Reaction Characteristics Research Articles

Epidemiological investigation of adult emergency infusion adverse drug reactions (EIADR) in Nanjing, China: a prospective cross-sectional study (EIADR II)

ABSTRACT Objective To analyze the clinical characteristics of adverse drug reactions (ADRs) in adults receiving emergency infusions at a tertiary hospital. Methods We conducted a prospective observational cohort study involving 585 adult patients who experienced adverse drug reactions (ADRs) between 20 November 2019, and 20 November 2023, during intravenous infusions in the emergency infusion room of a tertiary hospital. The analysis included patients’ gender, age, type of drugs involved, organ-system involvement, clinical manifestations of ADRs, severity grading of ADRs, and preventability of ADRs. Results The highest percentage of ADRs occurred in the 30–39 age group. Antimicrobials were the most common cause of ADRs, with skin manifestations being the predominant clinical feature. Approximately 23.93% of ADRs were deemed preventable. Conclusion Monitoring ADRs related to antimicrobials is crucial in adult emergency infusions. The 30–39 age group is particularly susceptible to ADRs. Preventive measures and a well-established Electronic Health Record (EHR) system can effectively reduce ADRs incidence.

A Quantitative Study of the Halogenophilic Nucleophilic Substitution (SN2X) Reaction and Chalcogenophilic Nucleophilic Substitution (SN2Ch) Reaction.

Halogenophilic nucleophilic substitution (SN2X) has a distinctly different reaction pathway compared to the bimolecular nucleophilic substitution reaction (SN2), but they can lead to the same reaction product. However, their differences can be distinguished by studying stereoselective reactions in which both reaction pathways are possible. Herein, we utilize the stereospecific nature of SN2 and the presence of a pro-chiral anion intermediate in SN2X to conduct a quantitative study in which both SN2 and SN2X reactions exist. We developed a procedure supported by kinetic simulations to measure the halogenophilic percentage (X%). We also developed a new parameter, relative halogenophilicity (H), to quantify the intrinsic characteristics of SN2X reactions and found it to correlate well with the Hammett and Mayr postulates. We studied the time dependency of X% under different reaction conditions, which led to the discovery of two new distinct mechanisms: chalcogenophilic nucleophilic substitution (SN2Ch) reaction and bromide-catalyzed dynamic kinetic resolution. The SN2 and SN2X reactions exhibit similar behavior from both thermodynamic and kinetic perspectives, suggesting that they occur to varying degrees in most of the reactions. Consequently, they are inherently linked and should not be considered in isolation.

Vacuum-dried precursor to combustion synthesis CuO- based oxygen carriers with less NOx pollutant and its cyclic performance in chemical looping combustion

Chemical-looping combustion (CLC) technology is considered a promising combustion method with inherent CO2 capture. In this study, the sol-gel method and combustion synthesis were employed to produce precursor materials (P) of CuO-based oxygen carriers (OCs). The effects of vacuum drying conditions on both NOx emissions from precursor combustion and oxygen carrier cycle reaction characteristics were investigated. Vacuum-dried precursors emitted less NOx during the precursor calcination process. At a heating rate of 1 °C/min, the vacuum-dried precursors exhibited an average reduction of 24.13 % in NOx emissions compared with those prepared through atmospheric pressure drying. An increased amount of Cu2(OH)3NO3 in the precursor results in greater heat release during the self-propagating high-temperature combustion synthesis used to synthesize the oxygen carrier. Furthermore, the complete combustion of the nitrogen-containing precursor leads to a reduction in the emission of NOx. CuO-based OCs exhibited stable redox reactions over 10 cycles. Vacuum drying enhanced CH4 conversion and CO2 yield of OC1 by 14.04 % and 13.21 %, respectively, compared to atmospheric pressure drying. The results indicate that the CuO-based OCs obtained through vacuum-dried significantly enhance redox properties. This study shows that vacuum-dried reduces NOx emissions from nitrogen precursors and enhances the cyclic efficiency of OCs from precursor combustion.

