Characteristics Of Acoustic Field Research Articles

Optical interferometry based acoustic field characterization using physics informed neural networks

The acousto-optic effect offers a non-contact way of measuring and visualizing acoustic fields in transparent fluids. Acoustic density fluctuations induce changes in the media's refractive index that can be measured using interferometry. While sensing methods based on acousto-optics have gathered increasing attention, many of such methods are only sensitive to projections of the acoustic field along the optical path, limiting the fields that can be characterized to one or two dimensions, or requiring complex experimental setups. Recently, reconstruction methods that abide by the physics of acoustic wave propagation showed unparalleled performance compared with classical reconstruction methods, reducing the sampling requirements and enabling to characterize three-dimensional acoustic fields. Nonetheless, such reconstruction methods rely on discrete approximations which might be poor at describing spatially complex fields. In this work we use physics-informed neural networks (PINNs) to estimate the acoustic pressure over space from interferometer measurements. The network is flexible enough to represent complex acoustic fields, while its output is constrained to fulfill the wave equation. Once trained on the data available for a given experiment, the PINN can estimate the acoustic pressure at arbitrary positions. The approach is tested in an experimental study, showing an improved performance compared with state-of-the-art reconstruction methods.

Marine compressed air source array acoustic field characterization from at-sea measurements: Long-range propagationa).

In 2007, the Littoral Acoustic Demonstration Center conducted a comprehensive experiment in the northern Gulf of Mexico to measure the three-dimensional acoustic field of a standard marine compressed-air source array used in seismic exploration. This study aims to enhance understanding of long-range acoustic propagation of the array signals, with focus on variations in received sound pressure levels and sound exposure levels (SELs) at various ranges from the source. These variations are influenced by factors, such as receiver depth, array orientation, and propagation conditions. The long-range measurements show that received peak pressure levels and SELs exhibit non-monotonic (oscillatory) behavior with range leading up to 10 dB increase in received levels at longer ranges. At ranges beyond 20 km, acoustic levels at the shallowest hydrophone consistently surpassed those at deeper ones by 3-10 dB, suggesting the impact of surface duct propagation effects. The results demonstrate that range-independent bathymetry leads to approximately 4 dB higher received acoustic levels than range-dependent propagation conditions. The measured long-range propagation acoustic metrics from controlled experiment provide a unique and critical dataset for validating both source and propagation model accuracy in predicting received sound pressure and SEL in the far-field of the source array.

Influences of densities and thermal temperatures of electron and beam fluids on the characteristics of the electron acoustic electrostatic fields and fluid energies

A model of nonlinear electron acoustic electrostatic plasma waves having electron beams has been investigated. The structure of Korteweg–de Vries soliton energy and the corresponding electrostatic field have been discussed. The parametric regimes for wave existence of compressive and rarefactive structures have been examined via auroral zone data. The effects of densities and thermal temperature of electrons and beams on the nature of the electrostatic field and fluid energies have been taken into account.

Failure evolution and instability prediction of fiber-reinforced polymer-confined cement mortar specimens under axial compression.

In geotechnical engineering, a large number of pillars are often left in underground space to support the overlying strata and protect the surface environment. To enhance pillar stability and prevent instability, this study proposes an innovative technology for pillar reinforcement. Specifically, local confinement of the pillar is achieved through fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) strips, resulting in the formation of a more stable composite structure. In order to validate the effectiveness of this structural approach, acoustic emission characteristics and surface strain field characteristics were monitored during failure processes, while mathematical models were employed to predict specimen instability. The test results revealed that increasing FRP strip confinement width led to heightened activity in acoustic emission events during failure processes, accompanied by a decrease in shear cracks but an increase in tensile cracks. Moreover, ductility was improved and deformation resistance capacity was enhanced within specimens. Notably, initial crack generation occurred within unconfined regions of specimens during failures; however, both length and width as well as overall numbers of cracks significantly decreased due to implementation of FRP strips. Consequently, specimen failure speed was slowed down accordingly. Finally, the instability of the partial FRP-confined cement mortar could be more accurately predicted based on the model of FRP-confined concrete. It was verified by the test results.

A high-intensity low-frequency acoustic generator based on the Helmholtz resonator and airflow modulator.

