Tensile Strength Characteristics Research Articles

Evaluation of tensile strength characteristics of geosynthetic materials designed to ensure embankment stability

This article highlights the significance of geogrids and geosynthetic materials in addressing geotechnical engineering challenges and provides a foundation for further research and advancements in this field. The article explores the role of geogrids and geosynthetic materials in modern geotechnical engineering. Geogrids are three-dimensional structures made of polymer materials with apertures or cells filled with soil or other materials. They are extensively utilized for soil reinforcement, erosion control, surface stability, and ensuring the durability of various geotechnical structures. Geosynthetic materials, in turn, are artificial materials produced from polymers and are used for soil filtration, separation, protection, and reinforcement. They find wide application in various geotechnical systems and constructions, including drainage systems, hydrological barriers, road construction, and airports. The article also describes the Strain-control method for testing geosynthetic materials, allowing for result adjustments relative to specimen dimensions. The research underscores the significance of geogrids and geosynthetic materials in contemporary engineering practice and provides a foundation for further investigations and developments in the field of geotechnics.

Effect of Number of Tests on the Mechanical Characteristics of Agave sisalana Yarns for Composites Structures: Statistical Approach.

A designer of sustainable biocomposite structures and natural ropes needs to have a high confidence interval (95% CI) for mechanical characteristics data of performance materials, yet qualities for plant-based fibers are very diverse. A comprehensive study of the elements that enhance the performance of biocomposites or sustainable ropes created from vegetable fibers is necessary. The current study included five groups with varying numbers (N) of tests of 20, 40, 60, 80, and 100 on the mechanical characteristics at room temperatures. The purpose of this study was to determine how changing N affects the mechanical properties of sisal yarn. These properties include its strength, Young's modulus, and deformation at rupture. A significance testing program including more than 100 tests was performed. Owing to the heterogeneity of the plant yarn, each group received more than 20 samples at a gauge length (GL) of 100 mm. The tensile strength characteristics of sisal yarns produced a wide range of findings, as is common for natural fibers, necessitating a statistical analysis. Its dispersion was explored and measured using the statistical methods. The Weibull distribution with two parameters and a prediction model with a 95% confidence level for maximum likelihood (ML) and least squares (LS) were used to investigate and quantify its dispersion.

Experimental study on tensile strength of warm frozen soil based on hydraulic fracturing method

Tensile strength is one of the important parameters of frozen soil mechanics, which is widely used in engineering design of frozen soil and theoretical research of frost heave. At present, the research on tensile strength of frozen soil mainly focuses on low-temperature frozen soil, while that of warm frozen soil is less studied, thus limiting scientific evaluation of the tensile strength characteristics of warm frozen soil. In order to enrich the knowledge of tensile strength of warm frozen soil, the tensile strength experiments of silt clay from the Tibetan Plateau are carried out under various temperatures higher than −2 °C using the hydraulic fracturing method (HFM). Our results show that HFM can enable a reliable evaluation of the tensile strength of warm frozen soil, and the relationship between the tensile strength of warm frozen soil and negative temperature can be described by a power function. Compared with the results of uniaxial tension method (UTM) and radial splitting method (RSM), the feasibility of HFM can be regarded as an indirect tensile method in determining the tensile strength of frozen soil, and the suggestion for correcting the test results of indirect tensile method is given. In addition, the mechanism behind the influence of initial water content and temperature on tensile strength of warm frozen soil is analysed. Our results provide a new approach for researchers to analyse the tensile strength of warm frozen soil, thus can benefit the development of frost heave theory, and can reveal the influence of initial water content and temperature on the tensile strength of warm frozen soil.

