Characteristics Of Police Officers Research Articles

Disparities in Forensic Science Adoption for Crime Investigation in Kenya: The Role of Police Demographics

Widespread disparities in the adoption of forensic science (FS) in criminal investigations remain a global issue. Although multiple factors have been identified to cause disparities in the adoption of forensic science, little consideration has been given to the socio-demographic characteristics of police officers in explaining these disparities. This study analyzes police demographic characteristics using a cross-sectional descriptive survey of 146 Directorate of Criminal Investigation (DCI) officers in Kenya in relation to the adoption of FS in crime investigation. A binary logistic regression was performed to assess the predictive value of each demographic characteristic, including gender, level of education, police experience, police rank, favorite subject (science or non-science) in high school, and service formation, on the adoption of FS. We found that the composite police demographic variable was not statistically significant ( p = .877) in predicting the adoption of FS in crime investigations. Officers with higher levels of education (bachelor’s degree) and mid-level service experience showed significantly ( p < .05) higher odds of adoption of FS. All other demographic variables (gender, service ranks, and service formation) were not statistically significant in predicting the adoption of FS. In conclusion, the disparities in the adoption of FS can be traced back to police demographic characteristics, particularly different levels of education, and experience among officers. We recommend police departments rethink the combined effect of police demographic characteristics in a bid to reduce disparities in the adoption of FS in crime investigations.

מאבק הממסד נגד הפעלת כוח משטרתי פסול בעשור הראשון למדינת ישראל

The use of unlawful force by British Mandate police was embedded into the Jewish consciousness as a symbol for the entire regime's inherent faults. In contrast, the desired image of the Israeli police force was shaped as the complete opposite: A police force whose actions are justified, enacts law and order, and applies force with restraint. Thus, as opposed to the Mandate's model of colonial policing founded on oppressive military components, the Israeli police, upon its inception, espoused – in theory, at least – the metropolitan model, based on the public's consent to its actions. In practice, however, this was not enough to uproot the phenomenon entirely: since the Israeli police's very first years, members of the Knesset, government and media have voiced their complaints about an unlawful use of force by police officers. Although it is difficult to gauge the true scope of the problem, the state had worked to fight it due to both its practical and symbolic severity. This study will focus on the measures taken by the police, Knesset and government – sometimes with the influence of public and media discussions and sometimes without it – to eradicate it, on three levels: educational – through training courses for new police officers that included laws, regulations and content defining proper use of force; legal – which involved disciplinary and criminal action against policemen who used unlawful force; and structural – which comprised of inquiry committees that examined the use of force by the police and its officers systemically. The failure of these efforts is often explained on a universal level using Brodeur's stance, that the use of force is tantamount to fighting fire with fire: fighting an inherently wrong action by employing an equally wrong means of doing so. Our research will focus on the limited success of these efforts using a local analysis that focuses on Israeli police and society during the state's first decade: on the micro level, we will examine the characteristics of police officers, while the macro level will follow the broad political and social contexts of that time, which led to a reproduction of mandatory-military practices even within a police force that raised the banner of civic policing.

Police Mentoring of At-Risk Youth: Case Study of Police-Led Mentoring Program Leadership Development

Police-led organizations provide officers with the ability to mentor youth in a nurturing environment that empowers them to succeed academically, behaviorally, and socially. This article focuses on how police officers mentor youths in a major urban area in the southeast. A case study was presented of a police-led organization, which included in-depth interviews with program leaders and mentors, participant observations, and a review of secondary sources over 2 years. The main findings from the study are as follows: (1) program leaders emphasize that caring mentors need to be empathetic toward youth exposed to gun violence, (2) officers’ previous experiences matter for their motivation to become mentors, and (3) officers stimulate students by taking them out of their usual social environments. This research expands the theoretical understanding of how police-led organizations influence the lives of youth exposed to gun violence. The characteristics of police officers who serve as mentors are crucial and can impact program outcomes. Practical implications for program leaders are discussed.