Epidemiological characteristics and risk factors of suspected and confirmed mpox cases during the 2022-2023 epidemic in the Capital Region, Republic of Korea.

This study investigated the general characteristics of laboratory-confirmed mpox patients in the Capital Region of South Korea, as well as the risk factors for mpox infection, particularly focusing on the characteristics of polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-positive and PCR-negative cases. We investigated 160 adults, excluding 4 minors, from 164 suspected mpox patients reported in Seoul, Gyeonggi, Incheon, and Gangwon from June 21, 2022 to October 31, 2023. Data were collected via telephone and face-to-face interviews. A statistical analysis of the general characteristics of the infection was conducted using frequency analysis and logistic regression. Of the 160 suspected cases of mpox, 59.3% (n=95) tested positive via mpox-PCR. Among the confirmed cases, 97.9% (n=93) were male. PCR-positive patients typically presented with genital and anal skin rashes or mucosal lesions, accompanied by pain. Additionally, 35.5% (n=33) of the male patients had HIV infections. Most confirmed cases (94.7%, 90/95) were believed to have contracted mpox through sexual contact during the maximal incubation period of 21 days prior to symptom onset, with a significant number reporting same-sex or casual contact. The most commonly collected and highest-yielding specimens from PCR-positive patients were from skin or mucosal lesions, whereas blood samples demonstrated the lowest percent positivity. In the Capital Region, most PCR-positive cases were male patients in their 30s who had sexual contacts and exhibited symptoms, aligning with findings from previous studies. These results provide a foundation for the differential diagnosis concerning mpox infection and the selection of PCR-test samples in clinical settings.

Manifestations in nature of self-controlled quasi-stationary nuclear fusion into magnetized low-temperature hydrogen plasma

This paper examines the characteristics of nuclear reactions occurring in low-temperature magnetized deuterium plasma. It is demonstrated that considering the ionization-recombination dynamics of deuterium atoms in this plasma allows for the potential realization of efficient nuclear fusion at low thermal energies kT≈10−20 eV. The study shows that these processes are linked to the formation of coherent correlated states of deuterons, accompanied by the generation of giant energy fluctuations δE≥10−50 keV during each recurring ionization event of deuterium atoms. These findings align with known anomalies in the solar atmosphere, such as the sharp temperature increase above the Sun’s surface and the observed excess concentration of helium-3 ions in the solar wind. Furthermore, this process may explain well-documented experimental results, such as neutron generation during electric discharges in gas.

Association Between Asian Flush and Satisfaction of Sleep via Alcohol Consumption Status in a Sample of Japanese Participants.

The reddening of the face and neck following alcohol consumption is known as Asian flush. Although genetic factors related to Asian flush have been reported to be inversely associated with duration of sleep, no study has reported an association between Asian flush and sleep satisfaction. A cross-sectional study of 3823 Japanese people, aged 20 to 64 years was conducted. The target population comprised general public resident monitors of Osaka Prefecture who were registered with an internet research company. A significant inverse association was observed between Asian flush and satisfaction of sleep. The potential confounder-adjusted odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) of satisfied sleep was 0.81 (0.69-0.96). The alcohol consumption status-specific analysis revealed essentially the same associations between consumers and non-consumers of alcohol. The adjusted ORs (95% CIs) were 0.81 (0.65-0.997) for non-consumers and 0.80 (0.61-1.05) for consumers of alcohol. The genetic characteristics of physical reactions to alcohol exposure may influence sleep quality. One's alcohol consumption status may not influence the effects of having a lower tolerance to alcohol on sleep quality.

Build-a-Bio-Strip: An Online Platform for Rapid Toxicity Assessment in Chemical Synthesis.