Correlation of Structural and Mechanical Properties for Ultrasonically Stir Casted Al6061 Reinforced SiC-AlN Hybrid Metal Matrix Composites

In our current investigation, Al6061-SiC-AlN composites were manufactured using the ultrasonic stir casting method. As reinforcement, silicon carbide (SiC) and aluminium nitride (AlN) [both 3 percent and 6 percent by wt.] were used to provide mechanical properties including tensile, compressive, and hardness. Al6061-SiC-AlN hybrid composite samples’ tensile strength, compressive strength, and hardness were measured. Al6061-SiC-AlN hybrid composites’ tensile, compressive, and hardness properties are calculated and compared to those of the matrix i.e. Al 6061 alloy. The tensile strength, compressive strength, and hardness all rose from 328 to 385 MPa, 145 to 178 MPa, and 302 to 724 VHN, respectively, with the addition of SiC and AlN nano-reinforcements. The suggested composite is compared to unreinforced Al6061 in terms of density and mechanical qualities such ultimate tensile strength, yield strength, impact strength, hardness, and wear characteristics. The results of the experimental examination showed that the produced hybrid composite, which contains 20% of the total reinforcing material, has no appreciable increase in impact strength but displays high hardness, high yield strength, and low wear rate.

Carbon black based self-sensing cement composite for structural health monitoring – A review on strength and conductive characteristics

Even though concrete buildings have high strength and durability, they are susceptible to damage from hazards, aging, etc. In concrete structures, carbon-based conductive compounds with the potential to increase the electrical conductivity of concrete are preferred. However, it was extremely difficult to handle the high cost that prevented the widespread use of conductive materials in concrete. Carbon black, a low-cost carbon-based conductive substance supports the development of self-sensing cement composite, which has significant applications in Structural Health Monitoring (SHM). This review concentrates on the alteration of compressive strength, split tensile strength, flexural strength and conductive characteristics of concrete properties using carbon black. Utilizing a scanning electron microscope (SEM), the volume and shape of porosities inside the carbon-black embedded cement composite were analyzed. The review revealed that self-sensing cement composite based on carbon black has high durability, cheap cost, and sensitivity. The analysis found that the carbon content, size, and conductivity of the carbon black utilized significantly impact the piezoresistivity of cement composites. Nevertheless, with an increase in carbon black concentration and under conventional curing, cement composites' compressive strength and flexural strength are significantly diminished. The conductivity of the cement composite is directly proportional to the concentration of carbon black; however, the piezoresistivity of the cement composite is not considerably attained beyond the percolation threshold. The review concludes that, despite the inclusion of carbon black with acceptable strength and good sensing characteristics, the carbon-black embedded self-sensing cementitious composite is an appropriate material for structural health monitoring of various concrete infrastructures under various environmental conditions.

Strengthening soft poly(vinyl chloride) plastics via three-arm star copolymeric plasticizers

Besides the good flexibility and extensibility, plasticized soft poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) possessing the extra characteristics of high modulus, tensile strength and toughness are desired for wider applications. Herein, a series of three-arm star copolymers possessing the hard polylactide (PLA)-rich core and the soft poly(ε-caprolactone)-rich (PCL) shell (S3-PLA-PCL) were prepared, which were used as the plasticizers for the preparation of soft PVCs. The monomer ratio of ε-caprolactone to lactide (LA), the average polymerization degree of LA and the type of LA (racemic or L type) were optimized to achieve the best mechanical performance of soft PVCs. With the similar elongation at break, S3-PLA-PCL plasticized PVC exhibited higher modulus, strength and toughness than PVCs plasticized by the corresponding linear PLA-PCL and other traditional low molar-mass and polymeric plasticizers without hard core. This pointed out the importance of the star topology and the hard PLA-rich core of S3-PLA-PCL in strengthening soft PVCs. The transparency of PVC plasticized by S3-PLA-PCL was similar to the neat PVC and PVCs plasticized by the traditional plasticizers. Migration stability tests demonstrated that S3-PLA-PCL had excellent migration resistance in PVC matrix. Moreover, both PLA and PCL are sustainable, biocompatible and biodegradable, hence, the as-prepared S3-PLA-PCLs can be called as high-performance, green polymeric plasticizers for PVC plastics.

