Yarn Characteristics Research Articles

Double air suctioned carding process: A method for achieving improved quality ring-spun carded yarn

This study aims to maximize yarn realization by minimizing hard waste generation. A new method has been evaluated in a conventional carding machine for this purpose by adding extra air suction units immediately above the doffer and in the brush roller above the stripping roller. Various yarn samples were spun using the double air suction carding (DASC) method and the traditional carding process, and the yarn quality parameters were compared. The results indicated that the DASC yarn had considerable technical improvements in all yarn characteristics (U%, CVm%, thick place, thin place, neps, hairiness) and mechanical properties (breaking strength and elongation). The number of classimat faults in the DASC yarn has also significantly decreased. Even though the DASC technique produced more droppings-1, it generated less pneumafil and hard waste, resulting in improved yarn realization. This research also examined cost analysis, advantages, and limitations. Overall, the findings indicate that the newly introduced DASC yarn has the potential to be a superior product in terms of both quality and cost.

A comparative study of regional and seasonal variations of muga silk yarn characteristics

A comparative study of regional and seasonal variations of muga silk yarn characteristics

The Influence of Elimination of Roving Frame on Ring Spun Cotton Yarn Characteristics

Generally, ring spun yarns are manufactured from roving which is produced by roving frame. In this paper, an experiment has been done producing ring spun cotton yarn directly from finisher drawn sliver eliminating the roving frame. Total 3 types of yarn with the various linear density of 8 Ne, 10 Ne & 12 Ne were produced using a roving frame and without using a roving frame. In the next step, physical and mechanical properties of those yarns including unevenness, imperfections, hairiness & tenacity were investigated. The result showed that ring spun cotton yarns produced from sliver exhibited inferior physical and mechanical properties compared with samples from the conventional ring spinning system.

Effect of single and binary mixed metal mordant combinations on colorimetric and fastness characteristics of wool yarns dyed with Melissa officinalis L. natural colorants

Melissa officinalis L. plant has been used in European and Iranian traditional medicine since ancient times. This plant possesses various phytochemicals such as volatile compounds, triterpenoids, phenolic acids, and flavonoids. The presence of substantial amounts of flavonoids in M. officinalis L. necessitates further examination of its usage as a source of natural colorants for developing natural and beautiful shades on wool yarns in addition to its pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and food preservative applications. This will definitely add new direction to the use of M. officinalis L. as an effective natural dye source. Therefore, simple adsorption of aqueous dye extract on wool surface was done followed by the evaluation of build-up properties using different metal mordants and their binary combinations. The dyeing was carried out on pre-mordanted wool by exhaust dyeing method and dyed samples were analyzed via reflectance spectroscopy under D65 illuminant and 10° standard observer in terms of color strength, CIEL*a*b*, and CIEL*C*ho values. The results showed that overall 22 eco-friendly shades of very good to excellent washing, rubbing and light fastness properties were produced by facile use of different metallic salts and their combinations on wool fibers.

Investigation of deformation properties of textured multifilament PES yarns

In the process of texturing, smooth filaments are formed into crimpy yarns. By combining thermal and mechanical action, thermoplastic fibres acquire a permanent wavy shape. Since textured multifilament yarns, formed from POY PES filaments, produced on machines with high-temperature heaters, are insufficiently studied, this paper analyses the deformation characteristics of yarns produced in industrial conditions using different process parameters (primary heater temperature, yarn speed, yarn stretching, peripheral speed of friction discs). Special attention is paid to the characteristics at the elastic limit, then at the creep limit, yield and breaking of multifilament textured yarns. A method is proposed which can determine the key points of deformation in the process of stretching textured polyester multifilament yarn, as well as the relationship between the values of force and elongation at the limits of elasticity, creep, end of creep zone, yield and break

Application of viscoelastic-plastic model in blended yarn

This paper investigates the mechanical properties of a blended yarn and its correlation with the characteristics of constituent yarns of different materials. Each yarn’s creep and stress relaxation tests are curves fitted to a six-element constitutive model. The results show that the higher the chemical fiber content in the yarn, the better the plastic properties. The experimental data fit the six-element model with 99% confidence. Compared with the commonly used viscoelastic Burgers and Ering models, the six-element model has a much more precise forecasting ability. Within the scope of this study, the ratio of yield stress to initial stress under different stress conditions calculated from the same yarn test is similar, and the ratio is only related to the blending ratio of polyester-cotton blended yarn. In yarns with strong plasticity, this ratio can reflect the proportional relationship between plastic deformation and elastic deformation in relaxation experiments.

