/γ-Fe2O3-nanoparticles from recyclable electro-coagulated sludge: insights and predictions for different application

This research work reports on the synthesis and characterization of iron oxide nanoparticles from sludge. Precipitates generated from the electro-coagulation process were collected, size reduced, beneficiated, and thermally treated in an inert atmosphere to form iron oxide nanoparticles. Structural, surface, and optical properties of raw and thermally treated sludge were examined using XRD, SEM, FTIR, UV/Vis, TGA/DTA, and Zeta Potential. The X-ray diffraction pattern confirmed that as the sludge is annealed at a temperature of 100, 300, 500, and 800 °C, the phase transformed to goethite, magnetite, maghemite, and hematite respectively. Pure hematite weere formed at the highest temperature. The crystallite size of hematite nanoparticle was calculated using the two most intense diffraction peaks and found to be about 30.4 nm at 800 °C and 28.3 nm at 500 °C. The SEM micrograph for heat-treated powered has an irregular shape with rough and porous surfaces leading to the best adsorptive feature. The optical band gap was found to be 2.06, 1.98, and 2.00 eV for 300 °C, 500 °C, and 800 °C heat-treated samples respectively. These findings can be an input to the industrialists and environmentalists that controlled sludge recycling mechanisms during wastewater treatment is beneficial in terms of cost and sustainability. Furthermore, an integrated wastewater treatment system with resource recycling technology at the initial stage of the installation could be made.

Auto-combustion Synthesis and Characterization of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles (α-Fe2O3) for Removal of Lead Ions from Aqueous Solution

In this work, iron oxide nanoparticles (hematite; α-Fe2O3) were fabricated by using an auto-combustion technique with fuels: hexamine, urea and a mixture of them with the molar ratio as the following: (Fe:H:U = 1:2.5:0, 1:0:0.42 and 1:1.25:0.21) according to the rule of the combustion method. The as-fabricated iron oxide nanoparticles calcined at 500 °C for 30 min. the obtained iron oxide nanoparticles were characterized by using various tools such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). The results of XRD confirmed that the formation of the rhombohedral crystal structure of the synthesized iron oxide in the form of hematite (α-Fe2O3) after calcination. The extracted data from XRD and TEM techniques showed that the average particles and crystallite sizes of the fabricated hematite nanoparticles (FHU5 sample) was estimated to be about 35.43 nm and 36 nm, respectively. According to the FTIR spectra of the calcined FU5, FH5 and FHU5 samples, the bands at 439 cm−1 and 545 cm−1 are related to the vibration modes of Fe-O inside Fe2O3 lattice. The adsorption capacity of the calcined iron oxide nano-adsorbent (α-Fe2O3; FH5 sample) was examined at different parameters for the removal Pb2+ from aqueous media and the optimum conditions were determined. The extracted data showed that the removal of lead ions increased with the rise of pH value (4–6). The optimum conditions were found: pH 5.5, 120 min and 50 mg of the fabricated α-Fe2O3 at 25 °C. The models of adsorption isotherm and adsorption kinetics are used for the description of the removal leads ions over the calcined α-Fe2O3 nanoparticles. The thermodynamics factors are investigated for the removal of the lead ions over the fabricated hematite nanoparticles (α-Fe2O3).

Synthesis and characteristics of CMK-3 modified with magnetite nanoparticles for application in hydrogen storage

In this work, we report the synthesis and characterization of iron oxide nanoparticles supported in nanostructured carbon (CMK-3). This material is promising in the application of hydrogen adsorption for energy storage. The material with iron oxide nanoparticles (Fe-CMK-3) was successfully synthesized and characterized by X-ray diffraction, textural properties analysis, transmission and scanning electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and magnetization studies. A large amount of the iron incorporated as iron oxide nanoparticles was in the magnetite phase. The incorporation of magnetite on the CMK-3 carbon surface significantly improved the storage capacity of hydrogen (4.45 wt% at 77 K and 10 bar) compared with the CMK-3 framework alone (2.20 wt% at 77 K and 10 bar). The synthesized material is promising for hydrogen adsorption by weak bond forces (physisorption). A hydrogen adsorption mechanism was proposed in which the nanoparticles of magnetite have an important role.