Friction stir processing of hybridized AZ31B magnesium alloy-based composites by adding CeO2 and ZrO2powders: mechanical, wear, and corrosion behaviors

To improve the properties of AZ31B Mg alloy and for the first time, the rare earth cerium oxide (CeO2) and zirconium dioxide (ZrO2) were combined for synergistic benefits and introduced into the structural AZ31B magnesium alloy through the solid-state friction stir processing procedure to form the hybridized AZ31B Mg/ZrO2+CeO2 composites under variable levels of the tool's rotational speed up to 1200 rpm. The macro-/microstructure, hardness, shear punching strength, tensile strength, corrosion behaviours, and tribological characteristics such as weight/wear loss, wear rate, coefficient of friction, worn surfaces, and debris of the AZ31B Mg/ZrO2+CeO2 hybrid composites were investigated and compared. The results indicated that void, tunnel defect, and ZrO2+CeO2 agglomeration could not be prevented at low speed (800 rpm) while defect-free composites were obtained at high speed (1200 rpm). Grain refinement from 7.39 μm to 3.38 μm and the ZrO2+CeO2 fragmentation (4.52–2.49 μm) ensued after a rise in the tool's rotational speed owing to higher plastic straining, dynamic recrystallization, and ZrO2+CeO2 particle-aided pinning effects. Improvements in hardness (99–135 HV), shear punching strength (121–237 MPa), tensile strength (172–228 MPa) and wear properties of the composite were attained due to the defect elimination, inherent finer Mg grains, and the uniformly dispersed ZrO2+CeO2 particles. These attributes also enhanced the corrosion resistance of the AZ31B Mg/ZrO2+CeO2 composite at the elevated rotating speed of the tool. The combination of the CeO2 and ZrO2 particles is an effective particle-blend for improving the properties of Mg alloy to expand its application scope.

Development of strain hardening cement based composite for concrete retrofitting purposes

The ever-increasing population in earthquake-prone areas necessitates the modification of both the current buildings and those that have already been damaged. Installing earthquake-resistant parts is required for this. In order to fulfill the continually expanding need for retrofitting materials that are both efficient and economical, civil engineers are under great pressure to develop novel new materials. A recent development in the construction sector is cement composites that harden under stress. Small particles and fibers are both used to make these composites. The chemical may enter the creep of the damaged structure without causing any vibrations. In order to restore the structure's original virgin strength, the mechanical and durability properties of the cement-based composite with strain hardening have yielded positive results. These qualities contributed to the success. The SHCC has also been used to connect deck slabs since the addition of fibers boosts the material's potential for abrasion resistance. These characteristics are provided through the incorporation of fibres. The combination of glass-fiber-reinforced polystyrene, (Ground Granulated Blast furnace Slag) and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) fibers impacts the characteristics of a strain-hardening cement-based composite material has been investigated via experimentation, study, and analysis. A Ground Granulated Blast furnace Slag (GGBS) composition that varies from 10 to 30 percent has taken the place of the prior level of fly ash. PVA fibers with content levels of 2.0 and 3.0 percent, each measuring 12 mm in length, were employed in the experiment. These tests examined the compressive strength, tensile strength, and durability of a wide range of materials. The test findings reveal that although tensile strength and durability characteristics of the strain-hardened cement-based composite rose with a higher percentage of Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GBBS) content, compressive strength did not change significantly. It has been shown that better outcomes are obtained when PVA fiber content is greater. This is valid for both the mechanical strength and durability characteristics that different combinations have.

Effect of Cellulose Nano Fiber on the Physical and Printing Properties of Coated Paper

Cellulose nanofiber is a material that can be applied in various fields through sustainable supply. The applications of cellulose nanofiber to paper is limited, but it is applied to various fields. Paper requires a coating process to improve surface properties, improve printability, and impart new functions such as barrier properties. Petrochemical-based coating materials can be replaced with cellulose nanofibers. Cellulose nanofibers were prepared using TEMPO oxidized pulp as a raw material using a high-pressure homogenizer in order to understand the physical properties of the cellulose nanofibers coated paper. Cellulose nanofibers improved physical properties such as tensile strength and printing characteristics of unsized paper compared to sized paper.

