Characterization Of Chitin Research Articles

Extraction and Quality Control of Chitin and Chitosan from Shrimp (Vanami) Litophenause Vanamei Shells Wastes

Objective/Background: The biological value of chitin and chitosan obtained from shrimp, such as physiological compatibility, non-toxicity, bio digestibility, absorption and chelating capacity, depends on qualitative parameters that are directly related to raw material source. This study was carried out to investigate extraction and characterization of chitin and chitosan from shrimp Litophenause vanamei shells wastes. Methods: Chitin and chitosan was extracted and characterized from shrimp L. vanamei shells found in Iran, using conventional methods of pretreatment, demineralization, and deacetylation. In this study, commercial shrimp L. vanamei shell was used to extract chitin and chitosan. Results: The degree of deacetylation of shrimp chitosan (49%) is directly related to solubility of chitosan. Chitosan is considered to have excellent biological value with these qualitative parameters. The yield of shrimp chitosan was 13.96%. Conclusion: These results showed that use of shrimp shell waste to produce chitin and chitosan will have more economic and biological value along with reducing environmental pollution.

Investigation on novel chitin and chitosan from dung beetle Heteronitis castelnaui (Harold, 1865) and its potential application for organic dyes removal from aqueous solution

Chitosan, a natural polysaccharide, has attracted considerable attention as an environmentally friendly and highly efficient adsorbent for dye removal. It is usually produced by deacetylation or partial deacetylation of chitin. However, conventional sources of chitin and chitosan are limited, prompting the need for alternative sources with improved adsorption capabilities. Herein, this study focuses on exploring a novel chitin and chitosan source derived from the dung beetle and evaluates its potential for organic dye removal from aqueous solutions. The research involves the extraction and characterization of chitin and chitosan from dung beetle Heteronitis castelnaui (Harold, 1865) using various analytical techniques, including SEM, FT-IR, TGA, XRD, NMR, deacetylation degree and elemental analysis. The chitosan obtained was used for the formation of hydrogels with sodium alginate via cross-linking with calcium chloride. And then the prepared hydrogels were evaluated for its adsorption capacity through batch adsorption experiments using methylene blue as a model pollutant. The adsorption capacity for methylene blue was 1294.3 mg/g at room temperature with solution pH = 12, MB concentration of 1800 mg/L. Furthermore, the kinetics of the adsorption process were analyzed using pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order models to understand the rate of adsorption. The maximum adsorption capacities were determined using Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models. This study provides valuable insights for the development of sustainable dye adsorption technologies, specifically investigating a novel chitosan source derived from the dung beetle.

Pengaruh Ukuran Partikel dan Suhu Terhadap Derajat Asetilasi dan Yield Pada Ekstraksi Kitin dari Belalang Melalui Green Method

Grasshoppers are insects that are pests for agriculture. In recent years, humans have begun to realize the broader economic value of insects, which are not only used as animal feed but also as sustainable biopolymers, such as chitin and chitosan. Grasshoppers' body organs contain chitin, including the digestive tract (intestine), trachea system, and exoskeleton (outer skeleton). Currently, the chitin extraction process using the green method with Deep Eutectic Solvent (DES) is more popular because it reduces the use of dangerous chemicals, reduces waste, and is overall more environmentally friendly than using chemical and biological methods. In the chitin extraction process, process parameters, such as reaction time, temperature, and particle size of the raw material, are adjusted to obtain the desired properties of chitin. This research aims to determine the effect of particle size and temperature on chitin yield and degree of acetylation (DA). The research results show that the yield values ​​and DA values ​​produced in this research are not by similar references which have described the characteristics of chitin. However, there is one sample showing that the most optimal DA value is the BSC 7 150 mesh 90°C sample, at wavelengths of 1560 cm-1 and 2875 cm-1, producing a DA value of 55.79514% and DD 44.20485933%. The best yield value was BSC 2 110°C 50 mesh, with a value of 22.1%.

