Characteristics Of Weapons Research Articles

Circumstantial Factors Among Kentucky Nurse Suicide Decedents, 2005 to 2019.

Background: Nurse suicide, a complex occupational health concern, is urgently in need of research due to the personal and occupational suicide risk factors experienced by nurses, namely mental health problems (e.g., depression), job problems, and substance misuse. Therefore, the study aims were to determine the contextual characteristics and circumstantial factors associated with nurse suicide in Kentucky. Methods: Secondary suicide data were obtained from the Kentucky Violent Death Reporting System (KYVDRS) from 2005 to 2019. Nurse suicide cases were identified using the Bureau of Labor Statistics Standard Occupational Classification. A mixed-methods analysis using descriptive statistics and qualitative evaluation was conducted to determine the distributions of demographic, injury, and weapon characteristics, followed by a qualitative analysis of the KYVDRS incident narrative text of nurse suicide decedents. Results: There were 88 decedents identified with a nursing occupation. The predominant means of death for male (59%) and female (45%) nurses involved firearms. Thematic analysis showed nurse decedents experienced a mental health problem (51%) and premeditated (50%) suicide preceding death. Incidentally, 51% of all cases experienced multiple circumstantial factors (e.g., relationship problems and premeditation) preceding their death by suicide. Discussion/Application to Practice: Nurse suicide decedents experienced multifactorial risk factors preceding their death by suicide, namely depression, premeditated suicide, and relationship problems. Occupational health practitioners and health care organizations can implement individual and organizational prevention efforts to help prevent nurse suicide.

Visual comparison of Rama’s and Rahwana’s characters in Javanese and Kelantanese wayang kulit

Ramayana, a well-known tale originating from India, has been embraced across Southeast Asia. In regions like Yogyakarta, Indonesia, and Kelantan, Malaysia, local customs have influenced its portrayal, character representation leading to deviations in storyline and. The aim of this study to compare the visual depiction of key characters, particularly Rama and Rahwana, in Javanese and Kelantanese Wayang Kulit, symbolizing the protagonist and antagonist, respectively. This study intends to contribute by revealing the impact of local visual traditions on the enduring grandeur of the Ramayana tale. The method is comparative study, begin with defining data, collecting data from Yogyakarta and Kelantan master of puppets through interview and documentation, analyzing data, displaying data and draw conclusion. The result is found that there are visual similarities and differences related to Rama and Rahwana character. The common visual similarities such as crown, weapon, cloth and accessories. Meanwhile the difference shows that Javanese and Kelantanese is only about the detail of the cloth, the animal rides (Kelantan version), and the size of the Wayang Kulit. In Yogyakarta, Indonesia, and Kelantan, Malaysia, the story of Ramayana is depicted in unique ways, influenced by cultural variations. These distinctions manifest in the characters' looks, headgear, weapon characteristics, facial expressions, and facial coloring. Further investigation is necessary to delve into these differences and understand the puppeteers' role in conveying moral messages to the community.

К истории биологического оружия

Towards the history of biological weapons The article provides a brief overview of the basic information on the history of the development, production, testing and use of biological weapons in different countries. The general characteristics of biological weapons are given, the main goals, objectives and methods of their use are considered. The specifi c fact s o f th e use of combat strains of natural and modified microorganisms, natural toxins for military purposes, as well as the facts of the leakage of biological weapons from military microbiological laboratories and industrial facilities engaged in the production of biological weapons, with the defeat of the civilian population, are given.