"CELLULOSE NANOFIBER/SHELLAC NANOCOMPOSITE FILMS AS COATINGS FOR PACKAGING PAPER"

"This study evaluates the efficiency of nanocomposite films prepared from cellulose nanofibers (CNF) isolated from rice straw and different ratios of shellac in terms of film properties, in addition to using a CNF/shellac mixture for coating paper sheets. The CNF/shellac nanocomposite films were prepared by the casting procedure. The weight percentage of shellac in the composition of the nanocomposite films was varied from 0 to 40%. Scanning electron microscopy was used to show the films’ morphological structure. Also, the films’ air permeability, tensile strength and water vapour permeability (WVP) were investigated. The outcomes showed that adding shellac to CNF can improve the films’ tensile strength, WVP and air permeability characteristics. The formulation chosen for coating paper contained 60% CNF and 40% shellac. Tests were done to assess the tensile and burst strength, water absorption, air permeability and water vapour permeability of coated paper sheets. SEM analysis was performed on the surface and cross-section of coated paper sheets. It was noticed that paper sheets coated with a 90-μm thick film of CNF or CNF/shellac presented enhanced tensile strength, as well as lower water absorption, air permeability and WVP, while the burst strength properties were not affected. The addition of shellac to the composite coating produced coated paper sheets with better tensile strength compared to those of paper sheets coated with CNF alone, making them a viable choice for packaging materials."

Pelletization of nitrogen-containing biowaste hydrochar for solid biofuel preparation

In this study, typical N-containing biowaste including food waste (F), sludge (S), and chlorella (C) was modeled using pine (P) as a carbohydrate component and protein/glycine as a nitrogen-containing component, and hydrothermal carbonization and pelletization were performed to investigate the fuel properties of hydrochar pellet including proximate analysis, elemental composition, tensile strength, and combustion characteristics. Results suggested that the introduction of N can obviously enhance the compressive strength of hydrochar pellet, of which chlorella model derived hydrochar pellet possessed higher tensile strength (1–3.75 MPa) compared to others. Protein/P model hydrochar had a higher water resistance index, but glycine/P model hydrochar had higher hydrophily than that of protein/P model. Most importantly, H/C in all protein/P model hydrochar was lower than that of glycine/P, and bio-oil derived “liquid bridge” may account for the high tensile strength. Moreover, combustion analysis showed that glycine in model enhanced volatile matter combustion of hydrochar with a low ignition temperature. This work suggested that N in biowaste had significant effect on the fuel properties of hydrochar pellet, and proper strategy of N-containing biowaste for HTC can be expected for the value-added utilization as solid biofuel.

Influences of matrix strength and weak planes on fracture response of recycled aggregate concrete

The fracture behaviours of concrete made with natural aggregate and recycled coarse aggregate (RCA) derived from crushing old concrete are compared. The performances are evaluated using concrete proportioned for different compressive strengths. The RCA from crushed old concrete produces a composite aggregate with mortar and aggregate phases. An examination of the RCA shows pre-existing cracks in the aggregate phase. Crack propagation and crack opening profiles in the fracture response of concrete beams are evaluated using the Digital Image Correlation (DIC) technique. The displacement profiles across the beam obtained using DIC are evaluated to understand the crack growth in the concrete. The cohesive stress response and an energy measure determined from the fracture test are related to physical observations of the fracture surface. The crack path in the concrete and the contribution of the different interfaces depend on the strength of the matrix surrounding the aggregate. In concrete with lower cementitious and higher water contents, the new mortar interface with RCA and the pre-existing cracks in the RCA contribute to the fracture surface in the RCA. While a larger fracture surface area is created in concrete made with RCA, the energy measure and the cohesive stress determined from the fracture test are lower. In concrete proportioned for higher compressive strength, there is a densification of the RCA-mortar interface and the fracture plane is produced through the aggregates. The pre-existing cracks in the RCA create weak planes, which contribute to the fracture surface created. Improving the mortar-RCA interface does not result in an improvement in tensile strength or fracture characteristics since there is also a significant contribution of the weak planes in the aggregate phase of RCA to the failure surface. The measured fracture surface area does not correlate with the energy measure from fracture test response.