Preparation and characterization of chitin and chitosan from different parts of desert locust (Schistocerca gregaria)

Preparation and characterization of chitin and chitosan from different parts of desert locust (Schistocerca gregaria)

Characterization of chitin and description of its antimicrobial properties obtained from Cydalima perspectalis adults

Chitin is the most abundant biopolymer group after cellulose and forms the exoskeleton of arthropods, the largest animal group. The morphology of chitin differs between and within species. In this study, we determined the physicochemical and biological activity of chitin samples obtained from different body parts of the boxwood moth Cydalima perspectalis for its application as a biotechnological material. The collected chitin samples were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and elemental analysis. FTIR confirms that the isolation of chitin is successful. The SEM results showed that the surface morphology of the obtained chitins was both fibrous and porous and had a rough surface. As a result of the elemental analysis, the %N values of chitins were calculated as 6.60 on average, and the values were shown to be close to each other. We also investigated the biocompatibility and antimicrobial properties of these chitin samples. We used L929 (mouse fibroblast) cells to perform indirect cytotoxicity experiments and investigated their viability by performing the MTT assay. Our findings showed that the samples had no cytotoxic effect on the L929 cells at 24, 48, and 72 h. The cytotoxic study showed that Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus bacteria, and Candida albican fungi adhered to chitin surfaces regarding biofilm production. The chitin contents were determined as 21.02% for the head, 5.74% for the body, 32.22% for the wing, 33.53% for the legs, and 2.65% for the pupal shell. Chitin is a material with high potential for use in various fields. Our findings suggested that Cydalima perspectalis can be used as an alternative source of chitin in biomedical applications.

From Food Waste to Functional Biopolymers: Characterization of Chitin and Chitosan Produced from Prepupae of Black Soldier Fly Reared with Different Food Waste-Based Diets.

The use of food waste as a rearing substrate to grow insects is an ecofriendly and sustainable alternative to food waste disposal. In the present research, Hermetia illucens prepupae were reared with a standard diet, different food waste-based diets based on vegetables, fruits, and meat, and a mixed one, where the previous three components were present equally. The demineralization and deproteination of the prepupae allowed for the obtainment of chitin that was then deacetylated to produce chitosan. Also, the bleaching of chitosan was attempted for further purification. The yield of the different reactions was investigated, and the infrared spectra of the obtained materials were analyzed to obtain information on the quantity and acetylation degree trend of the chitin and chitosan as a function of the diet. The possibility to slightly modulate the yield and acetylation degree of both biopolymers thanks to the specific diet was enlightened. Interestingly, the standard diet resulted in the highest fraction of chitin having the highest acetylation degree, and in the highest fraction of chitosan having the lowest acetylation degree.

Nutritional value and characteristics of chitin from slipper lobster (Thenus orientalis) for functional food ingredient

Slipper lobster lives on the bottom of sandy marine waters. The nutritional content and utilization of its large carapace (50%) can be converted into chitin. However, the potential of it has not been fully utilized due to the lack of biological information and nutritional value. This study aims to determine the nutritional content of Slipper lobster and determine the characteristics of its chitin. This research used a descriptive method. Parameters observed include morphology, proportion, chemical composition, and deacetylation degree. The result showed that Slipper lobster weighs about 80-240 g with a length of 15.2-24.7 cm, with a carapace percentage of 53.85% greater than the percentage of meat at 34.98%. tThe nutritional values of carapace and meat were protein 37.90%, 88.10%, fat 0.08%, 0,26%, carbohydrate 0.31%, 3.94%, fiber 6.28%, 1.38%, ash 55.43%, 6.32%, and water 41.95%, 77.19%, respectively. Furthermore, deacetylation degree of chitins was 64.10% which had a water content of 3.50%, ash 5.85%, and minerals potassium 6.75 mg/L, calcium 114.95 mg/L, sodium 15.65 mg/L, and iron 0.95 mg/L. This data showed that Slipper lobster has potential as a functional food ingredients, such as a protein isolates and hydrolysates, but the characteristics of chitin can be improved through chitosan extraction process.

The Use of Chitin from the Molts of Mealworm (Tenebrio molitor) for the Removal of Anionic and Cationic Dyes from Aqueous Solutions.

