Characteristics Of Ventilator-associated Pneumonia Research Articles

Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia in Neonates Admitted to a Tertiary Care NICU in Bulgaria.

Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) is the second most common hospital-acquired infection (HAI) among neonatal patients in the intensive care units (ICUs) and is a serious challenge for neonatologists because it affects critically ill patients who need prolonged mechanical ventilation. In Bulgaria, there is no detailed data at regional and national levels on the characteristics of VAP in newborns, which imposes a necessity for specific studies of risk factors and etiology of VAP. The aim of the study was to analyze the frequency, characteristics and risk factors for the occurrence of VAP in newborns hospitalized in intensive care unit. This was a prospective study, conducted between January 2017 and June 2018 in the NICU of University Hospital “St. George” Plovdiv, Bulgaria. The sample consisted of 507 neonates, followed up prospectively, 107 of whom were placed on mechanical ventilation for ≥48 h. VAP was diagnosed in 33 out of 107 neonates (31%). The VAP incidence rate was 35.06/1.000 ventilator days. We confirmed differences between the median birth weight (1,310 vs. 1,690 g, p = 0.045) and average gestational age (31.08 g.w. vs. 33.08 g.w, p = 0.04) of the patients with and without VAP. The average stay of patients with VAP in the NICU was statistically significantly longer than the hospital stay of non-VAP patients (35.70 ± 21.84 days vs. 21.77 ± 17.27 days (t = 3.241, p = 0.002). In neonates with VAP, the duration of mechanical ventilation was statistically significantly longer compared with non-VAP patients (16.88 ± 11.99 vs. 5.42 ± 4.48; t = 5.249, p = 0.000). A statistically significant prevalence of Gram-negative bacteria among VAP patients was demonstrated (91%) compared to the Gram-positive (9%), p < 0.05. The leading causative agent of VAP was Klebsiella pneumoniae ESBLs + (27%), followed by Acinetobacter baumannii (14%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (12%) and Escherichia coli (12%). In multivariate logistic regression, mechanical ventilation >7 days was established as an independent risk factor for VAP (OR 3.6; 95% CI: 1.7–6.5, p = 0.003). VAP remains a serious and outstanding issue in pediatric and neonatal intensive care units. The findings of the current study emphasize that the birth weight, gestational age, and duration of hospital stay have a significant association with ventilator-associated pneumonia.

Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia in Dr. Soetomo General Hospital Surabaya

Introduction: Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) is one of the most common nosocomial infections in the intensive care unit (ICU). Mechanically, ventilated patients have a higher risk of VAP. VAP can increase morbidity, mortality, and treatment costs. However, Indonesia lacks data about VAP. The objective of this study was to find out the characteristics of VAP in Dr. Soetomo General Hospital, Surabaya, in the period of August 2017 until August 2018.Methods: This was a cross-sectional study by assessing medical records of the patients in ICU. The variables observed in this study were age, gender, outcome, length of stay in the ICU (LOSICU), and primary diagnosis. The inclusion criteria were the patients who have been using mechanical ventilation at least 2 x 24 hours in the ICU and confirmed VAP. The data were analyzed descriptively by using Microsoft Excel 2016.Results: A total of 18 VAP patients were diagnosed. VAP patients were dominated male (55.6%). The mean of LOSICU was 22.83 ± 11.24 days, and the mortality rate of VAP patients was high (55.6%). 30% of VAP patients had Guillain-Barre Syndrome (GBS) as the primary diagnosis, and 16.65% had Congenital Heart Disease (CHD).Conclusion: Most VAP patients were male and had prolonged stays. The mortality rate of VAP patients was still high. GBS was the most frequent of primary diagnoses in patients with VAP and also CHD.

The incidence and characteristics of ventilator-associated pneumonia in a regional nontertiary Australian intensive care unit: A retrospective clinical audit study

BackgroundVentilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) is a common complication of mechanical ventilation in the intensive care unit. The incidence, patient characteristics, and outcomes have not been described in a regional Australian setting. ObjectivesΤhe primary objective was to establish the incidence of VAP in a regional intensive care unit using predetermined diagnostic criteria. The secondary objective was to compare the agreement between criteria-based and physician-based diagnostic processes. The tertiary objectives were to compare patient characteristics and clinical outcomes of cases with and without VAP. MethodsA retrospective clinical audit was performed of adult patients admitted to Rockhampton Intensive Care Unit, Australia, between 2013 and 2016. We included all patients ventilated for ≥72 h and not diagnosed with a pneumonia before or during the first 72 h of ventilation. ResultsA total of 170 cases met the inclusion criteria. The incidence of VAP as per the criteria-based diagnosis was 27.3 cases per 1000 ventilator days (95% confidence interval [CI]: 18.4–36.2) and as per the physician-based diagnosis was 25.8 cases per 1000 ventilator days (95% CI: 17.1–34.4). There was a moderate chance-corrected agreement between the criteria- and physician-based diagnosis. Very obese cases (body mass index [BMI] ≥40) were nearly four times more likely to develop VAP than cases with normal BMI (BMI <30) (odds ratio: 3.664; 95% CI: 1.394–9.634; p = 0.008). After controlling for sex, BMI category, comorbidities, and Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II scores, there was a trend (p = 0.283) for higher adjusted mortality rate for cases with VAP (10.1%, 95% CI: 4.8–21.5) than for those without VAP (6.1%, 95% CI: 3.0–12.4). Cases with VAP had a higher total hospital cost ($123,223 AUD vs $66,425 AUD, p < 0.001), than cases without VAP. ConclusionsThis is the first study reporting incidence of VAP in an Australian regional intensive care unit setting. An increased length of stay and significantly higher hospital costs warrant research investigating reliable and valid clinical prediction rules to forecast those at risk of VAP.