ДОСЛІДЖЕННЯ ЗАЛЕЖНОСТІ ЕФЕКТИВНОСТІ ВИКОНАННЯ ВОГНЕВОГО ЗАВДАННЯ ВІД ТЕХНІЧНОГО СТАНУ КАНАЛУ СТВОЛА ВОГНЕПАЛЬНОЇ ЗБРОЇ

The work is devoted to the substantiation of a methodical approach to the quantitative assessment of the influence of the technical state of the bore on the effectiveness of the fire mission. Also, there was carried out the analysis of sources of information, which shed light on the issue of assessing the influence of deviations in the ballistic characteristics of weapons on the probability of hitting a target. It was established that, despite a significant number of works in this direction, there is no systematic exposition of the methodical foundations of taking into account the influence of the characteristics of the defects (damages) of the bore on the effectiveness of fire missions in the publications. A methodical approach to research and, in particular, quantitative assessment of the influence of the technical condition of the bore on the effectiveness of the fire mission (probability of hitting the target) is proposed. The dependence of the reduction of the initial speed of the projectile element on the degree of wear of the barrel, the deviation of the point of impact of the projectile element from the reduction of its initial speed, as well as the effectiveness of the fire mission from the deviation of the point of impact of the projectile element are considered. A study of the dependence of the effectiveness of the fire mission on individual indicators characterizing the technical state of the bore was conducted. Examples of the application of the proposed methodical approach for some samples of firearms are given. The specifics of the quantitative assessment of the effectiveness of fire mission for several of their varieties are determined. It has been established that the wear of the elements of the barrel leads to a significant decrease in the effectiveness of fire mission in the absence of fire correction during subsequent shots.

Possible Directions to Increase the Sustainability of Organizations Necessary for the Survival of the Population in Modern Military Conflicts

The aim of the research is to evaluate various ways to counter precision weapons to improve the resilience of organizations needed for population survival in modern military conflicts. Research objectives: assessing the characteristics of high-precision weapons used in modern military conflicts, analyzing the possibility of using various methods of countering high-precision weapons to increase the stability of organizations necessary for population survival. Possible directions of using these methods are proposed, based on both active and passive counteraction to high-precision weapons. The materials of the article were prepared on the basis of studying open sources

The Method of Process of Formation of the Tactical and Technical Requirements for Armored Armament and Technology at the Organization of Production

The experience of conducting a Special military operation confirms the need to improve the characteristics of domestic weapons and military equipment in order to effectively counter Western weapons. Effective counteraction can be provided by improving the basic properties of the combat effectiveness of weapons and military equipment. Taking into account the high level of effectiveness of the intelligence means used by the enemy, which make it possible to quickly determine the location of weapons and military equipment complexes used by the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, as well as the use of high-precision weapons with satellite guidance systems on the target, a special role is played by such a property of combat effectiveness as mobility. Military tracked vehicles, which are the main means of ensuring the mobility of troops, are represented by a large variety, which is associated with their functional purpose. Regardless of the functional purpose, the main evaluation indicator of military tracked vehicles is their combat effectiveness, one of the most important properties of which is mobility. The improvement of the main mobility indicators should begin with a revision of the tactical and technical requirements for weapons and military equipment complexes, after which it is necessary to search for ways to achieve the newly formed tactical and technical requirements. At this stage, methods of assessing the impact of the use of a particular technical solution on the characteristics of weapons and military equipment in general are of particular importance. For a comparative assessment of tracked vehicles of various designs, as well as to assess the impact of the use of new technical solutions on the main indicators of mobility characteristics, a methodology is needed to assess the impact of diesel engine characteristics on the mobility indicators of a military tracked vehicle. The article presents a methodology for assessing the influence of diesel engine characteristics on the mobility indicators of military tracked vehicles, which allows calculating the average speed of a military tracked vehicle depending on the obtained characteristics of a diesel engine based on the probabilistic operating modes of the engine. The developed technique is implemented in a software package for electronic computers.

Piercing the surface: A mechanical analysis of stabbing with household tools.