The possibility of using chitin from the molts of an insect-ealworm (Tenebrio molitor) to remove anionic (RB5, RY84) and cationic dyes (BV10, BR46) from aqueous solutions was investigated. The scope of the research included, among others: Characteristics of chitin from mealworms (FTIR, SEM, pHPZC), the effect of pH on sorption efficiency, sorption kinetics (pseudo-first, pseudo-second order, intramolecular diffusion models) and the determination of the maximum sorption capacity (Langmuir and Freundlich models). The sorption efficiency of anionic dyes on chitin from mealworm was the highest at pH 2-3, and for cationic dyes at pH 6. The equilibrium time of sorption of anionic dyes was 240-300 min and for cationic dyes it was 180-240 min. The experimental data on dye sorption kinetics was best described by the pseudo-second order model. The maximum sorption capacity of chitin from the mealworm for the anionic dyes RB5 and RY84 was 121.15 mg/g and 138.55 mg/g, respectively, and was higher than with some carbon-based materials (literature data). In the case of cationic dyes, the sorption capacity of the tested chitin was lower and reached 3.22 mg/g and 59.56 mg/g for BV10 and BR46, respectively.

Extraction and Characterization of Chitin and Chitosan from Tenebrio Molitor Beetles and Investigation of its Antibacterial Effect Against Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

Chitin and chitosan are utilized in many industries such as pharmacy, biotechnology, and medicine. The mealworm beetle, Tenebrio Molitor, is simply breaded and does not require a vast production space. In this study, we extracted chitin and chitosan using two different methods from Tenebrio Molitor adult beetles. Then we studied their physical and chemical properties along with their antibacterial effect. Using two new methods we extracted 13, 3%, and 17.7% chitin from the dry mealworm beetle which was higher than in previous studies. The chitosan yield of the extracted chitin was 78.26% and 76.43%, respectively. The observed FTIR peaks for chitin and chitosan in this study were in accordance with the characteristic peaks. The degree of acetylation of chitin was 95.09% and 92.55% and the degree of deacetylation was 75.84%, and 72.6% from the first and second methods, respectively. The extracted chitosan also showed an antibacterial effect against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Our study demonstrated that chitin and chitosan extracted from adult mealworm beetles could be considered as a replacement for commercial chitosan and needs further studies.

Extraction and Characterization of Chitin and Chitosan from Penaeus Monodon and its Application for Water Purification: An Approach to Utilize Waste

This study was conducted to elucidate the uses of chitosan extracted from Penaeus monodon. Chitosan is a natural polysaccharide that shapes structural additives inside the exoskeleton of crustaceans. In this research, chitin and chitosan had been extracted from the Penaeus monodon exoskeleton via the chemical system through a series of steps which include demineralization, deproteinization, and deacetylation. The chitosan received by the deacetylation system turned into analyzed for biochemical parameters like protein, lipid, carbohydrate, ash, moisture, degree of deacetylation, water binding capacity (WBC), fats binding capacity (FBC), and solubility. The statistics show that chitin contains 3.82% protein, 1.24% lipid, 68.45% carbohydrate, 2.9% ash, 9.6% moisture content, 67.60% DD, 640% WBC, 420% FBC, and 99% solubility which were higher than chitosan. The textile effluent was treated with extracted chitosan and chitosan membrane for 30 days. Maximum decolourization (55.56 to 95.75%) of the effluent occurs with 2 g of chitosan. This study concluded that chitosan is a promising absorbent for removing colour from textile effluent.

A study on the extraction of chitin and chitosan from the invasive sea urchin Diadema setosum from Iskenderun Bay in the Northeastern Mediterranean.