Study of predicting the number of warp thread breaks during the weaving process

The properties of cotton yarn which will be used as the warp were investigated before the weaving process. The results of the breaking forces served to make an empirical and approximated diagram of the normal distribution. Yarn tests were performed by yarn passing through a weaving process simulator with electronic force measurement, speed, and the number of wefts. The number of breaks was registered during the yarn test. Measurements were performed simulating different conditions of the weaving process (change in reed density, higher dynamic tensile forces, lower dynamic tensile forces, and shed height changes). Data computer processing gave approximate diagrams of dynamic forces normal distribution under the test conditions, which do not show significance according to the χ2-test. By pairing a diagram of the breaking force and a diagram of one of the conditions in the weaving process, shown in the same line of forces, their intersection or surfaces overlap is expressed. Based on the integration of the intersection area of the breaking forces approximated diagrams and dynamic forces in the weaving process, the value of the intersection area according to the test conditions was obtained. A high degree of correlation was found by correlating the actual number of thread breaks registered at the time of testing and the intersection of areas for the corresponding condition. This makes it possible to predict the number of breaks in the warp threads during the weaving process if the yarn characteristics and the weaving conditions are known.

Statistical analysis of yarn characteristics for multilayer fabric matrix meant for hemostasis and tissue regeneration

Effective wound handling involves understanding the processes caused by several factors, such as the type of wound treated, the healing process, the general health of the patient (e.g., the existence of other diseases), the social environment, and the chemical and physical properties of available dressings. For the treatment of shot or burn wounds, the multilayer matrices that will be made must provide efficient oxygen permeability, but most importantly to simulate the structural and biological characteristics of the extracellular skin matrix (ECM). In order to achieve, by mechano-textile processing technologies, the textile structures that can be used as a base layer in the multilayer matrix, raw materials based on cotton, Lenpur, and bamboo mixed with zinc oxide were selected and analysed in accredited testing laboratories, from the point of view of the physical-mechanical characteristics. The results obtained in the case of the experimental program were analysed from a statistical point of view, the description of the statistical populations being made using a specialized program that allowed the calculation of the distribution parameters: mean, median, and standard deviation. To determine the outliers, for all the characteristics of the experimented variants the Q-Q Plot graphs were used. The information obtained as a result of the statistical analysis will be used to design the textile layers of the multilayer matrix using statistical techniques to create probabilistic prediction models that model the dependent variable Y is the hygroscopicity, depending on the independent variables x1 – linear density, x2 – twist/ply, x3 – breaking force, x4 – elongation at break

THE EFFECT OF SLIVER DELIVERY SPEED ON THE UNEVENNES OF CARDED AND COMBED COTTON YARNS

The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of five different sliver delivery speeds on the yarn unevenness CVm (%). For this purpose, 100% cotton raw material was used, and card sliver samples were produced at five different card sliver delivery speeds (60 m/min, 120 m/min, 180 m/min, 240 m/min and 300 m/min). A total of 600 sample cops were produced in the ring spinning machine, each of which is 10 pieces of knitting and weaving yarn types in the carded and combed machine line, with the yarn counts Ne 20/1, Ne 30/1 and Ne 40/1 from these reed strips produced. The quality characteristics of the raw material used and the produced carded sliver samples were measured using the Uster HVI 1000 and Uster AFIS test equipment. The quality characteristics of the ring yarn cops samples produced on the ring spinning machine were measured with the help of Uster Tester 4 and Uster Tensojet Test devices. The results were analyzed by inferential and descriptive analysis methods. ANOVA analysis method was used for statistical analysis. According to the research findings, in both carded and combed Ne 40/1 yarn samples, an increase in yarn unevenness was observed with the increase in card sliver exit speed, and this increase created a statistically significant difference. The results revealed that the yarn unevenness is directly proportional to the card sliver exit speed and the increase of the card sliver exit speed causes the production of card sliver samples with higher unevenness values (Cvm (%).