CLINICAL, LABORATORY CHARACTERISTICS AND TREATMENT RESULTS OF VENTILATOR-ASSOCIATED PNEUMONIA AT HUE UNIVERSITY OF MEDICINE AND PHARMACY HOSPITAL

Background: Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) are frequently nosocomial infections at intensive care units (ICU). VAP result in increasing ICU stay, cost and mortality rate. Microorganisms which caused VAP were variety, change of state continously with high rate antibiotic-resistance. For the high quality of treatment therapy, physians must be care about etiology, clinical and laboratory characteristics of VAP for prevention and target treatment. Objectives: To describe the clinical and laboratory characteristics of VAP and comment the result of VAP treatment. Materials and method: Cross-section study of 30 patients who were diagnosed VAP from 04/01/2017 to 04/01/2018 at Anesthesia and Critical Care Department of Hue University of Medicine and Pharmacy Hospital. Results: Mean age of patients was 72.3 ± 14.3. Early VAP was 30%, lately VAP was 70%. Fever and increase mucus sputum were main clinical characteristics of VAP. Microorganisms which caused disease were A. baumannii, S. aureus, P. aeruginosa and Enterobacter spp with high rate antibiotic resistance. Mean mechanical ventilation was 16.8 ± 9.3 days. Mean ICU treatment was 23.7 ± 11.7 days. The mortality of VAP was 46.6%. Conclusion: VAP caused increase ICU stay and mortality rate of patients. It’s essential in a bundle care for VAP prevention and early treatment based on VAP etiology. Key words: Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP)

Lung Ultrasound In Ventilator Associated Pneumonia: Light Or More Shadow At Diagnosis

Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) is the most common health care-associated infection in intensive care units (ICU). Its appearance causes an increase in stay, mortality and economic costs. The traditional diagnostic criteria (clinical, radiological and microbiological) are a matter of growing controversy (the poor reliability of radiological criteria in ICU patients has been recognized). For a few years, lung ultrasound has occupied a vital place in the diagnostic arsenal of intensive medicine. Review articles and Meta-analyzes on lung ultrasound in the diagnosis of pneumonia have confirmed the usefulness of the method. The main ultrasonographic characteristics of VAP are the presence of pulmonary condensation and air bronchogram, with a sensitivity of 100% and a specificity of 80%. The image of condensation may correspond to other diagnoses such as pulmonary atelectasis caused by mechanical obstruction or compression, tumor consolidation and pulmonary embolism. On the other hand there are technical limitations (obese patients, patients with drainages and the location of the lesion) that compromise the diagnostic certainty. In conclusion, lung ultrasound is useful but has not yet provided all the light necessary for the successful diagnosis of VAP in ICUs.

Incidence and characteristics of ventilator-associated pneumonia in a regional non-tertiary Australian intensive care unit: protocol for a retrospective clinical audit study

IntroductionVentilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) is a medical complication associated with prolonged mechanical ventilation. Most studies looking at VAP originate from major, tertiary intensive care units (ICUs). Our understanding of VAP in...

Research on risk factors and pathogens of ventilator associated pneumonia

Objective To study the risk factors and pathogenic characteristics of ventilator associated pneumonia(YAP). Methods Risk factors of VAP,pathogens and drug resistance in 118 patients in ICU were analyzed retrospectively. Results The incidence of VAP was 44.9％, and age, the mechanical ventilation time, state of consciousness,tracheotomy,the antibiotic combination are risk factors of incidence of VAP. 53cases of VAP(68.2％ )were infected by Gram negative bacilli,25.9％ were by Gram positive cocci,and 5.9％ were by fungi. Drug resistance was observed obviously. Conclusion The occurrence of VAP was related with multiple factors. The gram negative bacteria are the major pathogens of VAP, and the rate of drug resistance was high. The occurrence of VAP could severely affect patients' prognosis. Key words: Ventilator associated pneumonia; Risk factor; Pathogens

Epidemiology and Microbiology of Hospital-Acquired Pneumonia

Hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP) is the second most common nosocomial infection in the critically ill patient and is associated with the greatest mortality and increased morbidity and cost of care. The major risk factor for the development of HAP in intensive care is the occurrence of intubation and mechanical ventilation, giving rise to the term ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP). Incidence of VAP varies in different populations of critically ill patients and generally ranges from 9 to 20%, with an overall rate of 10 to 15 cases per 1,000 ventilator days. The cumulative risk of developing VAP is ~1% per day of mechanical ventilation (MV). The crude mortality rate of VAP is 60% and the estimates of attributable risk range from 27 to 43%. Mortality from VAP is influenced by host factors, the virulence of the pathogens, and the adequacy of initial antimicrobial therapy. The etiologic agents for VAP differ according to the population studied, duration of hospital stay, time after intubation, and prior antimicrobial therapy. Risk factors include nonmodifiable factors like age, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, severe head trauma, and multiple trauma, and modifiable factors like large volume gastric aspiration, duration of MV, elevated gastric pH, histamine type 2 blocker therapy, ventilator circuit change frequency, self-extubation, and reintubation. The impact that diagnosis using invasive diagnostic techniques may have on the epidemiological characteristics of VAP are unknown, but may potentially reduce problems resulting from misclassification of this entity.