The increasing need to understand and control the environmental impact of chemical processes has revealed the challenge in efficient evaluation of toxicity of the vast number of chemical compounds and their varying effects on biological systems. In this study, we introduce "Build-a-bio-Strip", a novel online service designed to carry out a quick initial analysis of the toxic impact of chemical processes. This platform enables users to automatically generate toxicity characteristics of chemical reactions using their own data on cytotoxicity or median lethal doses of the substances involved or computational predictions based on SMILES strings. The service calculates the toxicity metrics such as bio-Factors and cytotoxicity potentials, which can be used to identify the substances with significant contributions to the overall toxicity of a particular process. This facilitates the selection of safer synthetic routes and the optimization of chemical processes from a toxicity perspective. "Build-a-bio-Strip" represents a step toward safer and more sustainable chemical practices. It is available free-of-charge at http://app.ananikovlab.ai:8080/.

Principles of ensuring thermal stability in innovative technology of periclase-spinel refractories

This article presents the results of research on the structural-phase regularities and behavior of periclase-spinel refractories under high-gradient thermal loads. The findings from the analysis of structural-phase variability in the refractory samples are used to achieve the desired thermal resistance. Based on the investigation of the subsolidus structure of the MgO–FeO–Al2O3–TiO2 system, predictions were made regarding the characteristics of solid-phase exchange reactions, considering the existence of solid solutions with various types of crystal structures in specific areas of the system. This enabled the application of new principles for ensuring thermal stability in the developed periclase-spinel refractories, specifically through organizing a fragmented, micro-cracked structure by combining solid-phase exchange reactions with the establishment of mobile equilibrium upon reaching stationary-state temperatures. An additional feature is the possibility of phase invertibility of solid spinel solutions, including changes in the type of spinel structure, in particular quandilite. Physicochemical research methods confirmed the enhanced ability of the material to flexibly adapt its phase composition and microstructure to thermal loads. The feasibility of these principles for achieving the structural-phase adaptability of the material to thermal shocks was validated by electron microscopy analysis.

Steering the reaction kinetics of the MgO-V2O5 system toward selective synthesis of magnesium vanadates

Magnesium vanadates (MgV2O6, Mg2V2O7 and Mg3V2O8) are common redox catalysts for organic reactions and excellent energy storage materials. However, due to the diversity of magnesium vanadates and their interconvertibility, it is difficult to accurately synthesize a species of magnesium vanadate or control its stability during functioning. Herein, the reaction kinetics of MgO-V2O5 system was studied for controllable synthesis of magnesium vanadates. The MgO-V2O5 diffusion couples were prepared to explore the interface reaction characteristics of the MgO-V2O5 system at different reaction time. During reaction, the thickness of the diffusion layer and diffusion coefficient gradually increased and reached a maximal value of 29.55 μm and 6.06 × 10−11 cm2 s−1 at 10 h, which diffusion is faster than that of CaO-V2O5 system. Additionally, the interconvertible mechanisms of different magnesium vanadates were investigated using XRD and SEM/EDS techniques. MgV2O6 was produced during the synthesis of Mg2V2O7 in the initial 4 h, which converted into Mg2V2O7 at a longer synthesis time. Mg2V2O7 was found during the generation process of Mg3V2O8; with abundant MgO, Mg2V2O7 converted into Mg3V2O8. These findings provide important insights into the accurate control of magnesium vanadate synthesis and even the vanadium extraction process.

Hydrogen Yield Enhancement in Biogas Dry Reforming with a Ni/Cr Catalyst: A Numerical Study

This numerical study investigates the impact of the reaction temperature, molar ratio of CH4:CO2, and catalyst porosity (εp) on the H2 yield and H2 selectivity during biogas dry reforming over a Ni/Cr catalyst. Using COMSOL Multiphysics, we conducted detailed simulations to elucidate the underlying reaction characteristics. Our findings reveal that increasing εp from 0.1 to 0.95 significantly provides a 5 times increase in H2 production and a 2.3% increase in H2 selectivity while simultaneously reducing CO selectivity by 2.3%. This effect is attributed to the improved mass transfer within the catalyst bed, leading to more efficient reactant conversion and product formation. Additionally, we observed a strong correlation between higher reaction temperatures and increased H2 yield and H2 selectivity. By optimizing these operational parameters, our results suggest that Ni/Cr catalysts can be effectively employed for the sustainable production of H2 from biogas.