Estimating the applied power during a stabbing incident, or estimating the minimal force necessary to penetrate the body with a certain weapon is a challenging task in forensic practice. A thorough forensic evaluation of stabbing forces needs objective numerical experimental data. Stabbing tests of 12 different weapons - including knives, a pair of scissors, a fork, screwdrivers, a rasp, a corkscrew, and a utility knife blade - were performed with a Mecmesin MultiTest-dV material tester on pork loin and ballistic gel to estimate the stabbing forces and dynamics. Penetration force (Fp ) and maximal force (Fmax ) were recorded, and the registered force curves were analyzed. Fmax was 159.8-212.07 Newton (N), 30.56-30.58 N, 168.9-185.48 N for various knives; 171.39-190.43 N for the pair of scissors, 233.6 N for the fork; 532.65-562.65 N, 370.31-367.19 N and 314.51-432.89 N for various screwdrivers, 44.14-56.62 N for utility knife during pork loin stabbing. The butter knife, corkscrew and rasp were not able to penetrate the pork loin, and the curved fork bent during stabbing. The results prove that weapon characteristics greatly influence the force necessary for penetration. Maximal stabbing force depends mostly on tip sharpness, and the force sharply decreases after penetration occurs, which indicates that edge sharpness is not as important as tip characteristics during stabbing perpendicular to skin surface. The penetration force during stabbing with a pair of scissors is comparable to the penetration force of knives. Stabbing with screwdrivers generally needs larger force than average knives but depends greatly on screwdriver size.

Modeling of logistics of war reserve stockpiling for successful combat operations

This paper formulates and solves a multivariate problem related to modeling the logistics of war reserve stockpiling for successful combat operations in the armed conflict area. The relevance of the study is related to a comprehensive solution to the problem of war reserve stockpiling to fulfill the objectives of a military operation, considering the capabilities of materiel suppliers, complex logistics of war materiel transportation to armed conflict areas, and military threats arising from the martial law in the country. The study creates a set of models that allow: prioritizing war materiel types for reserve stockpiling; formulating requirements for the size of reserves; selection of a rational structure of logistics supply chain, considering the risks of military threats; ensuring the success of combat operations in the armed conflict area. The article analyzes the existing problems of war reserve stockpiling under martial law, which arose due to: the variety of war materiel; small supply batches; different materiel manufacturers and suppliers located at a great distance from the armed conflict area; heterogeneous transport environment of supply; risks associated with military threats during war materiel reserve stockpiling. A method of presenting the importance of certain war materiel types for supply to the armed conflict area is proposed, considering the combat capability of individual weapons and assessments of military experts. The requirements for the amount of war materiel reserve in the interval representation, from the minimum to the maximum value of the inventory, have been formed. The minimum war materiel reserve to be used in the armed conflict area provides the necessary parity of military forces. Simultaneously, the nature of hostilities does not change, but the risks associated with the enemy's actions to destroy the war materiel reserve (war of reserves) may manifest themselves. The maximum war materiel reserve provides confidence in achieving the objectives of a military operation in the armed conflict area, but is difficult to implement due to the limited capabilities of weapons and materiel suppliers and existing military threats. An optimization model for the war reserve stockpiling was created, considering the limited capabilities of suppliers, permissible time for reserve stockpiling, and the risks that may arise from military threats and their impact on the logistics of war materiel supply (war of logistics). An optimization model for the war reserve stockpiling was developed, considering the combat capability of certain types of weapons, which makes it possible to create asymmetry in the military parity of forces due to the increased combat characteristics of modern weapons (quality over quantity). Due to the multitude of materiel manufacturers (possible suppliers) and various variants for the formation of supply chain, the task of enumeration of possible variants for the composition and structures of the logistics supply chain for war reserve stockpiling was formed and solved. The number of warehouse variants and logistics supply chain structures is estimated using the methods of enumeration theory, and a set of variants is formed for subsequent comparison and selection of a rational option. An optimization model for the formation of logistics links in the supply chain was created to form the necessary war reserve stocks in the armed conflict area. The example of HIMARS MLRS stockpiling illustrates the effectiveness of the proposed approach for successful combat operations in the armed conflict area, using both quantitative and qualitative assessments when comparing possible stockpiling variants. The scientific novelty of the study is related to the development of a set of original optimization models, models of the variant enumeration for the structures of the logistics supply chain, which allows scientifically sound formulation of requirements for the size of the war reserve stock for successful fulfillment of the objectives of a military operation in the armed conflict area, considering the capabilities of materiel suppliers, long supply chains in a heterogeneous transport environment, short delivery time, and the risks of military threats. It is advisable to use the results of the study for planning war reserve stock, for their effective use in the combat zone, justifying the composition of materiel manufacturers and suppliers, forming a logistics supply chain, which will ensure the success of combat operations in the armed conflict area.

