Transaction Characteristics Research Articles

Understanding the Offline Criminal Behavior of Individuals Who Live Stream Child Sexual Abuse.

Live streaming of child sexual abuse (CSA) involves the procurement and viewing of sexual abuse of children across the internet in real time, in exchange for money. These offenses leave little tangible evidence of the offense beyond a financial transaction, and metadata relating to the live-streaming session. This research analyzed the demographic, criminal history, and financial transaction characteristics of 209 individuals who live streamed child sexual abuse. A machine learning clustering technique was implemented to consider whether there were sub-groups present among these offenders, and in particular the prevalence of contact sexual offending among any detected sub-groups. Findings revealed that offenders tend to engage in live streaming around the same age, before making regular transactions with facilitators at brief intervals, with the majority of offenders featuring limited criminal history. This analysis identified a notable sub-group of live-streaming offenders that also engaged in contact sexual offending. This is the first study to empirically demonstrate an intersection between live streaming of CSA, and contact sexual offenses against children and adults. This research highlighted the importance of financial transactions data in detecting, and disrupting this crime type. Further, the identification of an intersection between live-streaming CSA offenders, and contact sexual offenders suggests that these individuals may pose a risk to both local and international communities.

Investigation and analysis of imported medicinal materials at Chinese border ports

Imported medicinal materials are an important part of Chinese medicinal resources. To be specific, about 10% of the around 600 commonly used Chinese medicinal materials are from abroad, and the introduction of foreign medicinal materials has promoted the development of Chinese medicine. Amid the advancement of reform and opening up and the "Belt and Road" Initiative, major headway has been made in the cross-border trade in China, bringing opportunities for the import of medicinal materials from border ports. However, for a long time, there is a lack of systematic investigation on the types of exotic medicinal materials at border ports. In the fourth national census of traditional Chinese medicine resources, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, together with several organizations, investigated the nearly 40 border ports, Chinese medicinal material markets, and border trade markets in 6 provinces/autonomous regions in China for the first time and recorded the types, sources, circulation, and the transaction characteristics of imported medicinal materials. Moreover, they invited experts to identify the origins of the collected 237 medicinal materials. In addition, the status quo and the problems of the medicinal materials were summarized. This study is expected to lay a basis for clarifying the market and origins of imported medicinal materials as well as the scientific research on and supervision of them.

The Systems Approach and Design Path of Electronic Bidding Systems Based on Blockchain Technology

The electronic tendering and bidding system has realized the digitalization, networking, and high integration of the whole process of tendering, bidding, bid evaluation, and contract, which has a wide range of applications. However, the trust degree, cooperation, and transaction efficiency of the parties involved in electronic bidding are low, and bidding fraud and collusion are forbidden repeatedly. Blockchain technology has the characteristics of decentralization, transparent transactions, traceability, non-tampering and forgery detection, and data security. This paper proposes a design path of an electronic bidding system based on blockchain technology, which aims to solve the efficiency, trust, and security of the electronic trading process. By building the underlying architecture platform of blockchain and embedding the business process of electronic bidding, this realizes the transparency, openness, and traceability during the whole process of electronic bidding. This paper uses qualitative and quantitative methods to prove the effectiveness of the system.

Deceptive evidence: The experience of product market definition for the purpose of competition law enforcement

Could identical goods sold by the same company on the same territory and at the same time be attributed to different product markets? In our paper we take a closer look at the case of the wrought-steel wheel industry, which became the subject of an antitrust investigation initiated by the FAS Russia in 2020. During a shortage, one of the largest wrought-steel wheel producers sold small batches of wheels to minor buyers at relatively high prices compared to the industry average. FAS Russia assumed this price difference to be evidence for abuse of market power. In contrast to FAS Russia’s conclusions, we suggest that wrought-steel wheels sold to major and minor buyers constitute at least two separate markets. To test this hypothesis, we define a relevant product market employing a price correlation analysis. To conduct robustness check we also provide a stationarity test on the log price ratio and a cointegration test which fall within the results of correlation analysis. As consumers actually did engage in side transactions, the revealed price difference is not related to price discrimination. We explain this price difference using the new institutional economics, assuming that goods sold to a large buyer do possess special transaction characteristics which do not meet the characteristics of the batches consumed by minor buyers. Another explanation is differences in bargaining power between large and minor buyers. Our result shows that there can be identified at least two wrought-steel wheel product markets: one with Russian Railways as the main buyer and the second one with smaller undertakings.