The high-intensity low-frequency acoustic sources have essential applications in acoustic biological effects research, airport bird repelling, and boiler ash removal. However, generating high-intensity low-frequency acoustic waves in open space is difficult. In this paper, a low-frequency acoustic generator with a resonant cavity used to enhance the acoustic intensity in open space was developed, which is an aerodynamic acoustic generator to radiates a high-intensity acoustic wave of 52Hz. Some experiments were carried out to measure this generator's internal flow field and radiated acoustic field characteristics, including the propagation characteristics at 100m. The experimental results show that the resonant enhancement effect is presented near the predetermined resonance frequency, and the enhanced value is about 4dB. The acoustic intensity for 52Hz at 1m position is 124dB. By combining the Helmholtz resonator with the airflow modulator, the airflow resonance in the resonator enhances the air pressure pulsation inside the chamber and increases the disturbance of acoustic radiation to the air. So as to improve the sound intensity and radiation efficiency in the low-frequency range.

Quantitative assessment of acoustic field characteristics in water by radial extracorporeal shockwave therapy

Radial extracorporeal shockwave therapy (rESWT) is a noninvasive medical technique that treats a range of musculoskeletal conditions. To understand its biological effects and develop personalized treatment plans, it is crucial to fully characterize the acoustic field that rESWT generates. This study presents a quantitative assessment of rESWT's acoustic field, achieved through experiments and simulations. The study measures the acoustic fields using a needle-type hydrophone under different machine settings and establishes and calibrates a computational model based on the experimental measurements. The study also determines the spatial distributions of peak pressure and energy flux density for different driving pressures. High-speed photography is used to visualize cavitation bubbles, which correspond to the negative pressure distribution. The study finds that the axial pressure distribution is similar to the acoustic radiation from an oscillating circular piston, whereas the radial pressure distribution cannot be described by acoustic radiation. Furthermore, the study develops a machine learning model that predicts positive pressure distributions for continuous driving pressure. Overall, this study expands our understanding of the acoustic fields generated by rESWT and provides quantitative information to explore underlying biological mechanisms and determine personalized treatment approaches.

Electronic Focus Steering Capabilities of a Diagnostic-Type Linear Ultrasound Array Designed for High Power Therapy and Its Visualization

The focus steering capabilities of a 1 MHz linear phased array transducer (64 rectangular elements, 14.8 × 51.2 mm aperture) intended for drug delivery applications in abdominal organs were assessed and compared with its design-stage computer model. Acoustic fields generated by the transducer and predicted by the models of an ideal array with uniformly vibrating elements and either a plane or a cylindrically focused surface were simulated using the Rayleigh integral and angular spectrum methods. The boundary conditions for the transducer were reconstructed from acoustic holography measurements performed for selected focusing configurations of the array and also synthesized from holography data measured for each of its individual elements. It was shown that the transducer field with electronic focus steering can be accurately synthesized based on the holography data of its elements, which significantly simplified acoustic field characterization. Variability of the power and directivity patterns of the array elements were analyzed. A twofold smaller range of electronic steering in the transverse direction for the transducer compared to its computer model is discussed.

Depth distribution law of polarization characteristics of vector acoustic field in shallow sea (Retracted)

The polarization of the acoustic field in the ocean waveguide environment is a unique property that can be measured by using a particle velocity sensor in the water column. It can provide new ideas for locating and detecting the underwater target, so it is interesting to study the polarization. The polarization of a monochromatic signal has been described by the Stokes parameters, a set of four real-valued quantities in previous work. In this work, the Stokes parameters are extended to the broadband form, and the expression is simplified by using the nonstationary phase approximation, which reduces the complexity of the theoretical derivation and reveals the physical mechanism behind the significant variations in polarization with source depth and symmetrical depth. Theoretical analysis shows that the polarization characteristics in the ideal waveguide vary significantly in the sea surface, the sea bottom, the depth of the sound source and symmetrical depth. In this work the numerical simulation is used to verify the theoretical analysis and study the relationship between range and integral bandwidth when nonstationary phase approximation method is effective. The numerical results demonstrate that the simplified expression using the nonstationary phase approximation is effective and can better characterize the depth distribution characteristics of the polarization. Additionally, by normalizing the broadband Stokes parameters, the effect of range on the depth distribution characteristics of polarization can be removed. It means that the normalized broadband Stokes parameters are in theory free of the range and depend on the environment, the receiver depth and the source depth, which have the potential to be used for source depth estimation. Subsequently, focusing on normalized broadband Stokes parameters, we analyzes the effects of parameters such as source frequency, source depth, sound speed profile and water depth on the depth distribution characteristics of polarization. The analysis results show that environmental factors have great influence on the depth distribution characteristics of polarization. In the end, the validity of the nonstationary phase approximation and the range-independent property of the normalized broadband Stokes parameters are verified by the results of the RHUM-RUM experimental data processing. The findings provide a theoretical basis for passive target depth estimation based on polarization.