MZ세대 초기경력 경찰공무원의 직업정체성 구성에 대한 합의적 질적 연구

The purpose of this study is to investigate the process of constructing vocational identity based on the vocational awareness and experience of early career police officers of generation MZ. This study analyzed by applying consensual qualitative research-modified(CQR-M) based on open-ended questionnaires were received from 55 generation MZ police officers up to 5 years of experience. The process of constructing vocational identity of the research participants was revealed 5 areas, 10 categories, and 33 subcategories, and the results of the study are as follows. First, the research participants longed for the police and chose their vocation for reasons such as ‘police is my dream’,‘consideration of aptitude’,‘essential part of society’. Second, after becoming police officers, the professional pride of the research participants through ‘social recognition’,‘positive feedback of gratitude for help’, and ‘joy of family’ promoted the internalization of identity, on the other hand, the professional pride gradually disappeared as they suffered emotional exhaustion from the ‘negative public opinion about police’,‘the victim of criticism of civil petitioners’,‘police universalism’, and ‘high ethical standards for the police’. Third, through job experience, the research participants made ambivalent evaluations on the unique job characteristics of police officers and the advantages and disadvantages of civil servants. They showed experience conflict with vocational identity due to difficulties in adjusting to a hierarchical organization and an uncomfortable atmosphere. Fourth, even in the process of adjustment, the research participants gained strength through ‘helper′s salvation’, and experienced the process of compromise and acceptance while realistically adjusting their vocational identities through ‘improvement of adaptability and survival strategy’. Finally, the result of reconstructing the vocational identity as a police officer is ‘happy police officers as a person’ or ‘police officers serving the people’. They were drawing an optimistic future through efforts to do their best in each context of individual life and professional role, but to take in a balance way. The significance of this study is in that it deeply analyzed the process of constructing vocational identity by applying the characteristics of the generation MZ, which has been mainly studied as a discourse, to police officers. Based on the results of the study, implications for the mutual positive development of generation MZ police officers and organizations were suggested.

경찰공무원의 직무특성이 조직몰입에 미치는 영향: 전문직업적 정체성의 매개효과를 중심으로

본 연구는 직무특성이 조직몰입에 미치는 영향으로 전문직업적 정체성의 매개효과를 중심으로 이론적 논의와 분석을 실시하였다. 실증분석을 위해 제주 지역에서 근무하는 경찰공무원을 대상으로 설문조사를 진행하였으며, 다중회귀분석과 매개효과분석을 실시하였다. 분석결과, 경찰관의 직무특성 중 직무중요성과 자율성이 조직몰입에 유의한 영향을 미쳤다. 또한, 전문직업적 정체성의 하위요인에 있어서는 자율성에 대한 신념을 제외한 공공서비스에 대한 신념, 직업 소명의식, 자체규제에 대한 신념이 모두 조직몰입에 유의미하게 긍정적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 직무특성과 조직몰입의 관계에서 전문직업적 정체성의 매개 효과와 관련해서는 하위요인별로 공공서비스에 대한 신념과 자체규제에 대한 신념은 직무특성 중 직무중요성과 조직몰입간의 관계를 완전 매개하였으며, 자체규제에 대한 신념과 직업 소명의식은 직무자율성과 조직몰입간의 관계에서 부분매개 효과가 나타났다.이러한 결과를 통해 경찰관들의 조직몰입에 직무특성과 전문직업적 정체성이 직접 또는 간접적으로 조직몰입에 영향을 미치고 요인임을 확인할 수 있었다.

Структура защитно-совладающего реагирования у сотрудников органов внутренних дел, страдающих соматоформной вегетативной дисфункцией желудочно-кишечного тракта, в связи с задачами психогигиены

The aim of the study was to identify differences of protective and coping behavior and its dynamics in conditions of asthenization and anxiety-depressive response in employees of internal affairs bodies, suffering from somatoform vegetative dysfunction of the gastrointestinal tract. Materials and methods of research. To reveal structural and dynamic characteristics of the protective response and character of the asthenization depression and anxiety influence on the internal affairs employees, 64 police officers with somatoform vegetative dysfunction of the gastrointestinal tract (F. 45.3) according to criteria of ICD-10 were investigated. Results of the study and their analysis. The study revealed that the differences were both purely individual and cross-cutting, reflecting a pronounced intrapersonal conflict. This indicates the weakness of the defense system in police employees suffering from somatoform vegetative dysfunction of the gastrointestinal tract, regardless of gender identity, emphasizing their low adaptive capacity, making it difficult to recognize the problems. The basic socio-professional characteristics of police officers are reflected and their role in protective and coping response is shown. The results of the study are offered to use in psychohygienic work with employees, prone to somatoform reactions.