Инвестиции в Интернете: дистанционные сделки с электронными эквивалентами обязательств и требований

Introduction: to date, transactions with complex new investment objects are investigated, including utilitarian digital rights, digital financial assets, and digital currency. In this regard, the author sets a goal: to analyze and investigate the features of remote investment transactions made by individuals (private investors) on the Internet. Methods: the methodological framework for the study was the methods of scientific cognition, among which the main ones are the methods of systematicity, analysis and comparative law. Results: the specifics of the circumstances justified by the fact that the category “electronic equivalents of obligations and requirements” should be fixed as the key concept that should be included in the title of the Federal Law “On Digital Financial Assets” instead of the word formation “digital financial assets”. Conclusions: based on the analysis of the legislation, it is necessary to simplify and modernize the structure of interaction between a private investor, an information system operator, an investment recipient and eliminate unnecessary irrational stages of their interaction using digital computer technologies of a smart contract. Based on the results of the study, the author offers recommendations for the development of standard smart contracts.

Влияние современной геоэкономики и концепции устойчивого развития на трансформации национальной юрисдикции России

The relevance of the study: the paper highlights the key issues of the main topic of the issue of the journal “Legal Concept = Pravovaya paradigma” entitled “Russia’s National Jurisdiction in the Trends of Modern Geoeconomics and Sustainable Development”. The relevance of the main topic of the issue is due to the key tasks facing modern legal scholars, whose solution is aimed primarily at the formation of the legal regulation of Russia’s integration into the global mainstream of the development of modern geoeconomics, taking into account inclusive growth and sustainable development. The scientific novelty of the research project presented to the reader of the journal is determined by the need to create and develop a legal infrastructure of environmentally friendly entrepreneurship relevant to modern foreign policy and foreign economic conditions during neo-industrialization. In addition, the scientific significance of the conducted research determines the perspective and goal-setting of using the new knowledge obtained for further research on these issues, as well as solving related scientific and practical problems of environmentally friendly entrepreneurship as the basis of modern economic turnover, whose consequence is the consistent implementation of the ideas of nature conservation and sustainable environment in the legislative support. The methodological framework for the collective research is made up of the methods of scientific cognition, among which the main ones are the methods of systematicity, analysis and comparative law. The results of the study: the experimental legal regulation is considered as a means of ensuring sustainable development in the presented works. Civil law concepts and mechanisms of protection of the Russian Federation from defamation are studied, the ways of their modernization are proposed. The concept of environmental responsibility of business as a criterion of ESG and sustainable development is substantiated. The sources of formation, essence, principles, means and procedures of the concept of “Smart regulation” as an instrumental component of sustainable development are determined. The legal issues of ethnic identification of citizens of the Russian Federation are studied. The paper examines the category of constitutional stability in the light of the reform of the Constitution of the Russian Federation in 2020, as a special kind of normative act designed to carry the values of society through time and preserve the main directions of its development. The features of remote investment transactions made by individuals (private investors) on the Internet are analyzed. The theory of gamification of law as a response to modern challenges of its development is investigated and substantiated. The research results aimed at the socio-economic development of the country are introduced into legal science. The achieved understanding of the state of environmental entrepreneurship in Russia allows formulating several specific proposals to the public authorities that ensure the consistent expansion of the “green” sectors of the economy through the intensive involvement of the potential of economic entities. The basic conceptual and categorical scientific apparatus of modern legal regulation of economic turnover is developed. Some mechanisms and measures for creating an adaptive legal framework for public activity, taking into account the need for its greening in the conditions of neo-industrial development, are scientifically substantiated. Conclusions: it is concluded that as the significant results of the project it is possible to state the increment of the content of such international law.