Retraction of article: Depth distribution law of polarization characteristics of vector acoustic field in shallow sea

Retraction of article: Depth distribution law of polarization characteristics of vector acoustic field in shallow sea

Research on underwater acoustic field prediction method based on physics-informed neural network

In the field of underwater acoustic field prediction, numerical simulation methods and machine learning techniques are two commonly used methods. However, the numerical simulation method requires grid division. The machine learning method can only sometimes analyze the physical significance of the model. To address these problems, this paper proposes an underwater acoustic field prediction method based on a physics-informed neural network (UAFP-PINN). Firstly, a loss function incorporating physical constraints is introduced, incorporating the Helmholtz equation that describes the characteristics of the underwater acoustic field. This loss function is a foundation for establishing the underwater acoustic field prediction model using a physics-informed neural network. The model takes the coordinate information of the acoustic field point as input and employs a fully connected deep neural network to output the predicted values of the coordinates. The predicted value is refined using the loss function with physical information, ensuring the trained model possesses clear physical significance. Finally, the proposed prediction model is analyzed and validated in two dimensions: the two-dimensional acoustic field and the three-dimensional acoustic field. The results show that the mean square error between the prediction and simulation values of the two-dimensional model is only 0.01. The proposed model can effectively predict the distribution of the two-dimensional underwater sound field, and the model can also predict the sound field in the three-dimensional space.

Analysis of Acoustic Flow Field Characteristics of Key Components of High-Speed Train Bogies

In this paper, we aim to address the challenge of airflow interference during fault detection in high-speed train bogies by introducing a flow field and investigating the characteristics of the sound field distribution of critical components under its influence. This approach overcomes the limitation observed in previous studies that ignored the impact of the flow field. Furthermore, we evaluate and compare various layouts for inter-track acoustic sensor arrays. The study results demonstrate that the axle box and gearbox are primarily affected by frequency bands above 200 Hz, while the motor is mainly influenced by frequencies above 150 Hz. Moreover, the motor is most significantly impacted by vehicle speed, followed by the gear box and finally the shaft box. When altering the vibration frequency of the sound source, there is a decreasing trend in minimum sound pressure level with increasing frequency. Additionally, the gradient of the sound pressure level change at three locations (motor, gear box, and axle box) exceeds that of both vehicle speed variation and vibration intensity of the sound source. By adjusting the vibration intensity of the sound source, similar gradients are observed for both maximum and minimum values of sound pressure level at these three locations. Therefore, vibration intensity has a consistent effect on changes in sound pressure level at these three places but only influences its magnitude. The aforementioned methods can be employed for the analysis of wind noise and structural noise, thereby offering novel insights for future advancements in noise reduction processing.

Quantitative Analysis on the Influence of the Oceanic Front on Underwater Acoustic Detection with Investigated Marine Data

At present, some shortcomings of the research on coupling modeling of the oceanic front–sound field may need attention: (1) Most of the acoustic propagation simulation is based on ideal front models, but the application of investigated marine data is lacking. (2) Most studies focus on the acoustic field characteristics, with the influence of fronts on acoustic propagation, but few studies aim at the direct quantitative analysis of the performance of underwater acoustic detection in oceanic fronts. To deal with the above problems, based on the measured data in the northwest Pacific Ocean, here, we first design different sound source layout schemes and calculate sound field characteristics in the sub-Arctic front using the ray theory. Then, the cumulative detection probability model is built based on the active sonar equation to evaluate the efficiency of underwater detection. Finally, the detection probability is calculated and expressed by regionalization, and the influence of the sub-Arctic front on underwater detection is quantitatively analyzed. The results show that the sub-Arctic front can significantly affect the underwater acoustic detection. The sound source located in the front in the cold-water mass has a better detection performance, especially detecting towards cold water (horizontal detection range > 60 km). In contrast, the sound source located in the warm-water mass has a poor detection performance (horizontal detection range in shallow sea < 10 km).