Comparison of the Reaction Characteristics of Different Fuels in the Supercritical Multicomponent Thermal Fluid Generation Process

Supercritical multicomponent thermal fluid technology is a new technology with obvious advantages in offshore heavy oil recovery. However, there is currently insufficient understanding of the generation characteristics of the supercritical multicomponent thermal fluid, which is not conducive to the promotion and application of this technology. In order to improve the economic benefits and applicability of the supercritical multicomponent thermal fluid thermal recovery technology, this article reports on indoor supercritical multicomponent thermal fluid generation experiments and compares the reaction characteristics of different fuels in the supercritical multicomponent thermal fluid generation process. The research results indicate that the main components of the products obtained from the supercritical water–crude oil/diesel reaction are similar. Compared to the supercritical water–crude oil reaction, the total enthalpy value of the supercritical multicomponent thermal fluid generated by the supercritical water–diesel reaction is higher, and the specific enthalpy is lower. When the thermal efficiency of the boiler is the same, the energy equilibrium concentration of crude oil is lower than that of diesel. The feasibility of using crude oil instead of diesel to prepare supercritical multicomponent thermal fluids is analyzed from three aspects: reaction mechanism, economic benefits, and technical conditions. It is believed that using crude oil instead of diesel to prepare supercritical multicomponent thermal fluids has good feasibility.

In situ iron coating of amorphous boron and characterization of its energy release behavior

Boron was widely employed as metal fuel in solid propellants for its higher gravimetric and volumetric combustion enthalpies. However, the low melting point and high boiling point of B2O3 on the surface of boron particles significantly hinder its ignition and combustion performance, seriously preventing the full realization of its thermodynamic potential. To address this issue, B@Fe composite fuels with different iron contents from 1.59 % to 7.09 % were prepared via liquid phase reduction in this paper and the quasi-static high temperature oxidation, ignition and combustion reaction characteristics and corresponding mechanism were studied, in order to provide effective modification techniques in supporting the large-scale engineering application of boron as metal fuel. The study results show that B@Fe can effectively reduce the ignition temperature and maximum heat flow temperature of amorphous boron, and increase the maximum mass gain rate. The ignition temperature and maximum heat flow temperature have an exponential function with the iron coating content. Iron coated amorphous boron can effectively shorten the laser ignition delay time by more than 50 %, and significantly change the flame structure, flame evolution process and combustion duration. Both amorphous boron and iron-coated amorphous boron flame showed a multi-layer structure, including the outer green flame, the middle yellow flame and the central incandescent flame. However, with the increase of the iron coating content, the flame height increased from 5.5 cm to 6.3 cm, the flame structure changed from mushroom type to triangle type, and the central incandescent flame area increased significantly. The equivalent combustion duration increased from 975 ms to 1997 ms, and the flame temperature increased from 1288 to 1505 °C. The emission spectra of BO2 and BO lines are captured during combustion. B@Fe with the increase of iron content, a large number of small diameter micropores appear in the condensed combustion products(CCPs) of composite fuels, and a grid-like structure was formed. With the increase of iron coating content, the boron content of condensed combustion products decreases, and the oxygen content increases. The main components of CCP include B, B2O3, B6O, FeB, Fe2B and Fe3B. Based on the ignition combustion experiment of B@Fe composite fuel, ignition combustion analysis model of B@Fe composite fuel was established.