서울지역 중대형 오피스 매매가격의 현실화율 결정요인의 분석

This study used the Hedonic model to help introduce and establish a system to realize the official price of non-residential real estate medium and large office buildings, and based on previous studies, it selected transaction characteristics, location characteristics, and building characteristics as dependent variables. As a result of hypothesis verification, all three hypotheses related to transaction characteristics, three hypotheses related to location characteristics, and four related to building characteristics were adopted. Among the transaction characteristics, the factors adopted as determinants of the office building realization rate were sales price, 3 years of treasury bonds, 1 transaction number, and 2 transactions. Among the location characteristics, it was identified as more than 500m of land area, GBD, YBD, CBD, Others, subway station, and 20m of commercial area, roadside, and access road. In the case of building characteristics, a total of 19 factors were adopted as the floor area ratio, total floor area, total number of floors, rectangular, irregular, and less than 30 years of construction year. Since the variables adopted in this way are the main factors related to the determining factor of the official price realization rate of medium and large office buildings, it is expected that the third stage of non-residential real estate public price unification can be accelerated.

서울시 중소형 빌딩의 실질자본수익률 영향요인에 관한 연구

The purpose of this study is to find research results that help understand the small and medium-sized building market by deriving important factors affecting the real capital return for small and medium-sized buildings in Seoul. The following is a summary of the meaningful contents derived from the research results. First, among the macro characteristics, the rate of change in apartment prices was found to have the greatest effect on the real capital return. Second, among the transaction characteristics, it was found that the holding year had a large effect on the real capital return. Third, it was found that among the location characteristics, the number of encounters and corners had a large effect on the real capital return. Finally, it was found that there were many variables that did not affect the real capital return as a variable of building characteristics and land characteristics. This study is meaningful in terms of diversity in research on small and medium-sized buildings in real estate research.

A Feature-Based Robust Method for Abnormal Contracts Detection in Ethereum Blockchain

Blockchain technology has allowed many abnormal schemes to hide behind smart contracts. This causes serious financial losses, which adversely affects the blockchain. Machine learning technology has mainly been utilized to enable automatic detection of abnormal contract accounts in recent years. In spite of this, previous machine learning methods have suffered from a number of disadvantages: first, it is extremely difficult to identify features that enable accurate detection of abnormal contracts, and based on these features, statistical analysis is also ineffective. Second, they ignore the imbalances and repeatability of smart contract accounts, which often results in overfitting of the model. In this paper, we propose a data-driven robust method for detecting abnormal contract accounts over the Ethereum Blockchain. This method comprises hybrid features set by integrating opcode n-grams, transaction features, and term frequency-inverse document frequency source code features to train an ensemble classifier. The extra-trees and gradient boosting algorithms based on weighted soft voting are used to create an ensemble classifier that balances the weaknesses of individual classifiers in a given dataset. The abnormal and normal contract data are collected by analyzing the open source etherscan.io, and the problem of the imbalanced dataset is solved by performing the adaptive synthetic sampling. The empirical results demonstrate that the proposed individual feature sets are useful for detecting abnormal contract accounts. Meanwhile, combining all the features enhances the detection of abnormal contracts with significant accuracy. The experimental and comparative results show that the proposed method can distinguish abnormal contract accounts for the data-driven security of blockchain Ethereum with satisfactory performance metrics.