Differential quartz-enhanced photoacoustic spectroscopy

In this paper, a differential quartz-enhanced photoacoustic spectroscopy (D-QEPAS) sensor is reported. The differential photoacoustic cell (PAC) was used to generate the photoacoustic effect. Two quartz tuning forks (QTFs) with a quality factor (Q) up to 10 000 were used as the acoustic wave transducers. The signal of D-QEPAS sensor was doubly enhanced by the differential characteristic of differential PAC and resonant response of QTF. The background noise was suppressed based on the differential principle. With the help of the finite element method, the acoustic field characteristics were simulated and calculated. Wavelength modulation spectroscopy technique and second harmonic (2f) detection technique were applied to detect photoacoustic signal. Trace acetylene (C2H2) gas detection was performed to verify the D-QEPAS sensor performance. The 2f signal amplitude of differential mode was 116.03 μV, which had a 1.65 times improvement compared with the 2f signal amplitudes of QTF1. When the integration time was 334 s, the minimum detection limit of D-QEPAS sensor was about 496.7 ppb. The reported D-QEPAS provides a development and idea for the widely reported QEPAS technique.

Theoretical and numerical investigations of acoustic field characteristics of shear-horizontal feature guided waves in a welded joint

This paper investigates acoustic field characteristics of shear-horizontal feature guided waves (SH-FGWs) propagating through topographic waveguides like welds and stiffeners in plate-like structures. It establishes mathematical models of second harmonic and quasi-static component (QSC) generated by SH-FGWs in a welded joint and analyzes their theoretical characteristics. Using two-dimensional semi-analytical finite element and three-dimensional finite element methods, it studies the dispersion characteristics of FGWs and acoustic field distribution at specific frequencies of SH-FGWs, as well as their nonlinear response. This study provides new physical insights into the acoustic field distribution and nonlinear response of SH-FGWs in topographic waveguides.

Excitation of Scholte Waves at a Sinusoidal Interface of Seafloor

In this paper, an elastic seafloor with the sinusoidal interface is modeled to study the effect of the fluctuant interface on Scholte wave excitation. The reflection and transmission coefficients of sound waves are derived from the scattered wave theory to investigate the acoustic field characteristics. In numerical simulations, longitudinally invariant finite element models are constructed to demonstrate the excitation of Scholte waves at the seafloor. The effect of sinusoidal interface parameters on Scholte wave excitation is analyzed in this research. Results show that stronger Scholte waves still can be excited when the sound source is away from the seafloor with a sinusoidal interface. In this process of Scholte wave excitation, the period [Formula: see text] and height [Formula: see text] of sinusoidal interfaces are related to the excitation frequency and intensity, respectively.

Wavefields in a cased hole surrounded by a formation with transverse isotropy caused by axial stresses

Understanding acoustic field characteristics in the cased hole accompanied by stress is important for acoustical logging. This study investigates the behavior of multipole wavefields of a cased hole with a perfect combination of casing, cement, and formation under the formation borehole-axial stress. The formation can be equivalent to a transversely isotropic medium when uniaxial stress acts on isotropic formation based on nonlinear elasticity theory. The effect of axial stress in the formation on multipole wavefields in cased hole is investigated. Numerical results show that the phase slowness of Stoneley, flexural, and screw waves decreases with an increase in axial compressive stress. With the increase of uniaxial stresses, the arrival times of the full waveforms decrease, and the amplitudes of the full waveforms increase. These characteristics are similar to that of the open hole. For cased holes in soft formations, the excitation curves of flexural and screw waves shift to low frequencies as the stress increases; and the dispersion curves corresponding to excitation curves also exhibit a similar shift, while open holes do not have this pattern. The wavefields excited by a dipole source and quadrupole source in the cased hole in soft formation have more prominent changes in the frequency spectra, and the changes in the integral amplitudes of the full waveforms are larger than those of the open hole. We found that responses of wavefields excited by dipole and quadrupole sources in cased holes in soft formation to the axial stress are more sensitive than those in the open hole.