This work presents, for the first time, the extraction and characterization of chitin and chitosan from the testa (T) and spines (S) of the invasive sea urchin (Diadema setosum) from the İskenderun Bay in the Northeastern Mediterranean. Testa chitin (T-CT), spine chitin (S-CT), testa chitosan (T-CS), and spine chitosan (S-CS) were isolated following demineralization, deproteinization (chitin), and deacetylation (chitosan). The yield of chitin extraction from dry sea urchin testa (T-CT) and spines (S-CT) were 57.2 ± 1.43% and 67.1 ± 0.17%, respectively. The yield of chitosan produced from extracted testa (T-CS) and spines (S-CS) chitin were 87.3 ± 1.82% and 74.04 ± 1.27%, respectively. Degree of deacetylation (DD%) value were calculated using FT-IR (84.19% and 85.80%), resulting in a high DD. They were perfectly soluble in acidic solution. We also characterized the isolated chitin (T-CT and S-CT) and chitosan (T-CS and S-CS) by determining its physicochemical properties using X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and scanning electron microscope analysis (SEM). Overall, the results indicated that the preparation of chitin and chitosan from the invasive sea urchin testa and spines could open the opportunity for the value-added seafood waste to be utilized in a wide range of practical applications such as medicine, pharmaceutical, and biotechnology.

Extraction and characterization of chitin and chitosan from Nile tilapia scale in Lake Chamo, Arba Minch and their application in clarification of apple juice

AbstractFish and seafood processing industries generate large quantities of waste, which are at the origin of several environmental, economic and social problems. However, fish waste contains high value‐added substances such as collagen, gelatin, chitin and chitosan. In Ethiopia, Arba Minch is one of the leading areas of fish production zone, and hence, everyday lot of fish waste has been generated due to this. This work has focused on the extraction and characterization of chitin and chitosan from fish wastes (Nile tilapia). The chitin and chitosan extracted were characterized by analyzing parameters such as percentage yield, moisture and ash content, solubility, degree of deacetylation, water binding capacity, fat binding capacity, intrinsic viscosity and Molecular weight (Mw). The results obtained from this study show that the yield of chitin and chitosan was 29.88 ± 0.01% and 15.87 ± 0.14%, respectively. The moisture and ash content, DD, solubility, FBC, WBC, intrinsic viscosity and Mw of the extracted chitosan were found to be 6.79 ± 0.40%, 1.22 ± 0.16%, 85.25 ± 0.28%, 94.3 ± 0.99%, 391.17 ± 0.13%, 461.34 ± 0.42%, 6.832 ± 0.0101 and 3514.730 ± 1.1 g/mol, respectively. The chitosan was then employed for apple juice clarification and the reduction in total soluble solids value from (12.67 to 9.20), titratable acidity (2.38 to 1.61) and turbidity (320.2 to 86.6) after treatments have confirmed their effectiveness on apple juice clarification. The reduction in titratable acidity has been supported by increase in pH value (3.19 to 4.29). The sensory evaluation of control juice and chitosan‐added juice samples was performed, and it has been observed that chitosan concentration of up to 0.25 g/L was well accepted by the consumers.Novelty impact statement The current study is the first kind of attempt to analyze the different physicochemical properties of chitin and chitosan obtained from Nile tilapia fish scale wastes, from Lake Chamo, Arba Minch. It also throws light on how fish scale wastes can be converted into useful products like chitin and chitosan. The application of extracted chitosan in apple juice clarification has been successfully demonstrated in the study.

Comparative study on extraction and characterization of chitin and chitosan from prawn and crab species collected from local water bodies of Bhopal

Chitin is the main component in the exoskeleton of all Prawn and Crab species and it a biopolymer having the structure almost identical as that of cellulose. The current study focuses on the extraction and characterization of Chitin and chitosan from the exoskeleton of local Prawn and Crab species by sequence of chemical processes involving demineralization, deproteinization and deacetylation. Crustacean Chitin and chitosan having more biological value such as physiological, non¬-toxicity, bio-digestibility, compatibility, absorption etc. these biological value of chitosan depend on the quality parameters which is related to source of raw material. The obtained chitin was transformed into most useful soluble chitosan. The results obtained showed there is quite difference in the appearance (demineralization product), weight of chitin, percentage of chitin, product appearance and solubility of studied Prawn and crab species.