Synthesis and Characterization of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles with Enhanced Magnetization Using Pluronic F-127

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Green synthesis and characterization of iron oxide nanoparticles by pheonix dactylifera leaf extract and evaluation of their antioxidant activity

The development of green nanotechnology is generating research interest in the ecological biosynthesis of nanoparticles (NPs). In this study, the biosynthesis of stable iron nanoparticles was carried out using Phoenix dactylifera L. extract which is able to reduce iron ions to iron nanoparticles. The process comprises maceration extraction overnight and heat treatment of the extract with iron chloride (FeCl3) at 70 °C for 1 h. X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) were used for nanoparticle characterization. The stability of the bioreduced iron nanoparticle was analyzed using UV-VIS absorption spectra, and their antioxidant and anti-radical activities were measured against PhosPhoMolybdate (PPM) and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH), respectively. The results demonstrate that ecological biosynthesis of 2–30 nm stable iron nanoparticles of size with antioxidant activity can be achieved suggesting their possible applications.

Characterization of iron oxide nanoparticles from the leaf extract of piper betle by green synthesis method


 
 
 In this present study, Iron Oxide nano particles were synthesized by using Green method. For this synthesis on Iron oxide, the leaf extract of piper betle was used as a reducing agent and FeCl3 as a precursor. Thus, they were characterized by XRD, SEM,EDX and FTIR. The parity of Fe2O3 nano particles was confirmed by EDX. The crystalline size of Iron Oxide nano particles was analyzed using X-ray Diffraction (XRD) spectrum. The functional groups are identified in Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). The surface morphology of the Iron Oxide Nano particles is found from Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The optical properties are determined by using UV-Visible Spectroscopy. Thus, the so-formed nano particles were Fe2O3.
 
 

Synthesis and characterization of iron oxide nanoparticles capped with Moringa Oleifera: The mechanisms of formation effects on the optical, structural, magnetic and morphological properties

We successfully studied the synthesis of biocompatible and eco-friendly single route method for the subjugation of ferric chloride solution using a natural extract from Moringa Oleifera (MO) as an implied capping agent. We compared the significant effect of the sundry (SD) and room temperature (RT) on the biochemical properties of the MO as a capping agent. The physicochemical properties of the effects in the mechanism of preparation of FeO-NPs were studied using XRD, FTIR, SEM and VSM. The characterization results showed that the mechanism of formation has momentous influences on the formation of the phase spinel as well as on its physical properties for biomedical applications. The SEM gave an average particle diameter of 16–18 nm for the RT sample while the SD sample gave a size of 18–20 nm. The XRD showed a crystallinity with BCC lattice shape for the RT sample while the SD exhibit quasi-crystalline. The magnetic properties investigated by VSM gave no hysteresis loop indicating the superparamagnetic behaviors with 72.07 emu/g values of saturation magnetization with negligible remanence and coercivity values for the RT sample. The structural and superparamagnetic properties of synthesized MO-FeO-NPs coupled with their favorable particle size obtained in the investigation of the particles from RT-MO induced gave it a good method compared to SD-MO for discrete biomedical applications such as drug delivery.

Selective synthesis and characterization of iron oxide nanoparticles via PVA/PVP polymer blend as structure-directing agent

FexOy nanoparticles have been prepared by hydrothermal technique in the absence and presence of 5% polymer blend of PVA/PVP as structure-directing agent. The as-prepared nanoparticles have been characterized by powder x-ray diffraction (XRD), ultraviolet visible light spectroscopy (UV–Vis), Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) analysis, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). TEM, and HRTEM results revealed that the as-prepared nanoparticles were single crystalline and had semi-spherical morphology. Also, the results revealed that the presence of the polymer blend served as a structural controlling agent as the presence of the polymer blend produced Fe3O4 (magnetite) nanoparticles selectively rather than γ-Fe2O3 (maghemite) nanoparticles. The reasons behind the impact of polymer blend were investigated. This method represents a facile and polymorphs-selective synthesis of iron oxide nanoparticles for different applications.

