Characteristics Of Years Research Articles

エクセルギー理論に基づく太陽光熱ハイブリッドパネルの年間特性

エクセルギー理論に基づく太陽光熱ハイブリッドパネルの年間特性

WILD CARNIVORE ACCEPTANCE OF BAITS FOR DELIVERY OF LIQUID RABIES VACCINE

A series of experiments are described on the acceptance, by red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) and other species, of two types of vaccine-baits intended to deliver liquid rabies vaccine. The baits consisted of a cube of sponge coated in a mixture of tallow and wax, or a plastic blister-pack embedded in tallow. All baits contained tetracycline as a biological marking agent: examination of thin sections of carnivore canines under an ultraviolet microscope revealed a fluorescent line of tetracycline if an individual had eaten baits. Baits were dropped from fixed-wing aircraft flying about 100 m above ground at approximately 130 km/h. Flight lines followed the edges of woodlots midway between parallel roads. Baits were dropped at one/sec, resulting in one bait/36 m on the ground, or 17 to 25 baits per km2. Crows (Corvus brachyrhynchos) removed many baits, but did not appear to lower the percent of the fox population which took bait. Dropping baits only into corn and woodland to conceal baits, to reduce depredation by crows, reduced acceptance by foxes. Acceptance by foxes ranged between 37 and 68%. Meat added as an attractant did not raise acceptance. Presence, absence, color and perforations of plastic bags did not alter bait acceptance. Dispersal by juvenile foxes probably lowered the estimates of bait acceptance. It took 7 to 17 days for 80% (n = 330) of foxes to eat their first bait. The rapidity with which foxes picked up their first bait appeared more affected by unknown characteristics of years or study areas than by experimental variables. Skunks (Mephitis mephitis) and raccoons (Procyon lotor) also ate these baits, but acceptance was lower. Small mammals contacted baits, but rarely contacted the vaccine, which had the potential for vaccine-induced rabies in some species. Aerial distribution of baits was more cost-effective than ground distribution as practiced in Europe. This system has potential for field control of rabies, although higher acceptance will be desirable.

Characteristics of Variation of Mean Temperature with Different Averaging Periods, and the Confidence Limits of Return Period by an Empirical Method

Characteristics of year to year change in mean air temperature with different averaging period were analysed, and the confidence limits of return periods determined by an empirical method were discussed in relation to the averaging period, season and the place. Results are summarized as follows:(1) Both annual and monthly mean air temperatures for the warm season with the return period of 50 years are found to be nearly equal to the temperature (M-2σ), where M and σ are the mean and standard deviation of the yearly change in annual and monthly mean temperatures. Monthly mean temperatures for the return period of 10 years are lower by about 0.4°C than the temperature (M-σ) in average.(2) Air temperatures for the same return period are decreased with the decrease of the averaging period, and the difference between monthly and half-decade mean air temperatures for the return period of 10 years are in the range of 1 to 2°C.(3) Empirical relations were obtained to explain the change in relative standard deviation of yearly fluctuation of period-mean temperature (Eq. 4). These values of the relative standard deviation are somewhat smaller than those predicted by the -1/2 power law of averaging days.(4) Significant values of return periods (Tj) estimated by the empirical method (Eq. 1) vary with season, place, and the averaging period. Tj for half-decade and decade mean temperatures in the case of statistical period of 78 years, are considered to be about 15 and 20 years, respectively.