Low-Temperature Deformation and Fracture of Cr-Mn-N Stainless Steel: Tensile and Impact Bending Tests

The paper presents the results of tensile and impact bending tests of 17%Cr-19%Mn-0.53%N high-nitrogen austenitic stainless steel in temperatures ranging from −196 to 20 °C. The steel microstructure and fracture surfaces were investigated using transmission and scanning electron microscopes, as well as X-ray diffraction analysis. The steel experiences a ductile-to-brittle transition (DBT); however, it possessed high tensile and impact strength characteristics, as well as the ductile fracture behavior at temperatures down to −114 °C. The correspondence between γ–ε microstructure and fracture surface morphologies was revealed after the tensile test at the temperature of −196 °C. In this case, the transgranular brittle and layered fracture surface was induced by ε-martensite formation. Under the impact bending test at −196 °C, the brittle intergranular fracture occurred at the elastic deflection stage without significant plastic strains, which preceded a failure due to the high internal stresses localized at the boundaries of the austenite grains. The stresses were induced by: (i) segregation of nitrogen atoms at the grain boundaries and in the near-boundary regions, (ii) quenching stresses, and (iii) reducing fcc lattice volume with the test temperature decrease and incorporation of nitrogen atoms into fcc austenite lattice. Anisotropy of residual stresses was revealed. This was manifested in the localization of elastic deformations of the fcc lattice and, consequently, the stress localization in <100>-oriented grains; this is suggested to be the reason of brittle cleavage fracture.

Effects of a weak interlayer zone on the indirect tensile strength and failure characteristics of rock

Effects of a weak interlayer zone on the indirect tensile strength and failure characteristics of rock

Mechanical properties and microstructure of activated TIG welded similar joints of Inconel alloys by desirability approaches

This study discussed about the activated tungsten inert gas welding with utilizing of aluminium oxide flux coated material on the Inconel 800 nickel based alloys. The Taguchi L9 orthogonal array was arranged the input factors namely, current, welding speed and voltage to find out the output mechanical characteristics of tensile strength and hardness responses. The following input parameters ranges 70 to 100 (A) of current, 30 to 50 mm/min of welding speed and 11 to 15 (V) of voltages are utilized. The entire nine samples are attained better mechanical strength and hardness when compared to the base metal. It is revealed that the effect of flux coated Al2O3 in the Inconel 800 to enhance the tensile and microhardness. The desirability functional approach (DFA) was implemented to analyze the input parameters to uncover the multi-objective output responses into single responses with influence of composite desirability values. From the detailed analyzes of DFA the nine specimens employed with the composite desirability and its ranking arrangements to identify the optimal parameters. The rank 1 was allotted to 9th run specimen that parameters are 100 (A) at current, 70 mm/min of welding speed and 13 (V) at voltage, respectively. The contour plots showed the interactions among the input parameters and composite desirability’s with their outcomes.

The Effects of Supplementary Cementitious Materials (SCMs) on the Residual Mechanical Properties of Concrete after Exposure to High Temperatures—Review

Fire events remain a severe hazard despite significant progress in the construction industry. The high-temperature resistance of concrete structures highly depends on the properties of their ingredients. The present study provides an analytical review of the available experimental studies investigating the influence of high temperatures on the residual mechanical characteristics of concrete, namely compressive and tensile strength, as well as the modulus of elasticity. This paper primarily focuses on the influences of supplementary cementing materials, including silica fume (SF), fly ash (FA), and ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS), as well as different aggregate types. The literature findings show that the mechanical characteristics of concrete are degraded dramatically due to heat-caused changes in concrete. In addition, the mechanical properties of concrete are highly influenced by the types of aggregate and the amount of supplementary cementing materials at both high temperatures and room temperature. The inclusion of FA and GGBFS improves the high-temperature resistance of concrete. However, high contents of FA and GGBFS result in adverse effects on the properties of concrete. This review will provide a basis for future studies and enhance the knowledge of the behaviour of reinforced concrete structures subjected to high temperatures.

A fuzzy model to predict the mechanical characteristics of friction stir welded joints of aluminum alloy AA2014-T6

AbstractFriction stir welding is a prominent technique for making defect-free joints of aluminum alloys. The aluminum alloy AA2014-T6 finds wide applications in aerospace, naval and automotive applications. This paper attempts to predict the tensile strength and hardness characteristics of friction stir welded aluminum alloy AA2014-T6 by a fuzzy logic model. Friction stir welding was carried out by varying tool rotational speed (700, 1,000 and 1,400rpm), welding speed (20, 35, 50mm/min) and axial force (10, 12, 14kN) at three levels. The tensile strength and hardness characteristics of the welded specimens were obtained from the experiments conducted as per Taguchi’s L27 orthogonal array. A Mamdani-type fuzzy logic model was developed to predict the tensile strength and nugget hardness characteristics of the FSW joints. The fuzzy model was evaluated by comparing the results of confirmation experiments with that of the results predicted by the model. The confirmation experiments were conducted with a new set of parameters other than the ones used for building the model. The fuzzy model exhibits marginal variations of 2.53% for tensile strength and 2.42% for weld nugget hardness compared to the results of the conformation experiments.