Characterization of iron oxide nanoparticles by means of single-particle ICP-mass spectrometry (SP-ICP-MS) – chemical versus physical resolution to overcome spectral overlap

In this work, different single-particle ICP-MS (SP-ICP-MS) approaches, relying on either chemical or physical resolution to overcome spectral overlap, have been assessed for their utility in the characterization of iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs).

Bioinspired synthesis and activity characterization of iron oxide nanoparticles made using Rhamnus Triquetra leaf extract

The present study reports a facile, green, low cost and ecofriendly route for the formation of IONPs using Rhamnus triquetra (RT) leaves extract. The color change of the reaction mixture from dark brown to reddish black determined the formation of IONPs which was further confirmed by the presence of an absorbance peak at 300 nm. The IONPs were further characterized using various characterization techniques; SEM, TEM, XRD, DLS, FT-IR, EDX and Raman. The bioactive functional groups available in the leaves extract of RT involved in reduction and stabilization of IONPs were determined by FTIR analysis. The IONPs were further evaluated for anticancer activity against HepG2 cancer cells (IC50: 11.2 μg ml−1). Dose-dependent cytotoxicity assays were performed against Leishmanial amastigotes (IC50: 25.09 μg ml−1) and promastigotes (IC50: 11.54 μg ml−1). Additionally, cytotoxicity assay was determined against brine shrimps (IC50: 35.37 μg ml−1). Disc-diffusion method displayed significant antibacterial and antifungal activities. Significant antioxidants and enzyme inhibition potentials were revealed. The biocompatibility tests were done against human RBCs and macrophages. Overall, IONPs are non-toxic and shown potential role in multiple biological application. We hope, that the present study could be a helpful contribution and will open new avenues for diverse fields including drug design, pharmaceutical and biomedical industries.

Biological synthesis of iron oxide nanoparticles and evaluation of its antibacterial and antioxidant property

Iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) have become a great interest among the researcher as it has a broad range of advantageous application in the pharmaceutical industries as well as healthcare settings. The present study was focused on the synthesis of IONPs from the aqueous extract of Piper betle leaves belongs to the genus Piper of the family Piperaceae and to evaluate the antibacterial activity against various pathogens. IONPs were synthesized from Piper betle leaf extract using 3mM of iron (III) chloride (FeCl3). The characterization of IONPs was done through UV-Vis spectroscopy, TEM, FTIR, and Zeta potential analysis. Then, the synthesized IONPs were tested for antibacterial activity against five different pathogens, which are Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Salmonella typhi, Escherichia coli, and Vibrio Cholera. The synergistic effect of IONPs were evaluated with ceftriaxone, gentamicin and amoxicillin. Furthermore antioxidant activity was determined using DPPH assay. The maximum absorption peak of IONPs was found at 320 nm through UV-Vis spectroscopy. The synthesized IONPs were spherical in shape with size ranges from 10 - 15 nm through TEM analysis. From FTIR spectroscopy, significant peaks were observed and showed the presence of a hydroxyl group, amine, alkane, amide, and nitrile groups, respectively. Zeta potential analysis showed IONPs were stable. The synthesized IONPs showed significant antibacterial activity against all the selected pathogens. The maximum zone of inhibition was observed on Vibrio cholera increased as the concentration of the IONPS increased. The IONPs exhibited a good synergistic effect with ceftriaxone as compared to gentamicin and amoxicillin. The IONPs showed good antioxidant properties through DPPH assay at 40 µg/ml. The IONPs were successfully synthesized from Piper betle leaf extract, which demonstrated significant antibacterial activity against various bacterial pathogens and also exhibited good antioxidant activity.