Comfort properties of fabrics knitted from a two-ply yarn derived from abacá and cotton

In the present study, the comfort properties of knitted fabrics made from a two-ply yarn comprising a paper yarn and a cotton yarn were investigated. The objective was to elucidate the characteristics of paper yarn in comparison with cotton in terms of the design and development of comfortable and ecofriendly textiles that directly contact the skin. A two-ply yarn comprising a paper yarn made from abacá and a cotton yarn was prepared. Five fabrics with different proportions of paper were prepared by changing the knitting ratio of the two-ply yarn to a 100% cotton yarn. The mechanical properties (tensile, shearing, bending, compression, surface, contact area, and air permeability properties) and various thermal and moisture-transport properties of the fabric samples were determined. Those investigations revealed that the surface roughness increased, the friction coefficient decreased, the contact area decreased (in both the dry and wet state), the air permeability increased, the thermal conductivity increased, and the moisture diffusivity increased as the proportion of paper yarn increased. The fabric consisting of only the two-ply yarn was noticeably stiffer than the fabrics that also contained a pure cotton yarn. The results suggest the possibility of developing clothes that feel comfortable next to the skin, even when wet (e.g. underwear and socks) by knitting the two-ply yarn in a well-balanced ratio with cotton yarns.

Effect of rearing seasons and food plant combinations on economic traits of cocoons and yarn of Muga silkworm (Antheraea assamensis Helfer)

Muga silkworm, Antheraea assamensis Helfer (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae) is a multi-voltine polyphagousinsect which produces golden yellow muga silk. Muga silkworm feeds on leaves of many tree plant speciesbut primarily the leaves of Persea bombycinaKost. (Som) and Litseamonopetala Roxb. (Soalu). The farmersrear the silkworm mainly in two seasons for commercial purposes although the silkworm can be reared sixtimes (crops) in a year. Productivity of silkworm rearing is dependent on cocoons and yarn characteristicswhich are affected by the type of food plants at the time of rearing. In this study, an attempt was made toevaluate the economic characters of cocoons and yarn of muga silkworm reared in different combination ofprimary food plants in different seasons. Two primary food plants P. bombycina and L. monopetala wereselected in four combinations (T1 –T4) for rearing in two commercial crop seasons namely Kotia (V1), Jethua(V2) and two seed crop i.e. Bhodia (V3) and Chotua (V4). Cocoon weight and pupal weight were higher inthe cocoons harvested from the silkworm reared in L. monopetala only and mainly in Kotia (October-November) seasons followed by Jethua (April-May), Bhodia (August-September) and Chotua (February-March)seasons. Shell weight, shell ratio, filament weight, filament length and non-breakable filament length (NBFL)were higher in the silkworms reared in P. bombycina (T1) irrespective of seasons followed by treatmentcombination T4 (L. monopetala up to 3rd instar then P. bombycina). Benefit cost ratio (BCR) was higher in T1combination during Kotia (10.61:1) seasons followed by Jethua, Bhodia and Chotua crop seasons. As such, P.bombycina is the preferred food plant for commercial rearing of muga silkworm, however the silkworm canbe reared in L. monopetala up to 3rd instar and thereafter in P. bombycina till maturation for higher productivityin terms of cocoon and yarn characteristics.

Enhancing the quality of elastane-cotton core yarn by compact spinning

The quest for highly stretchable fabrics with good aesthetic and functional properties has led researchers to constantly involve in mingling of natural and synthetic fibers. Elastane-cotton core yarns have an increasing demand due to their wear comfort and stretch-to-fit properties; therefore, efforts are still going on to optimize the yarn properties to meet the requirements for diversified applications. With a view to enhancing the appearance and performance characteristics of elastane-cotton core yarns, the present work was undertaken to manufacture them by exploiting the most modern and versatile pneumatic compacting mechanism, namely Suessen's EliTe compact spinning system. Elastane-cotton core yarns of different counts (20 tex, 30 tex and 60 tex) were produced with compact and conventional ring spinning system. The difference in morphology and physical properties of two types of yarns were compared after a thorough investigation by scanning electron microscope, evenness tester and strength tester. The results exhibited a noticeable decrease in hairiness, hairiness variation and neps values, especially seed-coat neps, for elastane-cotton compact core yarn. Unevenness & imperfection of compact core yarns were also found to be decreased that were reflected to the proportional enhancements in tenacity & elongation values. The overall observation reveals the potential of pneumatic compacting mechanism in obtaining elastane-cotton core yarn with superior structure and improved mechanical properties.