Characterization of chitin and chitosan derived from Hermetia illucens, a further step in a circular economy process

Due to their properties and applications, the growing demand for chitin and chitosan has stimulated the market to find more sustainable alternatives to the current commercial source (crustaceans). Bioconverter insects, such as Hermetia illucens, are the appropriate candidates, as chitin is a side stream of insect farms for feed applications. This is the first report on production and characterization of chitin and chitosan from different biomasses derived from H. illucens, valorizing the overproduced larvae in feed applications, the pupal exuviae and the dead adults. Pupal exuviae are the best biomass, both for chitin and chitosan yields and for their abundance and easy supply from insect farms. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscope analysis revealed the similarity of insect-derived polymers to commercial ones in terms of purity and structural morphology, and therefore their suitability for industrial and biomedical applications. Its fibrillary nature makes H. illucens chitin suitable for producing fibrous manufacts after conversion to chitin nanofibrils, particularly adults-derived chitin, because of its high crystallinity. A great versatility emerged from the evaluation of the physicochemical properties of chitosan obtained from H. illucens, which presented a lower viscosity-average molecular weight and a high deacetylation degree, fostering its putative antimicrobial properties.

Extraction and characterization of chitin from Oratosquilla oratoria shell waste and its application in Brassica campestris L.ssp.

Mantis shrimp waste (Oratosquilla oratoria) is a good source of chitin. The applicability of microwave-assisted organic acids and proteases for extracting chitin from mantis shrimp shell waste was evaluated, and the extracted-chitin was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Moreover, the effects of nanochitin on the growth of pak choi (Brassica campestris L.ssp.) were also investigated. The results indicated that alkaline protease (4000 U/g, microwave heating at 60°C, 10min) and malic acid (5%, 320W, 5min) exhibited excellent potential for deproteinizing and demineralizing shells. The deproteinization and demineralization yields were 92.78% and 94.11%, respectively, and the chitin yield was 15.6%. The extracted-chitin had a highly porous structure and exhibited excellent crystallinity and thermostability compared with chitin prepared by traditional chemical methods. Furthermore, 0.003% nanochitin significantly enhanced photosynthesis, which improved the pak choi fresh weight by 22.94%, and improved the accumulation of isothiocyanates in its leaves. This study provides an alternative approach for the high-value utilization of mantis shrimp waste, and reveals the potential of chitin for application in agricultural production.

Extraction and characterization of chitin, chitosan, and protein hydrolysate from the invasive Pacific blue crab, Portunus segnis (Forskål, 1775) having potential biological activities.

The diversity of marine biomasses is a set of exploitable and renewable resources with application in several sectors. In this context, a co-culture based on three protease-producing bacterial isolates, namely Aeribacillus pallidus VP3, Lysinibacillus fusiformis C250R, and Anoxybacillus kamchatkensis M1V strains, was carried out in a medium based on the blue swimming crab Portunus segnis bio-waste. Proteases production was optimized using a central composite design (CCD). The highest level of proteases production obtained was 8,809 U/mL in a medium comprising 75g/L of Portunus segnis by-product powder (Pspp). The biological value of Pspp and its obtained derivatives were evidenced via accredited protocols. The recovered protein hydrolysate (PHyd) was found to be active towards radical scavenging power and against angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE). The blue crab chitin (BC) extraction efficiency was achieved with a yield of 32%. Afterwards, chitosan was prepared through chitin N-deacetylation with a yield of 52%, leading to an acetylation degree (AD) of 19% and solubility of 90%. In addition, chitosan is found to be active against the growth of all pathogenic bacteria tested.

Antimicrobial Activity of Chemically and Biologically Treated Chitosan Prepared from Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia illucens) Pupal Shell Waste