Лингвопереводческие особенности интернациональной лексики военной тематики

Introduction. In the military domain, the interpreter plays a very important role, since it is the interpreter, who sometimes determines an adequate assessment of the situation, as well as awareness of the enemy’s plans. The meanings of words encountered in everyday communication may be quite different in military texts, and therefore the translator is required to be well trained in military translation. The relevance of this research lies in the study of the specifics of international military vocabulary. When translating military texts, the translator encounters internationalisms related to the names and tactical and technical characteristics of weapons and equipment. Military translation requires the utmost precision of concepts while preserving informativeness. Covering the problems of translation of internationalisms and «translator’s false friends» allow us to reveal the peculiarities of their functioning in the texts on military topics and to determine the ways of their translation. Materials and methods. In the work such methods were used as a component analysis to establish the semantic components of the lexical units, a comparative-comparative analysis, which involves comparing the contextual units as a result of analyzing the German and Russian language materials, the method of continuous sampling and quantitative calculations, descriptive-analytical, contextual analysis methods, which constitute a comprehensive method of text interpretation. The material of the study was an online dictionary of concepts and terms of the German armed forces, presented on the specialized German-language Internet site of the German armed forces. Analysis. The compositional structure of a military text is determined by its volume and genre. Military-technical texts include various kinds of instructions on types of military equipment and weapons, descriptions of new weapon models and instructions on the operation of equipment. These texts are characterized by such features as the presence of military-technical terminology of the narrow field of military affairs, the presence of pictures, drawings, diagrams, neutral tone of narration. Results. Military texts are a kind of official-business style of speech, characterized by the prescriptive-duty character of speech, its non-personal nature, accuracy, logic, objectivity, clarity, formality, stereotyping, concreteness, generalization, rigor, as well as a special set of clichés and terms. In the texts on military subjects’ various types of internationalisms are widely represented: single-word names, abbreviations, nominative word combinations, term elements. The advantage of the international vocabulary is its brevity and ease of use, its translation by transliteration or transcription, in most cases also its unambiguity.

EXTENSION CAPABILITIES IN TESTING ACTIVITIES OF THE ARMED FORCES OF UKRAINE IN THE CONDITIONS OF REBUFFING ARMED AGGRESSION

There is a contradiction between the large volume of weapons, military and special equipment supplied to the Armed Forces of Ukraine from international partners in the conditions of repelling armed aggression produced by domestic and foreign manufacturers and the opportunities for quality assessment of combat, operational and other characteristics of the entire range of samples. To solve these problems the state has formed and operated a system of testing weapons and military equipment which was created to qualitatively assess the compliance of created (modernized) samples, systems and complexes, as well as their components with operational-tactical (tactical-technical, general) requirements.
 A special place in this system belongs to the State Scientific Research Institute Of Armament And Military Equipment Testing And Certification which is the main specialized institution of the Armed Forces of Ukraine for conducting state tests of new and modernized models, as well as other types of tests during the life cycle with an assessment of their combat, technical and operational characteristics of weapons and military equipment.
 Meanwhile, there are certain problematic issues related to the war, due to the change of the main locations of the test bases, the corresponding testing grounds and other elementsthat are involved in the execution of the test tasks, the need for changes in the existing test system in accordance with the existing threats and changes in the system supply of weapons, military and special equipment. Therefore, the purpose of the article is to assess the problematic issues of the implementation of testing activities by the scientific and testing base of the State Scientific Research Institute Of Armament And Military Equipment Testing And Certification, determination the ways to increase the capabilities of testing in the conditions of repelling armed aggression.
 The article shows that the existing processes and mechanisms of supplying the troops with a wide range of nomenclature of weapons, military and special equipment require qualitative changes in the existing Test System in order to qualitatively assess the conformity of the combat, technical and operational characteristics of the samples. Ways to improve the testing base by increasing the capabilities of the State Scientific Research Institute Of Armament And Military Equipment Testing And Certification have been determined.

ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF THE STATE DEFENSE ORDER IN THE CONDITIONS OF THE SPECIAL MILITARY OPERATION

Attention is focused on the problems of ensuring the national security of the state, which are always relevant for our country, on strengthening their significance in connection with the changes taking place in the world. The extreme importance of state planning and budgetary control over the execution of the state defense order is determined, since significant budgetary resources are redistributed through it, and its main indicators determine the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of weapons. Since the end of February 2022, the Russian economy has found itself in a changed foreign policy environment. The need was noted for making serious adjustments to the state regulation of the activities of enterprises of the military-industrial complex, which are the basis for ensuring the national security of our country due to the protracted phase of the special military operation in Ukraine and the harsh sanctions pressure of Western Europe and the United States. The need to find new solutions to the problems of increasing the production of weapons and military equipment, and searching for additional production capacities is emphasized. An increase in the number of military personnel in conditions of partial mobilization obliges us to take additional measures to fulfill the state defense order. The key decisions taken during 2022 to regulate and improve economic relations in the field of state defense orders, as well as the dynamics of public spending on national defense, are analyzed and the prospects for their further growth are outlined. The following main areas for improving financial relations in the field of state defense orders for 2023-2024 have been identified: duties and responsibilities of performers, pricing, procurement procedures and banking support. The conclusion is made about the need for further scientific research to assess the financial efficiency of the decisions made in the framework of state planning and budgetary control in the field of state defense orders.

China's Strategic Ambiguity on the Issue of Autonomous Weapons Systems

This paper discusses the factors behind China's ambiguous stance on the issue of autonomous weapons and its relationship with China's rise. In 2016 at the United Nations on Certain Conventional Weapons (UN-CCW), China was the only Permanent Five (P5) country to call for the prohibition and importance of a binding protocol on autonomous weapons. Through its position paper, China stated that the characteristics of autonomous weapons are not in accordance with the principles of International Humanitarian Law (IHL), fears of an arms race, to the threat of war. However, in 2017 China issued the New Generation of AI Development Plan (AIDP), which became the basis for China's development of autonomous weapons. This action violates their commitment at the UN-CCW because, through AIDP, China has planned the use, development, and production of autonomous weapons. Using the framework of the technologically innovative imperative and the conception of strategic ambiguity, this paper argues that China's ambiguous stance is a strategic intention resulting from a response to technological lag and systemic barriers that China is currently facing. This paper concludes that China's ambiguous stance is; (1) aimed to maintain the consistency of China's Peaceful Rise; (2) dealing with technologically innovative imperatives dynamic; (3) helping China in achieving China's Dream to achieve a Great Power status.