Revealing the complexation of 3-N,N-dimethylaminodithiocarbamoyl-1-propanesulfonic acid (DPS) with cuprous ion and its contribution to Cu electrodeposition

An accelerator is an organic additive used in Cu electrodeposition, crucial for achieving superfilling during the fabrication of Cu interconnects in microelectronics. 3-N,N-dimethylaminodithiocarbamoyl-1-propanesulfonic acid (DPS) has been proposed and investigated as a substitute for SPS. However, its acceleration mechanism associated with its interaction with Cu ions has not been intensively investigated. In this study, the interaction between DPS and Cu+ was investigated using various spectroscopic analyses, including ultraviolet–visible–near-infrared absorption (UV–VIS–NIR), electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. UV–VIS–NIR and EPR spectroscopy revealed that DPS forms a complex with Cu+, namely Cu(I)(DPS)2. The kinetic study on the complexation of DPS with Cu+ indicated second-order reaction characteristics. The structure of the complex was suggested using 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy. Furthermore, electrochemical analyses, including cyclic voltammetry (CV) and linear sweep voltammetry (LSV), were conducted to investigate the electrochemical behaviors of the Cu(I)(DPS)2 complex, demonstrating its acceleration effect on Cu electrodeposition. These results will provide valuable insights for understanding the acceleration mechanism of DPS in Cu electrodeposition.

Investigation of 44-methylgambierone reactivity with periodate: Structural reassignment, solvent instability and formation of a furanoid analogue

Gambierones are sulfated polyethers produced by benthic dinoflagellates in the genera Gambierdiscus, Coolia and Fukuyoa. While relative toxicity data for gambierones suggests they are low compared with ciguatoxin analogues, gambierones have been suggested for use as marker compounds for environmental monitoring programs for the presence of Gambierdiscus in marine waters. The published structure of gambierone and analogues of it, including 44-methylgambierone (44-MeGAM), have been reported to possess 1,2- and 4,5-cis diols, while only the 1,2- diol unit has been shown to undergo periodate oxidation. An in-depth analysis of previously reported NMR data for 44-MeGAM in CD3OD showed that the C-4 stereochemistry of 44-MeGAM and other gamberiones was mis-assigned, that the 4-CH2-CHOH-CH2OH and OH groups are equatorially and axially oriented, respectively, rather than vice versa as previously reported. This re-examination of existing 44-MeGAM NMR data also showed that its C-12 and C-13 assignments (and those for other gambierones) should be reversed. In an effort to better understand the C-4 stereochemical and periodate reaction characteristics of gambierones (C-4 is an epimerizable hemiacetal carbon), additional NMR data was acquired in D6-DMSO. Unexpectedly, progressive conversion of 44-MeGAM to a long-term stable ring-A furanoid analogue was observed. A subsequent series of microscale stability trials identified several solvents that affected the solution-stability of 44-MeGAM, and these findings should be taken into consideration during isolation, handling, storage and bioassay evaluations of gambierones in future studies.

Design and experimental study of solar-driven biomass gasification based on direct irradiation solar thermochemical reactor

Solar-driven biomass steam gasification is a promising technology to produce H2-rich syngas, meanwhile achieve flexible storage of renewable energy. However, the solar gasification application also faces numerous challenges, due to its involved complex chemical reaction characteristics and the inherent the multi-physics energy conversion processes. This work designs a novel direct irradiation solar gasification reactor, with the improved optical acceptance structure and reasonable test module, and the wheat straw particle is selected as experimental sample. Employing a 9 kWe high flux solar simulator, the maximum temperature of reaction bed in this prototype reactor reaches to 1260 °C, with the average solar flux of 1171.3 kW/m2. With adjustable radiation flux as experiment factor, under the highest total radiation of 3.35 kW, the molar fraction of H2 in the produced syngas is 47.1 % with the energy upgrade factor of 1.15, and the cellulose component completes decomposition. Increasing the mass flow rate of steam reduces the syngas output while raising the H2/CO ratio of the syngas. In addition, smaller biomass particle size facilitates the reaction, thereby improving the conversion efficiency of direct irradiation gasification. The investigation results provide a meaningful reference for the efficient utilization of abundant solar and biomass energy.