An Efficient Blockchain Transaction Retrieval System

In the era of the digital economy, blockchain has developed well in various fields, such as finance and digital copyright, due to its unique decentralization and traceability characteristics. However, blockchain gradually exposes the storage problem, and the current blockchain stores the block data in third-party storage systems to reduce the node storage pressure. The new blockchain storage method brings the blockchain transaction retrieval problem. The problem is that when unable to locate the block containing this transaction, the user must fetch the entire blockchain ledger data from the third-party storage system, resulting in huge communication overhead. For this problem, we exploit the semi-structured data in the blockchain and extract the universal blockchain transaction characteristics, such as account address and time. Then we establish a blockchain transaction retrieval system. Responding to the lacking efficient retrieval data structure, we propose a scalable secondary search data structure BB+ tree for account address and introduce the I2B+ tree for time. Finally, we analyze the proposed scheme’s performance through experiments. The experiment results prove that our system is superior to the existing methods in single-feature retrieval, concurrent retrieval, and multi-feature hybrid retrieval. The retrieval time under single feature retrieval is reduced by 40.54%, and the retrieval time is decreased by 43.16% under the multi-feature hybrid retrieval. It has better stability in different block sizes and concurrent retrieval scales.

Strategi Meningkatkan Penjualan Fasilitas QRIS Guna Mempermudah Melakukan Transaksi Pada Bank BJB Kantor Cabang Pembantu Surya Kencana

The development of the internet is increasing day by day both in technology and in its use, with the many features of payment features or transactions using digital banking facilities in this growing era, customers can make transactions using digital banking services that have been provided by banks such as internet banking, m-bangking, sms. banking or now customers can make payments or transactions with one click using a QR code.
 The purpose of this discussion is to find out how the public knows how customer knowledge is with the development of digital banking as well as to make it easier for customers to make transactions using digital banking.
 The results of the discussion show that the strategy for offering QRIS facilities at PT. Bank Pembangunan Daerah Jawa Brat and Banten, Tbk KCP Surya Kencana if the customer is interested in using this facility the customer must apply for the facility by filling out a form as well as other complementary documents, and the use of this facility can be beneficial for PT. Regional Development Bank Jawa Brat and Banten, Tbk KCP Surya Kencana and also for customers who use this QRIS facility.
 Keywords: digital banking

Combining transaction characteristics and governance mechanisms to suppress opportunism in construction projects: qualitative comparative analysis

PurposeThe understanding of how to mitigate opportunism in construction projects is still limited and conflicting. The complexity of causalities and interdependence among antecedents of opportunism (transaction characteristics and governance mechanisms) is the major obstacle to current research. This study takes a holistic perspective to explore the different combinations of conditions that lead to high opportunism and low opportunism in project management.Design/methodology/approachThrough 2 phases of the interview and questionnaire survey, the 91 valid survey data were collected from the buyer–seller relationships in construction projects and analyzed by adopting fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis.FindingsA single transaction characteristic is rarely sufficient to explain opportunism, and combinations of different transaction characteristics and governance mechanisms (performance ambiguity, asset specificity, buyer's requirement certainty, informal control, and formal control) have different effects on opportunism. In the case of extremely unsatisfactory transaction characteristics, even the combination of formal and informal control cannot prevent high opportunism. The combination including low-formal control and high-asset specificity easily leads to high opportunism. Besides, performance ambiguity is a vital factor in mitigating high opportunism or achieving low opportunism.Originality/valuePrevious studies have always addressed the role of one or some factors independently and separately. This study is one of the first to explore the different combinations of conditions that result in high opportunism and low opportunism in project management based on transaction costs economics and agency theory.

Intelligent Warehouse Picking Improvement Model for e-Logistics Warehouse Using Single Picker Routing Problem and Wave Picking

Abstract— The development and use of technological innovations have changed people's behavior from an industrial society to an information society. It can be seen in the increase in people's consumption patterns from trading through physical stores (offline) to trading through electronic systems, often referred to as e-commerce. Logistics services are distribution actors in the downstream line which are tasked with delivering products from the fulfillment center from e-commerce to the end customer. The uncertainty of the number of requests is the biggest challenge for logistics service players. The growth of e-commerce has also led to an increase in sales volume in e-commerce which has given rise to a new generation of warehouses that are specifically tailored to the special needs of online retailers who directly serve the demands of end-customers in the business-to-consumer (B2C) segment. Traditional warehousing systems cannot handle orders with the characteristics of many transactions but smaller sizes. In addition, warehouses that handle e-commerce are also required to have a fast process in the warehouse because shipments must be made on the same day. In this study, the author aims to perform calculations to find the optimal order picking time in the warehouse, so orders in e-commerce can be processed faster by comparing the picking process time using ordinary Single Picker Routing Problem (SPRP) and combined with the concept of wave picking using Genetic Algorithm (GA). Based on a theoretical study in this paper, the combination between SPRP and wave picking can reduce 42.28% picking time.Â