PREDICTION OF CHANGES IN THE BALLISTIC CHARACTERISTICS OF SHOTS OF SEPARATE-SLEEVE LOADING WITH LONG-TERM CHARGES

Currently, the problem of many countries of the world, including Ukraine, is the presence in arsenals, bases and warehouses of a large number of various ammunition that are beyond the boundaries of the guaranteed storage periods. The lack of production capacity in Ukraine for the manufacture of ammunition has led to the fact that ammunition is currently in operation, the storage time of which exceeds 30 years.
 As the results of studies show, during long-term storage, nitrocellulose-based gunpowders used in ammunition undergo various physical and chemical transformations, which leads to changes in their properties and, in turn, to the negative consequences of the use of such ammunition.
 This article analyzes publications devoted to scientific research on the problems of operating long-term ammunition, their impact on the ballistic characteristics of weapons and the feasibility of using such ammunition, both in terms of personnel safety, and the accuracy of performing fire missions and the operation of weapons in general.
 The general problem of the operation of ammunition with post-warranty storage periods is presented, as well as one of the tasks associated with the possibility of predicting changes in the properties of powder charges at different storage periods.
 The generalizing data of the shooting experiment with the use of the 122-mm D-30 howitzer and shots of various years of manufacture are given. A change in the firing range depending on the life of the ammunition is shown, as well as a change in some ballistic characteristics. On the basis of the experiment, a relation has been obtained that makes it possible to predict changes in the initial velocity of the projectile depending on the mass of the charge.
 The possibility of restoring the properties of powder charges by treating them with hydrogen peroxide is shown, as well as a predictive assessment of the appropriate timing for the regeneration of nitrocellulose powder charges for homologation of the ballistic and energy characteristics of ammunition.

Algorithm Design of Mirror Tracking System

In the current national defense background, the requirements for the performance of weapons are increasing day by day, the speed of the flying target and the flight state provide important parameters for the improvement of the characteristics of weapons, ballistics and ammunition. In the shooting range test, the high-speed flying target is tracked and photographed to obtain important indicators such as the flight status of the flying target in high-speed flight. This paper studies a ballistic tracking camera system based on a rotating mirror. It is composed of a system, which can track the flight trajectory of the flying target in the air in real time, and obtain important information of the flying target in flight through high-speed camera shooting. Design the mirror tracking system to capture the flight status of the flying target, analyze the flight trajectory parameters of the target through MATLAB, and optimize the accuracy and response speed of the motor control algorithm. The motor turns the mirror to reflect the flying target to the high-speed camera. The feasibility of the system is ver ifi ed. Th e tot al sc ann ing range of the system for tracking flying targets is 90°, and the scanning accuracy is ±0.5°.

PLANNING OF GROUP ACTIONS OF UNMANNED AERIAL VEHICLES IN A DISTRIBUTED INTELLIGENT CONTROL SYSTEM

The actual progress achieved in the field of unmanned flying vehicles makes it possible to use Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) to solve various tasks in the civil and defense areas. As a result, UAV groups require scheduling of their actions at various stages of their mission. In their previous publications the authors suggested the architecture of a distributed intellectual control system for the implementation of UAVs collective actions. It was demonstrated, that one of the most important functions of such an intellectual control system is the so called pre-flight scheduling of UAVs actions within a group. The article discusses the approaches to the implementation of algorithms that ensure the pre-flight scheduling of UAVs actions in the frames of a distributed intellectual control system, summarizing the current state of research in this area as well as the authors’ own results. The most important task to be solved at the stage of a UAV group’s actions pre-flight scheduling is to determine the types of UAVs involved in the implementation of the target task. An approximate solution to this problem is proposed, basing on the use of analytical probabilistic models to evaluate the group actions efficiency. The use of such models makes it possible to determine the optimal number of UAVs in the group, to justify the requirements for their survivability, the characteristics of both on-board optoelectronic means and weapons. Algorithms for scheduling the UAV group actions are described, which are based on both mathematical models and formalized criteria for evaluation of the collective actions efficiency. In this case, the planning task, as a rule, can be reduced to the problem of integer linear or nonlinear programming. The possibility of using artificial intelligence technologies for the purposes of the UAV group actions scheduling is discussed. Special attention is paid to the problem of planning the UAV group actions within the framework of a decentralized strategy of flock management.