Acoustic field characteristics of seismic surveys in the shallow water environment of the Bohai Sea

AbstractAir gun arrays are designed to generate strong energy pulses of less than 100 Hz for offshore oil and gas exploration. In shallow seas, due to the directivity of air gun arrays, the complex propagation conditions and the limitations of acquisition methods, it is difficult to accurately evaluate the spatial time and frequency transmission characteristics of airguns. To alleviate the existing lack of knowledge about the transmission characteristics of air gun pulses in the shallow waters of the Bohai Sea, we analysed three‐dimensional ocean bottom cable seismic data collected during a seismic survey in the Bohai Sea, China, in June 2017, which were used to evaluate the reception level, frequency domain characteristics and spatial distribution characteristics within a 5.55 × 5.575 km area. The results showed that in shallow water, multipath propagation causes downfrequency chirplike sounds and an increased sound field. Within 0.3 km, the transmission model follows a cylindrical diffusion, and the sound loss rate decreases as the transmission distance increases until reaching 8 km. Signal capture by the sound channel results in a high transmission loss frequency band, whereas multimode interference weakens the transmission loss. The gun array directivity and the transmission channel are the two main factors affecting the acoustic field. This research provides an improved understanding of the acoustic field of airguns in the Bohai Sea, which can benefit the acoustic modelling of air gun arrays, the design of future seismic exploration projects and the conservation of marine life.

Interference Pattern Anomaly of an Acoustic Field Induced by Bottom Elasticity in Shallow Water

This paper reports the interference pattern of an acoustic field in the 100–300 Hz frequency band observed in a shallow water experiment. Assuming there is a conventional fluid sea bottom, the observed interference pattern is first demonstrated to potentially be abnormal, as a measured waveguide invariant of 1.03 corresponding to the 200–300 Hz frequency band could indicate that the bottom sound speed is relatively high, which is inconsistent with another observation from the interference pattern that the sound field is dominated by only one mode if the frequency is lower than 150 Hz. The numerical analysis shows that, owing to the high bottom sound speed, the third mode can still strongly interfere with the first mode at a frequency of 150 Hz, at least. Accordingly, a dual-layer sea bottom model consisting of a fluid sediment layer and an underlying half-space elastic substrate was proposed to interpret the observed anomaly. The results reveal that the acoustic leakage attenuation due to the elastic substrate plays a major role in the observed dominance of one mode in the sound field occurring below a frequency of 150 Hz. Therefore, the deep bottom’s elasticity may have a significant impact on the interference characteristics of low-frequency acoustic fields in shallow water under certain conditions.

A high-temperature acoustic field measurement and analysis system for determining cavitation intensity in ultrasonically solidified metallic alloys

A high-temperature acoustic field measurement and analysis system (HTAFS) was self-designed and developed to achieve real-time acoustic field analysis and quantitative cavitation characterization within high-temperature liquids. The acoustic signal was acquired by a high-temperature resistant waveguide and calibrated by separate compensation of line and continuous spectra to eliminate frequency offsets. Moreover, a new method was proposed to derive from the continuous-spectrum sound intensity and line-spectrum sound intensity in the frequency band above 1.5 times the fundamental frequency to characterize the intensity of transient cavitation and stable cavitation. The acoustic field characteristics within solidifying liquid Al-7 %Si alloy were successfully determined by this system. With the increase of ultrasound amplitude, the acoustic pressure in the alloy melt increased to be stable, the transient cavitation intensity first rose and then declined, and the stable cavitation intensity remained unchanged. Combined with the structural evolution of the primary α(Al) phase, the transient cavitation intensity was determined to be the dominant factor for the ultrasound-induced grain refinement effect.

Research on ultrasonic process fusing tomography for numerical and laboratory imaging in liquid-background two-phase flow

Real-time ultrasonic process tomography (UPT) could be suitable for the conditions including various sizes and locations as well as amount of the interesting targets and different pipelines. However, the difficulty in determining flow-pattern segmentation in the back-projection for both transmission mode and reflection mode was not overcome for real-time imaging. This work focused on an ultrasonic process fusing tomography (UPFT) for implementing both reflection-mode and transmission-mode tomography draw support from an 8-channel scanning technique. The behavior of fan-shaped ultrasonic beam propagation and the characteristics of acoustic field in two phases had been studied, by which the tomographic size resolution about UPFT had been analyzed numerically. The resultant impact on reconstructed image quality due to the operation conditions was discussed in detail. Transmitted waves were adopted as a base of imaging, and reflected waves were integrated as supplementary information to execute threshold optimization. To carry out a validation, a digital 8-channel prototype of UPFT was developed for the laboratory investigation of stratified flow with continuous injection of water. It was found that such ultrasonic tomography yielded significant improvements in reconstruction, compared to single-mode imaging merely using transmitted or reflected waves. At the same time, quantitative results showed that the proposed method facilitated automatic and reasonable flow-pattern identification, and the developed system represented a fast data acquisition and processing as well as strong noise resistance capability.