To see and be seen: Technological change and power in deforestation driving global value chains

AbstractNew digital tools for monitoring forest‐ and land‐cover change have made it easier for civil society actors to call firms to account for deforestation. In response, companies in deforestation‐linked global value chains (GVCs) have turned to these technologies themselves. In contrast to many case analyses of technology in GVCs, which focus on how technology changes production processes, forcing governance to adapt, forest‐monitoring technologies change governance directly. Synthesising work on transaction characteristics and power relations in GVCs to address this novel situation, we argue that monitoring technologies’ effects on GVCs will likely depend on their accessibility. Proprietary technologies favour large‐scale operations and already established lead firms, while open technologies could support democratization. Treating forest‐ and value‐chain information as a public good could support more inclusive, equitable and sustainable value chains.

Sourcing portfolio diversity in new product development: Antecedents and performance implications

This paper examines the antecedents and performance outcomes of sourcing portfolio diversity in firms’ new product development (NPD). Sourcing portfolio diversity measures the degree to which a firm uses multiple sourcing choices along both organizational and geographic dimensions including domestic in-house sourcing, domestic outsourcing, captive offshoring, and offshore outsourcing. We extend transaction cost economics (TCE) to the portfolio level of analysis and predict that sourcing portfolio diversity in NPD is driven by heterogeneity in two transactional characteristics—technological application diversity, reflecting asset specificity, and variance in project-stage uncertainty. We also argue that the positive effect of sourcing portfolio diversity on firms’ financial performance is driven by aligning sourcing portfolio configuration with the sources of transactional heterogeneity, increased strategic agility, and complementarities between individual sourcing choices. Our empirical study of NPD in the bio-pharmaceutical industry confirms our predictions. We contribute to research on sourcing and NPD by conceptually building and empirically establishing relevance of the sourcing diversity at the portfolio level of analysis and bringing the question of sourcing strategy to the forefront of NPD portfolio management concerns.

기술수용모형을 통한 디지털 물류 플랫폼에서의 사용의도에 미치는 요인에 관한 연구

With the growth of the global economy, along with the rapid spread of mobile devices, e-commerce and COVID-19, transactions between shippers and logistics service companies and domestic import and export trades have shown a drastic increase. Platforms merging from the 4th industrial revolution have allowed Small and Medium Enterprises (SME) logistics service companies to participate as equal bidding service providers in Business-to-Business (B2B) logistics field. However, SME logistics services have experienced difficulties in accessing and utilizing the B2B logistics platforms because of the existing trading practices, such as information asymmetry and closures led by existing large corporations in the logistics industry. Therefore, it is necessary for the SME to study the factors that influence users’ decision to use the platform when securing its competitiveness in the logistics field. Since it is difficult to reflect a company’s relationship characteristics of B2B transactions with existing Technology Acceptance Models(TAMs), it is extended by adding fair trade and risk factors to study the technology acceptance behavior of users. The studies show that social influence, price efficiency and fair trade are the crucial variables for the users’ decision to use the platform. It also demonstrates that fair trade, in correlation to risk, has the significant impact on users’ acceptance of the platform. Based on the results of this study, it is beneficial if a company designs a platform structure from the perspective of fair trade and risks when developing a B2B platform in the future.