The Effects of Nano-ZrO₂ on the Mechanical and Electrical Properties of Silicone Rubber and a Corresponding Mechanism Analysis

Improving the performance of silicone rubber (SiR) for cable accessories is the key to the safety and reliability of high-voltage direct-current (HVDC) transmission. In this article, the effects of zirconia nanoparticles (nano-ZrO2) on the electrical and mechanical properties of SiR were investigated. Nano-ZrO2 at different mass fractions was doped into SiR matrices. Then, a series of experiments was carried out to evaluate the performance of the modified SiR in terms of tensile strength, breakdown strength, and space charge characteristics. The results showed that both the mechanical and electrical properties of the modified SiR improved. The tensile strength and the breakdown strength increased significantly with the mass fraction of nano-ZrO2, maximally increasing by 21.3% and 15.4%, respectively. In addition, the incorporation of nano-ZrO2 into SiR inhibited space charge accumulation and accelerated the dissipation of the charges. Nano-ZrO2 also improved the degree of cross-linking of the modified SiR, resulting in a more compact interior structure. The synthetic effect of the improved structure and interfaces facilitated by the nanoparticles may be the origin of the improved properties of the SiR nanocomposites.

Behaviour of Concrete by Partial Replacement of Coarse Aggregate with Recycled Plastic Granules

In this paper All countries are focusing on sustainable technology that can be economical and adopted for the use of concrete in a better way. Concrete is most widely used construction material and it possess very low tensile strength, shear strength and brittle characteristics. In order to improve this property a new construction materials were developed through research and development work called asbestos fiber concrete and recron 3s fibers concrete. M30 gradeof concrete was designed. The addition of asbestos fiber and recron 3S fiberthe concrete. To determine the properties like tensile strength, compressive strength and flexural strength were performed at different ages like 7,14 and 28 days. The addition of asbestos fiber varies from 0%, 0.25%, 0.5%, 0.75%and 1% by volume of concrete and recron 3S fiber varies from 0%, 0.25%, 0.5%, 0.75% and 1% by volume of concrete.

EFFECT OF THE TEMPERATURE AND ANISOTROPY OF SHEETS FROM Al - Cu - Mg - Li SYSTEM ON THE MECHANICAL PROPERTIES IN THE RANGE OF SMALL PLASTIC STRAINS

The main static design characteristics of sheet semi-finished aircraft materials are obtained from the results of tests for uniaxial tension, compression and bearing. At the same time, the Ramberg - Osgood equation is widely used for the analytical description of strain diagrams under static tension in the region of small plastic deformations. The inverse anisotropy resulted from the crystallographic texture after rolling is characteristic of the sheets of aluminum-lithium alloys. We have studied the mechanical characteristics of 1441RT1 alloy sheets under static loading (tension, compression, bearing) in three rolling directions (longitudinal, long transverse, at 45° angle to the longitudinal direction), with an estimate of the Taylor factor characterizing the texture of the material. Tension tests were carried out at a temperature of-70, +20, + 85, and +125°C, compression and beading tests were carried out at a temperature of 20°C. Test temperatures were chosen proceeding from operating conditions of panel skin materials. The Ramberg - Osgood coefficient was determined from the tensile and compressive strain diagrams. To determine the Taylor factor, the X-ray texture analysis was performed with the construction of inverse pole figures. It is shown that for 1mm- and 3-mm sheets of aluminum-lithium alloy 1441RT1 the test temperature corresponding to the operation temperature has a weak effect on the tensile strength characteristics in the region of small plastic deformations. At the same time, the Ramberg - Osgood coefficient is a characteristic most sensitive to the exposure temperature, rolling direction and sheet thickness. The functional dependence of the Ramberg - Osgood coefficient on the rolling direction and the exposure temperature has been determined for 1-mm and 3-mm sheets of 1441RTlalloy.