Mechanical behaviour of 3D monofilament knitted fabrics: Modeling, simulation and validation

Three-dimensionally (3D) knitted technology textiles are expanding into industrial and technical applications of textile composites given their geometric, structural, and functional performance. However, there are many challenges in developing computational tools that allow for physics-based predictions while keeping the related computing cost low. The strong interactions between geometrical and physical elements permit determining the behavior of this type of engineering material. In the aim of understanding the specific mechanical behaviors of knitted textiles, a yarn-level simulation model framework was created to predict the nonlinear orthotropic mechanical behavior of monofilament jersey-knitted textiles. The relative contributions of many computational parameters on the global mechanical behavior of knitted fabrics are investigated, specifically, inter-yarn interactions and the boundary conditions effect. The models are saved in a format that can be read directly by Finite Element Analysis FEA software. Yarns are numerically discretized as nonlinear 3D beam components, while input parameters, such as mechanical characteristics of yarns and geometric dimensions of loops in fabrics are established experimentally. Good agreement was relieved by comparing experimental data to simulation results in a wale-wise direction tensile load.

Study of the effect of temperature and relaxation time on the force‐strain characteristics of textile yarns upon tensile loading

AbstractThe textile materials can be used in many technical applications in various fields, such as automotive. Depending on the application areas, the textile or fiber‐based materials have to meet certain predetermined requirements. Textile yarns can be used as reinforcing cords in composites in which an elastomeric matrix is used. The basic mechanical tensile test at standard temperature does not provide all the information required for obtaining the material parameters. The tests are also necessary to be performed at reduced temperatures, depending on the following application. Furthermore, it is necessary to consider stress relaxation in specific tests for the practical use. In this work, there is the experimental investigation of the effect of the selected temperatures (20 °C and 120 °C) and the relaxation times (60 s and 120 s) on the mechanical properties of the selected textile yarns from polyamide 6.6 under the uniaxial tensile tests. The results reveal that the relaxation time for the first 20 seconds is interesting because there is a significant decrease in the force while holding the strain. A final method is proposed, and it can be used for any other applications, and it guarantees the repeatability of measurements in the relatively fast measured time.

РОЗРИВАЛЬНІ ХАРАКТЕРИСТИКИ КОМПЛЕКСНОЇ ПОЛІЕТИЛЕНОВОЇ НИТКИ

Purpose. To investigate the influence of the number of threads resisting to break, the griping length, and the change in the position of the interlacing point when threading with a loop the breaking characteristics of complex polyethylene threads in the form of a loop.Methodology. In the course of the research, experimental research methods were used to determine the breaking characteristics of high molecular weight polyethylene threads on a WDW-5ES tensile machine in accordance with DSTU ISO 2062: 2004, the main provisions of textile materials science and knitting theory, methods of analysis and synthesis of the results obtained. Results. Based on the results of the studies, the influence of different factors on the breaking characteristics of complex multifilament threads was determined, namely: the influence of the number of threads resting on the break, the griping length and the change in the position of the weave point when threading with a loop. In the course of research, the griping length was changed in the range from 25mm to 300mm, and with a stable griping length (100 mm), the location of the thread weave point relative to the lower grip (25mm, 50mm, 75mm) was changed. It has been found that the breaking characteristics of a complex polyethylene yarn are influenced by both the griping length and the location of the weave point in the case of a loop-shaped break. The magnitude of the specific breaking force in the study of loop-shaped rupture is greater than in the study of straight segments of the thread. This is due to parallelization and compaction of the filaments due to the presence of the weave point on the thread that resists tearing. Scientific novelty. Regularities of the effect of griping length, linear density, and location of the point of weave of the complex high molecular threads in relation to the downer and upper grip are established provided that the griping length (100 mm) remains unchanged on the value of breaking load and elongation.Practical significance. Determination of the factors affecting the breaking characteristics of a complex polyethylene yarn will allow in the future, at the stage of designing the structure of knitwear in computer 3D modeling systems, to provide for the magnitude of the breaking force.

Optimization analysis of combing box for air yarn based on computational fluid dynamics

Conventional single card air yarn units create flow vortices in the carding box that affect the fiber structure and thus the yarn performance. Key parameters for airflow characteristics include geometry and spinning parameters (Such as the length of the nozzle, the width of the inlet and outlet, the speed and diameter of the felting roller). This paper proposes to improve the transport channel to reduce eddy currents in the upflow region and to analyze airflow fields using fluid knowledge. This paper examines three designs: a bypass circular channel entrance for air supply, rounded corners at the bottom right in the conveyor channel and combining both modifications. According to the analysis, a nozzle inlet/outlet ratio between 0.5 and 1 gives the lowest swirl and the highest mass flow. Considering the yarn characteristics and the system production efficiency, it is ideal when the barbed roll speed is 8000 rpm and the diameter is about 30 mm. It is possible to dissipate the vortices for three methods.