Police Officers’ Presumption of Innocence: History, Contemporaneousness and Possibility to Implement into Ukrainian Legislation


 The article is focused on the analysis of the legal category of police officers’ presumption of innocence. Accordingly, the purpose of the research is to provide comprehensive characteristics of police officers’ presumption of innocence, taking into account international practice of its formation and development. To achieve this purpose, the author has formulated the following tasks: 1) study of the historical aspect of the origin and formation of police officers’ presumption of innocence, including within the qualification immunity of police officers; 2) analysis of the practice of applying qualification immunity in the United States of America; 3) objective reveal of the content and essence of police officers’ presumption of innocence; 4) outlining the possibilities of introducing the police officers’ presumption of innocence into the legislation of Ukraine.
 The expediency of introducing police officers’ qualification immunity (police officers’ presumption of innocence) is based on a number of arguments, in particular: police officers need qualification immunity to perform their professional duties: they perform important tasks that may require immediate decisions in stressful situations, but lack of qualification immunity may lead that police officers do not dare to act when it is most needed; lack of qualification immunity can lead to unjustified police trials, when judges and jurors can review decisions, may lead to significant budget expenditures; police officers do not have absolute immunity and can be prosecuted for violating clearly established constitutional rights, despite the perspective of the availability of qualification immunity; police officers should not be forced to apply “abstract law”, i.e. those provisions that are not explicitly provided in the current legislation, but follow from its provisions, to specific circumstances, we cannot expect from police officers to be scholars in law sphere and use legal arguments during the arrest; police officers should be able to act professionally without worrying about prosecution.

RESEARCH ON POLICEMAN’S PERSONALITY CHARACTERISTICS SPECIFIC TO WORKING CAPACITY SHIFTS

The article is devoted to the issues of a relationship between the specific professional environment and individual personality characteristics of police officers. The findings of the empirical study enabled to demonstrate the relationship type between an individual profile of an officer and a working capacity. It was proved that specific characteristics of policeman’s official activities provoke specific personality changes, predetermining difficulties when becoming an expert and negatively affect the formation of a functional system of his body, personality characteristics and behavioral response, and lead to a reduction in a working capacity, effectiveness and quality of the tasks accomplished. Primarily, the article is focused on the analysis, comparison, systematization and integration of data, obtained as a result of psychodiagnostic testing of personality characteristics and functionality of police officers. Applicability of the empirical study is predetermined by a demand for the comprehensive maintenance of all officer’s health characteristics; by taking into account the relationship between officer’s personality characteristics and the effectiveness of accomplishing professional tasks; by identifying significant indicators in order to timely detect and successfully prevent stresses, conflicts and other risk factors, which constantly go along with their professional activities.

Psychological features of the Police employees

Psychological characteristics of police officers are now thoroughly investigated in legal psychology. At the same time development of the problem was, both in terms of psychological analysis of the structure of professional law enforcement officers, and in terms of the psychological characteristics its inherent set of psychological characteristics. Even the cursory reviews of the basic psychological characteristics and structural elements of the employee’s professional activity shows how complex and multifaceted its activities. It makes them a variety of requirements, among which one of the most important - having developed important professional qualities of the individual.