Recent studies on multiscale modeling of carbon fiber-reinforced composites

Multiscale modeling has garnered attention as an analytical method for investigating the mechanical behavior of composite materials. This paper introduces a comprehensive multiscale modeling approach developed by the authors’ group, which enables comprehensive analysis of the material properties from the atomic-scale reaction characteristics to laminate-scale fracture analysis; an overview of relevant literature is included as well. First, the methods of analysis at the atomic/molecular, microscopic, and mesoscopic scales are separately explained. Finally, a multiscale modeling approach that integrates these models and bridges the gaps between the scales is presented. The multiscale model is used to predict the fracture behavior of carbon fiber-reinforced composites based on the mechanical properties of epoxy resin.

A Retrospective Observational Study of Adverse Drug Reactions (ADR) Reported to ADR Monitoring Centre from 2010 to 2020.

Adverse Drug Reactions (ADR) are one of the essential causes of hospital admissions and pose a significant clinical and economic burden on the healthcare system. The Adverse Drug Reaction Monitoring Centre (AMC) in JIPMER functioning under the Pharmacovigilance Programme of India (PvPI) plays a vital role in ensuring medication safety by routinely detecting and monitoring ADRs. Hence, this study aimed to assess the characteristics of ADR reported from 2010 to 2020 in AMC JIPMER and to detect signals, if any. To study the characteristics of Adverse Drug Reactions (ADR) reported to a regional ADR monitoring center from 2010 to 2020 and to detect signals of disproportionate reporting (SDRs) if any from the reported ADRs. A total of 6007 ADR reports with a single suspect drug were included for analysis from 2010 to 2020. The characteristics of these reports, including patient's age and gender, Number and percentage of ADRs, the causality of ADR using WHO UMC (World Health Organization-Uppsala Monitoring Scale), the seriousness of the ADR, and outcome were collected from the ADR reports. MedDRA (Medical Dictionary for Regulatory Activities) Preferred Terms (PT) were used to classify adverse drug reactions. Causality analysis using the Naranjo Algorithm and Preventability using Modified Schumock and Thornton criteria were performed for the ADRs. The number and percentage of severe ADRs were analyzed. The System Organ class of all the ADRs was enumerated. ADRs not mentioned in the US FDA (United States Food and Drug Administration) product label (unlabelled reactions) were documented. Unlabeled reactions with ≥3 ADR reports were included for signal detection by disproportionality analysis. Antineoplastic drugs, followed by antimicrobials, anticonvulsants, Anti snake venom, and NSAID were the most common drugs implicated in ADRs. Skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders were the most common System Organ Class (SOC) involved in the ADRs. Among the 6007 reports, 19.2% were serious ADRs. Most of the ADR reports were of possible causality followed by probable and certain as per WHO UMC and Naranjo causality scales. Only ten ADRs were preventable and one reaction (Tamoxifen-induced neuropathy) was eligible for signal detection. Disproportionality analysis using a 2x2 contingency table showed insignificant signal detection using the Reporting Odds Ratio (ROR) and Proportional Reporting Ratio (PRR). Analysis of ADRs from an ADR Monitoring center functioning in a tertiary care hospital shows antineoplastic drugs to be the most common drugs associated with adverse drug reactions, with rash being the most common adverse effect. The majority of the ADRs were not preventable. No Signals of Disproportionate Reporting (SDR) were detected in our study.

Electrochemical sensor for the detection of serine β-lactamase catalytic activity