Preliminary Stages of Investigation of Smuggling of Weapons of Mass Destruction

The article presents the criminalistic characteristics of weapons of mass destruction, as well as their components, objects and substances from which they can be made, focuses on the high level of public danger that weapons of mass destruction carry, especially in connection with the activation of extremist and terrorist groups. The paper considers and summarizes the complex of investigative and operational measures that the investigative body is obliged to carry out at the preliminary stage of the investigation of the smuggling of weapons of mass destruction, as well as materials and equipment that can be used in its creation, provides a description of the main (typical) investigative situations in the commission of this crime. The author comes to the conclusion that only with the close cooperation of all law enforcement agencies, the crimes under investigation on the territory of Russia can be solved as soon as possible, and the conclusion is also made about the possible involvement of unfriendly states, criminal communities and terrorist organizations in the smuggling of weapons of mass destruction.

Experimental Study of Automatic Weapon Vibrations when Burst Firing

The article presents a new approach to finding the dynamic characteristics of automatic weapons, mainly in case of burst firing. The experiments were tested out on a 30 mm AGS-17 grenade launcher mounted on a tripod in the event of a shot. The obtained results are the basis for evaluating the firing stability of an automatic weapon when burst firing, which allows modernising the existing weapons and evaluating similar weapon systems. Furthermore, the outputs can be used to validate a dynamic model of an automatic weapon system mounted on the tripod. The procedure can be used as an example of practical technique and methodology for other weapon systems.

Application of spectral analysis for determine the phase shift of signals with equal amplitudes using full-wave transformation when measuring the characteristics of weapons

The article defines the list of technical characteristics of armaments and military equipment (ARM), the value of which is measured using phase methods. An analysis of known methods that have found wide application in measuring technology, which is designed to determine the technical characteristics associated with the measurement of phase shift during the development, manufacture and operation of weapons. Based on this analysis, it was determined that the measuring systems are designed to determine the phase shift of two harmonic signals in their composition have two channels of information transmission. This architecture of the implementation of measuring systems leads to the fact that a significant impact on the accuracy of the proposed measurement problem, makes a component of the error due to the phase symmetry of the signal transmission channels, as well as internal and external noise. As an alternative approach to solving the measurement problem of determining the phase shift of two harmonic signals, which will significantly reduce the error component due to phase asymmetry of information transmission channels, it is proposed to use the signal obtained by summing harmonic signals after full-wave transformation followed by spectral analysis. In order to implement the above approach, a measurement problem was set to determine the phase shift of two harmonic signals, using spectral analysis of the signal obtained by summing the harmonic signals after their full-wave transformation. A list of assumptions required for the synthesis of analytical relations that establish the relationship between the spectra of phases and amplitudes (power) of the signal obtained by summing harmonic signals after their full-wave transformation and phase shift of two harmonic signals. Analytical relationships are proposed that establish the relationship between the above characteristics. It is shown that the values of the spectrum of phases and amplitudes, which are calculated using the proposed expressions, differ from the values obtained in the calculations using the Fourier series coefficients, not more than 0.1%.

Woundary ballistics of biological tissue’s plastic deformation on the model of ballistic plastiline using hollow point and shape-stable bullets