Microstructural and Magnetic Characterization of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles Fabricated by Pulsed Wire Evaporation

The iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) fabricated by pulsed wire evaporation were characterized by analytical electron microscopy and magnetic properties measurement system (MPMS). The IONPs produced at various charging voltages (2.6, 5.0 and 6.3 kV) exhibited the average size of 48 nm and the differences in shape, i.e., spherical (83%) and hexagonal (17%) structures. The hexagonal nanoparticles showed single-crystalline magnetite (Fe3O4) with major facets made of {111} planes. The chemical shifts in core–shell nanoparticles were observed by electron energy loss spectroscopy, indicating a dependency of the edge position related to the oxidation state of Fe. From the MPMS, the saturation magnetization and the coercivity of IONPs were measured to be 64 emu/g and 37 Oe at 300 K, respectively. The results provide useful information for the relationship between the nanostructure and magnetic behavior. TEM images of iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) fabricated by pulsed wire evaporation. Two distinct shapes of IONPs can be seen, i.e., hexagonal and core/shell structures. The hexagonal nanoparticles showed single-crystalline Fe3O4 magnetite with major facets made of {111} planes, while the core/shell nanoparticle consisted of Fe core and Fe3O4 shell. By magnetic property measurement system (MPMS), the saturation magnetization and the coercivity were measured to be 64 emu/g and 37 Oe at 300 K, respectively. This study provides the possibility for developing novel and various IONPs with unprecedented structures and/or magnetic properties.

Green Route Synthesis and Preliminary Characterization of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles using Leaf Extract of Ocimum tenuiflorum

Green route synthesis of iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) was successfully carried out using leaf extract of Ocimum tenuiflorum (Ram Tulsi variety). The synthesis method employed was found to be easy and made use of simple precursors. The IONPs thus formed were magnetic in nature and easily recovered from the solution. Preliminary characterization of the synthesized IONPs was carried out using UV-Visible spectroscopy. The spectrum exhibited characteristic absorption peak at 282 nm corresponding to magnetite (Fe3 O4 ). FTIR spectrum showed formation of IONPs with distinct absorption bands assigned to the Fe-O bond stretching. XRD spectrum confirmed formation of magnetite along with α-Fe2 O3 . Further studies using TEM indicated presence of nanospheres and nanoellipsoids. Nanospheres were found to range from 3-5 nm and nanoellipsoids were of the dimensions of 100-200 nm in length and 20-30 nm in diameter. The dye degradation capacity of the synthesized IONPs revealed high reactivity and efficiency of dye removal showing their potential as nanocatalysts. The synthesis method reported here was found to generate two different phases of IONPs viz. magnetite (Fe3 O4 ) and hematite (α-Fe2 O3 ) both of which possess important biomedical and environmental applications.

Solanum tuberosum extract mediated synthesis and characterization of iron oxide nanoparticles for their antibacterial and antioxidant activity

In the present study, the potential of aqueous extract of Solanum tuberosum for synthesis of Iron Oxide nanoparticles (Fe3O4) was evaluated. An eco-friendly synthesis of iron oxide nanoparticles and characteristics of the obtained Fe3O4 nanoparticles were studied using Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis), Fourier Transform Infra-Red Spectroscopy (FTIR), Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). The synthesized Iron oxide nanoparticles were effectively utilized for the antibacterial activity and antioxidant studies. The rapid biological synthesis of iron oxide nanoparticles using the extract of S. tuberosum provides an environment friendly, simple and efficient route. From the results, it is suggested that synthesized Iron Oxide could be used effective in future biomedical engineering.
 Keywords: Antibacterial, Antioxidant, Iron oxide (Fe3O4) nanoparticles, Solanum tuberosum.

One-step green synthesis and characterization of iron oxide nanoparticles using aqueous leaf extract of Teucrium polium and their catalytic application in dye degradation

Green synthesis of materials have received increasing attentions in the field of nanotechnology due to its characteristics of low-cost, high-efficiency, non-toxicity, and eco-friendly manner. In the present study, iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) were successfully synthesized using aqueous leaf extract of Teucrium polium as a low-cost and simple green technique to evaluate their effective applicability as dye degradation nanomaterial. The synthesis part comprises the reaction of Fe3+ to obtain spherical-shaped iron oxide nanoparticles with sizes in the range of 5.68 to 30.29 nm, which were further characterized using various techniques such as transmission electron microscopy (TEM), particle size analysis (PSA), x-ray diffraction pattern (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Additionally, the dye degradation activity of these nanoparticles was studied with the degradation of model dye methyl orange (MO). Remarkably, the results showed that the green synthesized IONPs were able to decolorize MO dye with 73.6% efficiency in a 6-h reaction, and so have the potential to serve as effective catalyst for environmental remediation.