Characterisation of CVC Yarn with Different Drafting Ratios in Vortex Spinning

This study focuses on the impacts of the draft on the characteristics of MVS produced CVC blended yarn. The output of a finisher drawn sliver with a linear density of 3.54 ktex was converted into yarns of 18.45 tex (32 s/1 Ne) with the help of two separate delivery speeds: 350 and 410 m/min when possessing all constant spinning parameters. The properties of the yarn such as yarn anomaly, imperfections, tensile behaviour, and hairiness were investigated. The significance of independent variables and their relations with the physico-mechanical characteristics of CVC yarn was examined using two-way ANOVA at a 95% level of confidence.

Ring spun yarn quality prediction using hybrid neural networks

Yarn quality is an essential concept that requests the satisfaction of various parameters simultaneously. These parameters are fiber characteristics and yarn properties. Thus, it is necessary to develop model that can encompass all these variables and predict an overall yarn quality index. Since hybrid approaches combining two or more techniques have proved their abilities in processing and predicting accurately various variables over different research areas, this paper reports two hybrid models by combining two different approaches for predicting a new quality index: Back-propagation artificial neural networks (ANN) and fuzzy expert system. The hybrid models are ANN combined with ANN and ANN combined with fuzzy logic. The ANN is used to predict four yarn characteristics namely tenacity, breaking elongation, CVm and hairiness. Then, these four outputs are used to predict a new quality index by means of ANN or fuzzy expert system. Several performance criteria are necessary to evaluate the performance of the established models. They are correlation coefficient (R), root mean square error (RMSE), mean absolute error (MAE) and mean relative percent error (MRPE). The obtained results show that these constructed hybrid models are able to predict yarn quality from the chosen input variables with a reasonable degree of accuracy. Moreover, the hybrid model using two ANN systems performs significantly better than the other one.

Analysis of the characteristics of air–yarn coupling movement in the profiled reed groove of an air-jet loom

The movement characteristics of yarn in the profiled reed groove of an air-jet loom can have a great impact on the performance of the fabric. Unstable yarn movement tends to lead to weft defects, as short wefts or weft breaks may occur, which could deteriorate the quality of the final fabric. In this paper, the characteristics of the yarn movement in a profiled reed groove are numerically studied. The arbitrary Lagrangian–Eulerian method is used to solve the two-way airflow–yarn interaction and the yarn is simulated with the ball–socket model. A fluctuation ratio is defined to characterize the unsteadiness of the yarn movement. Our simulation first investigates the effect of the gap ratio of the profiled reed groove (β) on the yarn movement then compares the movements of different yarn kinds. The simulation results indicate that a larger β not only decreases gas leaks (thus saves gas consumption), but also stabilizes the yarn movement. Our simulation results also show that the movement of the yarn of polypropylene is more stable than the other two weft-yarn materials. An experiment is also conducted to validate our numerical results, which shows a favorable agreement between them. Our numerical results of the yarn movement in the profiled reed groove can provide a valuable insight into the optimization of the weft insertion system of the air-jet loom.

Auxetic Yarn: Fundamentals, Influencing Parameters, Application Areas and Challenges

The mechanical behaviour of auxetic materials and structures is the most distinctive characteristic, which differs from that of conventional engineering materials due to the negative Poisson’s ratio. Auxetic materials have the fascinating feature of widening when stretched and contracting when compressed. In recent times, the research of auxetic materials based on textile structures has received a lot of interest. Auxetic effect development at the yarn phase is a new and exciting field of study. Many researchers already developed different types of auxetic yarns, such as the helical auxetic yarn, the plied auxetic yarn, the semi-auxetic yarn etc. The helical auxetic yarn (HAY) is the most commonly mentioned auxetic yarn. It is made up of a rigid wrap and an elastic core yarn. However, it is interesting that auxetic yarns can be produced from conventional non-auxetic fibres through the conventional spinning system as well. The helical auxetic yarn is a new type of yarn with a wide variety of possible applications. Moreover, pore-opening characteristics of auxetic yarns make it a potential candidate in the fields of technical textiles, such as medical textiles, filter application, protective textiles etc. Fabrication of auxetic textiles by utilizing auxetic yarns through simple weaving and knitting technology opens the door to new applications. The aim of this paper is to address the fundamentals of auxetic yarns, such as structure, shortcomings, production techniques, as well as the influencing process parameters. From various research works, it is evident that the wrap helical angle, the core/wrap diameter ratio, and the initial moduli of wrap component are the most vital processing parameters during the production of auxetic yarns. Finally, some potential application areas and challenges of auxetic yarns are also addressed briefly in this paper.