Introduction. Modern military conflicts make many challenges for military surgeons associated with the use of new types of weapons – hollow point bullets. The solution to this problem, firstly, depends on studying the characteristics of the terminal ballistics of such ammunition and comparing the data obtained with the characteristics of traditional weapon.
 The aim of the work is to conduct experimental modeling of the wound canal and residual wound cavity, which is formed due to plastic deformation from hollow point and non-hollow point bullets.
 Materials and methods. The studies were carried out on 40 blocks of ballistic plasticine, in each of which one shot was fired from an AKS-74 assault rifle and a ZBROYAR Z-10 carbine. Depending on the type of ammunition, the blocks of ballistic plasticine were divided into 4 groups: Group 1 – 10 blocks into which shots were made with 5.45 mm non-hollow point military cartridges with "PS" bullets with a steel core "7N6"; Group 2 (10 blocks) – 5.45x39 mm cartridges with "V-Max" hollow point bullets; Group 3 (10 blocks) – with cartridges 7.62x39 mm; Group 4 (10 blocks) – cartridges 7.62x39 mm with hollow point bullets of the "SP" type.
 Results and discussion. Only for a 5.45 mm military cartridge with "PS" bullets, both inlet and outlet bullet holes were detected in all 10 observations. When using non-hollow point bullets, the outer area of ​​the bullet inlet correlates with the caliber of the projectile (1.6 times larger when using 7.62 mm bullets). For hollow point bullets, the caliber of the projectile does not significantly affect the area of ​​the inlet (P < 0.05). The expansive properties of the bullet significantly increase the area of ​​the bullet hole by 14.87-31.2 times compared to non-hollow point ammunition. Increasing the caliber of the non-hollow point bullet leads to a significant increase in the area of ​​the sagittal section of the residual wound cavity in 1.59-2.03 times; whereas the expansive properties of the bullet do not significantly affect either the perimeter or the area of ​​the sagittal section of the residual wound cavity. For non-hollow point bullets, the volume of the residual wound cavity is more correlated with the caliber of the bullet (increases by 3.36 times); whereas for an hollow point bullet, its caliber has a smaller effect on the volume of the residual cavity (increases by 1.37 times). The expansive properties of the bullet affect the volume of the residual wound cavity in two ways: for 5.45 mm bullets the residual wound cavity increases 1.49 times, for 7.62 mm bullets it decreases 1.65 times. The use of hollow point bullets of 7.62 mm leads to greater collateral damage (zone of secondary necrosis, molecular shock) due to the scattering of the kinetic energy of the bullet to the elastic deformation of near-woundary tissues compared to non-hollow point analogues. The use of 5.45 mm expansive bullets leads to the formation of a larger volume of irreversible damage due to plastic deformation compared to non-hollow point analogues.
 Conclusions. The resulting model of plastic deformation of soft tissues, depending on the type of modern small arms, showed the dependence of the spatial configuration of the inlet bullet hole, residual wound cavity and deformation and fragmentation of the bullet on the caliber of the cartridge and its expansive properties.

Risk-oriented approach to life cycle contract implementation of weapons and military equipment

Aim. Today, the development and operation of weapons and military equipment is characterized by fast-growing customer requirements, which, in turn, leads to their increased technical complexity and cost. It is obvious that maintaining the required physical and operational characteristics of high-technology weapons and military equipment by the users is not always possible due to a number of reasons, including insufficient capabilities of the service units that do not have the required personnel, assets and competences. In turn, the manufacturers involved in the delivery of the government defence order are also interested in shaping long-term relations with the customer allowing to build a platform for sound progress. One of the possible solutions for such interaction between the customer and the contractor used worldwide and in Russia is public-private partnership in the form of life cycle contracts. Despite the obvious advantages, its introduction into the practice of weapons and military equipment life cycle is hampered by a number of adverse factors (insufficiencies in the regulatory framework and technical standards, poor level of information technology deployment in LC management) that need to be overcome in terms of both scientific and practical considerations. It is perfectly clear that developing a tool that would allow mitigating a full spectrum of problems as part of this study would be an extremely challenging task. Given the above, the paper aims to examine risks as one of the aspects of this complex problem that implies the development of a new approach to the interaction of the parties involved in a life cycle contract for weapons and military equipment, taking into account the current conditions, interests, goals and objectives. It involves comprehensive analysis of uncertainty and the whole spectrum of possible risks associated with the weapons and military equipment life cycle processes. Methods. The managerial decision-making is based on the decision tree method that allows dividing the complex decision-making problem into component tasks and obtaining quantitative risk estimates, thus developing an adequate system of measures for the prevention of event risks and reduction of their negative consequences. Results. Based on the proposed methodological framework, a risk management algorithm has been developed, a matrix has been defined for assessing risks and their impact on the temporal and technical characteristics, as well as the costs of a project. Conclusion. The suggested approach is universally applicable and can be used by both the officials of military authorities in the process of scientific support of LCC implementation, and by the management of defense contractors as they develop their interaction with the military authorities responsible for the creation and operation of weapons and military equipment.