Features of an Electronic Transaction as Evidence in Court

[Purpose] This article is aimed at revealing the theoretical features of an electronic transaction as evidence in the procedural and legal field of a judicial instance. [Methodology/Approach/Design] The leading method of studying this issue is a combination of materials and methods of scientific knowledge. The main one is the dialectical method, which was used during the entire study and is considered the basic one in all components of the work, which made it possible to analyse comprehensively the theoretical developments of domestic and foreign scientists, as well as to study the judicial practice of applying the regulatory framework in the evidentiary process and the practical activities of leading lawyers in the judicial process of using electronic evidence. [Findings] The relevance of this article is due to the increasing trend in the use of electronic transactions, as well as the use of the latter in court as evidence. So, the legal nature of electronic transactions is analysed here in detail, namely: the history of occurrence, approval by national legislation, methods and conditions of conclusion, as well as legal force in legal relations between individuals and legal entities, the methodological basis for the study of the concept of electronic transactions has been determined, and their sources of legal regulation of their existence have been identified. The article provides a list of characteristic features of electronic transactions, reveals the main methods of their conclusion, justifies the effectiveness of using electronic transactions in courts as an evidence base, identifies the main legal omissions and shortcomings of the regulatory framework. [Practical Implications] The materials of this article provide applied value in the course of the reform and improvement of procedural legislation, as well as the development of methodological manuals for training and skill development of practising jurists and lawyers.

Ethereum transaction tracking: Inferring evolution of transaction networks via link prediction

Blockchain is an emerging technology which has attracted wide attention in recent years. As one of the blockchain applications, cryptocurrency has developed rapidly in recent years, attracting criminals to commit fraud and money laundering. Therefore, to better protect the legitimate interests of users and help formulate an effective supervision, it is necessary to track and follow transaction records on blockchain-based systems. This paper studies the problem of transaction tracking in Ethereum from a network perspective, aiming to study explainable strategies for money flow generation. We first collect the space-intensive transaction data from Ethereum blockchain and model them as temporal weighted multi-digraphs. A variety of tracking strategies considering different transaction factors (i.e., frequency and amount) are proposed, and the corresponding random-walk based link predictions method are designed for evaluation. Our method gets explainable results from the experiments, demonstrating that both transaction frequency and amount influence the generation of new transactions in Ethereum. This means when tracking the money flow among Ethereum accounts, we should pay more attention to those transaction paths having a shorter time interval and a larger amount. From these transaction features, the proposed random-walk based link prediction framework is found to be an effective method for transaction tracking. Furthermore, we show an application of transaction tracking via link prediction effectively enhance the ability to detect the suspicious accounts in Ethereum.

Permanent private equity: Market performance and transactions

AbstractUsing market data for a comprehensive sample of publicly listed permanent capital private equity funds, I confirm existing results in the private equity literature and establish new empirical facts for private equity investments. Over 2000–2019, only mezzanine funds outperformed public markets, whereas buyout, growth, and funds of funds underperformed somewhat, and venture capital funds underperformed significantly. Buyout funds exhibit performance persistence. Larger funds with higher asset turnover have higher performance, and funds with higher expenses have lower performance. Finally, contemporaneous and out‐of‐sample performance of buyout and mezzanine funds is associated with deal and exit transaction characteristics.

Legal Consequences of Mock Transactions

In order to increase the material benefits, in order not to pay taxes or to pay less, in order to conceal information and for other purposes, the parties entering into legal relations become participants in mock transactions. The practise of mock transactions is to replace the conclusion of a single document, such as a sale one, with the conclusion of a contract of charitable contribution. The practise of using mock transactions is quite common and it is almost impossible to prove the nature of the transaction. Therefore, this work is aimed at investigating the institution of the mock transaction, as well as to develop recommendations for the practical application of the rules governing this institution. To conduct this study, the materials of the practise of dispute resolution on the application of the consequences of fictitious transactions by the courts of Ukraine, the dialectical method of cognition, the formal-legal method, the hermeneutic-legal method were used. As a result of research the signs of mock transactions, approaches of detection of fictitious transactions are established. It can be concluded that the distinguishing feature of fictitious and mock transactions is the orientation of the will of the parties to the transaction on the occurrence of legal consequences.