A new approach is proposed based on the use of electrodes modified with carbon nanomaterials to determine enzymatic activity and screening for inhibitors of serine β-lactamases such as extended spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs). These enzymes are responsible for the development of antibiotic resistance of pathogenic bacteria to β-lactam antibiotics. Electrochemical oxidation of cephalosporin antibiotic cefotaxime was effectively registered at a potential E from +596 to +625 mV (relative to Ag/AgCl). This property makes it possible to determine the change in cefotaxime concentration in solution upon interaction with serine β-lactamases. By analyzing the electrochemical characteristics of the cefotaxime oxidation reaction, the kinetic parameters of its hydrolysis catalyzed by the serine β-lactamase CTX-M-116 were determined. The Michaelis constant was KM = 50 µM and the maximum rate of the catalytic reaction was 1.67∙10–6 M/min. A comparative analysis of the electrochemical parameters of the enzyme/substrate cefotaxime and enzyme/substrate cefotaxime/inhibitor sulbactam (SBT) systems was carried out. Inhibition of β-lactamase by sulbactam was characterized by an IC50 value of 2.5 μM. The proposed approach can be used for screening new substrates and inhibitors of β-lactamases.

Study on the fretting wear performance of oxide layer and Cr coating on zirconium alloy in high-temperature water

Grid-to-rod fretting wear is an important factor causing the fuel failure in nuclear power plants. Accident tolerant fuel (ATF) Cr coating and oxide ceramic coating have been developed to improve the fretting wear performance. In this research, two different oxide layers and Cr coating were prepared on zirconium (Zr) alloy, and the fretting wear performance were studied. The morphology, microstructure, tribo-corrosion reaction, and wear characteristics were analyzed. The oxide layer formed at high-temperature pressurized water (HTPW) has the lowest wear rate of 0.11 × 103 μm3/Nm due to the high hardness and compact structure, which leads to the corresponding friction pairs presenting the highest wear rate of 8.42 × 103 μm3/Nm. The wear depth of oxide layer formed at HTPW is about 5 times lower than that of as-received Zr alloy, and it is also less than the thickness of oxide layer. The oxide layer formed at HTPW after fretting has a larger thickness than the initial state because the plastic deformation layer caused by shear stress can quickly oxidize to zirconia in high-temperature water, and the wear rate of oxide layer is lower than the formation rate of oxide layer. The wear mechanism of two different oxide layers is delamination and abrasive wear, and that of Cr coating is abrasive wear and fatigue wear.

Transfusion reaction patterns by blood component

Abstract Introduction/Objective Blood transfusion is becoming safer by continuous improvement of donor screening, patient identification, blood management, and infectious disease screening. This study was conducted to examine the rate and characteristics of transfusion reactions in the setting of universal leukoreduction of cellular products as well as pathogen reduction and/or irradiation of apheresis platelets. Methods/Case Report Data from the blood bank database for a 5-year period from 1/1/2019 to 12/31/2023 was collected. Transfusion reaction data as reported to National Healthcare Safety Network (NHSN) was analyzed. Results (if a Case Study enter NA) A total of 134,552 transfusions and 491 transfusion reactions were reported over the study period, resulting in the overall transfusion reaction rate of 0.36%. Allergic reaction was the most common reaction (38%), followed by febrile non-hemolytic transfusion reaction (FNHTR, 30%), delayed serologic transfusion reaction (DSTR, 14%), transfusion-associated circulatory overload (TACO, 10%), and transfusion-associated dyspnea (TAD, 4%). Platelets had the highest rate of transfusion reaction at 0.61% (n=167 of 27,180), red blood cells (RBC) at 0.35% (n=289 of 82,963), plasma at 0.13% (n=24 of 19,114), and cryoprecipitate at 0.06% (n=3 of 5295). The most common reaction associated with platelet transfusion was allergic reaction (64%, n=107), while FNHTR was the most common reaction associated with RBC transfusion (37%, n=106). By severity, 9 (2%) reactions were life-threatening, 21 (4%) were severe, 374 (75%) were non-severe, and 87 (18%) were not determined. Of life-threatening reactions, allergic reactions were the most common (5 of 9), while TACO was the most common severe reaction (9 of 21). Platelets were the most commonly implicated component in life- threatening reactions (4 allergic and 2 TACO), and RBCs were more commonly implicated in severe reactions. Conclusion Platelet transfusions were associated with a higher rate of transfusion reactions and life-threatening allergic reactions compared to other blood components.