Globally, the broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity of chitin and chitosan has been widely documented. However, very little research attention has focused on chitin and chitosan extracted from black soldier fly pupal exuviae, which are abundantly present as byproducts from insect-farming enterprises. This study presents the first comparative analysis of chemical and biological extraction of chitin and chitosan from BSF pupal exuviae. The antibacterial activity of chitosan was also evaluated. For chemical extraction, demineralization and deproteinization were carried out using 1 M hydrochloric acid at 100 °C for 2 h and 1 M NaOH for 4 h at 100 °C, respectively. Biological chitin extraction was carried out by protease-producing bacteria and lactic-acid-producing bacteria for protein and mineral removal, respectively. The extracted chitin was converted to chitosan via deacetylation using 40% NaOH for 8 h at 100 °C. Chitin characterization was done using FTIR spectroscopy, while the antimicrobial properties were determined using the disc diffusion method. Chemical and biological extraction gave a chitin yield of 10.18% and 11.85%, respectively. A maximum chitosan yield of 6.58% was achieved via chemical treatment. From the FTIR results, biological and chemical chitin showed characteristic chitin peaks at 1650 and 1550 cm−1—wavenumbers corresponding to amide I stretching and amide II bending, respectively. There was significant growth inhibition for Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, and Candida albicans when subjected to 2.5 and 5% concentrations of chitosan. Our findings demonstrate that chitosan from BSF pupal exuviae could be a promising and novel therapeutic agent for drug development against resistant strains of bacteria.

Extraction and Characterization of Chitin and Chitosan Biopolymer as Wound Healing Material Using Shrimp Shells

Wound refers to any damage or disruption to the normal anatomical structure. In our everyday pathology, wounds remains one of the demanding clinical problems with it related complications which increases mortality and morbidity rate yearly. In this study, chitin and chitosan were extracted from shrimp shells waste by chemical method, treated with an acid and an alkali which gave a yield of 12 % and 66.57 % respectively. The chemical extraction method included demineralization where the sample was treated with hydrochloric acid (HCL) under a specific temperature. The sample was then treated with sodium hydroxide (NaOH) to remove all the protein in the material at a specific temperature. To obtain the chitosan, the chitin was treated with 50% NaOH at a temperature of 1000C. E.coli proved to be more susceptible in antimicrobial studies with a value of 11.67± 0.47. The FTIR spectra gave a characteristic bands of –NH at 3430.09 cm-1, OH at 3256.32 cm-1.At 2960.75 cm-1, NH was attached to a single bond. The characteristics of produced chitosan were in accordance with the commercial standard that showed a higher percentile yield posing many properties of commercial value and greater scope of industrial applications. This study revealed that shrimp shell waste could be effectively utilized for the extraction of chitin, chitosan, and chitooligomer for industrial applications. The zone of inhibition study of E.coli shows that chitosan and COS may have a high antimicrobial property hence it usefulness in the wound healing management.

Extraction and Characterization of Chitin and Chitosan from Invasive Alien Swimming Crab Charybdis longicollis

Chitosan is a biocompatible, biodegradable, non-toxic, antibacterial, antioxidant, and antifungal natural polymer. In this study, chitin and chitosan were chemically isolated from the exoskeleton of invasive swimming crab Charybdis longicollis. In order to obtain the chitin, demineralization, deproteinization, and decolourization steps were applied to the samples. Chitosan was prepared from the isolated chitin by deacetylation at high temperatures. The chemical composition of chitin from C. longicollis was characterized by XRD and FTIR analysis. The yield of chitin extraction from dry crab shells was 25.78 %. The yield of chitosan produced from extracted chitin was 80.23 %. The experimental analyses revealed that the obtained chitin and chitosan could be used as biomaterial.

Studies on Chitosan, Chitin and Chitooligosaccharides and Their Biomedical Properties

Abstract Research in healthcare involves the use of natural resources in the manufacture of pharmaceutical products. Chito-oligosaccharides (CHOS) are described as homo- or heterooligomers of N-acetylglucosamine and D-glucosamine. As a starting material for CHOS production chitin or chitosan can be used. When it comes to the medical field, there are indications that CHOS may be developed and used as drugs against asthma, antibacterial agents, ingredients in wound-dressings and vectors in gene-therapy. The methods of production can rely on enzymatic conversions, chemical methods or combinations of these methods. There is ample literature concerning the biological effects of chitosans, but relatively little is known about the effects of CHOS, and the mechanisms behind observed bioactivities are generally poorly understood. This review is focused on the characterization of chitin and chitosan by presenting the biological properties, and on the enzymatic production of CHOS, and on further separation and purification methods for producing well-defined mixtures and also provides an overview of some of the most promising applications of CHOS.