Police experiences of bystander assistance in pre-hospital care of road traffic accident victims in Abuja, Nigeria: a cross-sectional study

BackgroundGlobally, most deaths from road traffic accidents (RTA) occur before the injured person reaches hospital. This mortality burden is disproportionately higher in Africa, with Nigeria having a mortality burden from RTA, at 21·4 per 100 000 people, that is six-times higher than that in high-income countries such as Norway (3·1 per 100 000 people). Bystander first aid is associated with improved survival of trauma victims and Norway has a high rate of bystander first aid to RTA victims (89%); however, data on bystander first aid for RTA victims are lacking in Nigeria. The objectives of this study were to: (1) determine the bystander assistance rate to RTA victims; (2) assess the prevalence of bystander first aid to RTA victims; and (3) evaluate bystander non-helping behaviours to RTA victims. MethodsThis was a cross-sectional study that used observer-report data collected from police officers at 31 police stations in Abuja, Nigeria. A stratified randomised sample of 428 police officers were interviewed using a structured electronic pre-tested questionnaire for data collection. The questionnaires were self-administered. We collected data on sociodemographic characteristics of police officers and they were asked to report information on bystander assistance, first aid, and non-helping behaviours during their last pre-hospital care encounters with RTA victims in Abuja. To calculate the bystander assistance rate and the prevalence of first aid, we defined bystander assistance as any activities such as calling the police or ambulance service and first aid to save the lives of RTA victims. First aid was defined as basic care such as chest compression or wound dressing given to stabilise RTA victims either at the scene of injury or during transportation to the hospital. Descriptive statistics were summarised using STATA v. 14.0. FindingsBetween Nov 21, 2018, and Dec 8, 2018, we included data from 281 police officers who had ever provided pre-hospital care to RTA victims in Abuja. The bystander assistance rate to RTA victims was 93·2% (n=262). Provision of first aid and calling the police or ambulance service were the most common form of bystander assistance (31·3% [n=82] and 28·2% [74], respectively). Other bystander assistance included provision of safety for RTA victims or first-aiders (20·2% [53]), and search and rescue for life and property near the accident scene (19·8%% [52]). The rate of bystander first aid to RTA victims was 29·2% (82). Of the bystander non-helping behaviours reported (6·8% [19]), gazing or just looking accounted for the most (68% [13]), followed by stealing victims' property (21% [4]). InterpretationThe rate of bystander first aid to RTA victims in Nigeria is significantly lower than those in high-income countries such as Norway and is likely to contribute to increased RTA mortality. Our findings highlight the need to increase community access to first aid trainings and behaviour-change interventions to improve RTA victims' health outcomes. FundingNIH and Fogarty International Center Training Grant for Partnerships to Develop Injury Research Capacities in Sub Saharan Africa (5D43TW010463-03) by Office of Global Health, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, USA.

Социальная характеристика уральских полицейских первой половины XIX века (по формулярным спискам чиновников Пермской губернии за 1845 год)

Up until now Russian and foreign researchers have been studying various aspects of servicemen for more than a century and a half. However, the problem of pre-reform police bureaucracy in the Ural has stayed out of the focus of academic discussion. Therefore, the author chose this subject for the research project. The study is based on the database compiled by the author from service records of 164 police officers of the Perm province for 1845 preserved in the State Archives of the Perm region. For a more objective approach to the social and service characteristics of police officers, the author sequentially built three collective portraits using the information from database: the chief of police, an executive officer, and a clerical officer. Although representatives of the nobility predominated among the police officers of local governments (zemstvo), mayors and police chiefs usually did not possess estates or serfs. Officials of a lower rank came, predominantly, from clerks, chief officers, and clergy children. Service practices also differed: police officers, mayors and police chiefs of local governments usually belonged to army officers incapable of further military service. Executive officials often began their career, albeit not in the police, but still in the civil service. An analysis of the demographic characteristics of the bureaucratic staff showes that the average age of police chiefs was 47 years, the rest of the executive ranks – about 39 years old, clerical officials – 27 years. According to the “Table of Ranks”, the executive ranks more rapid and successful career growth. At the same time, every third bailiff and quarterly overseer had a criminal record. And every fifth clerical official had negative attestation. This allows the conclusion about the low level of professionalism of the class police officers during the reign of Nicholas I. Against the background of an ever-growing range of law enforcement and administrative tasks of the police, the situation on the ground was problematic. Ultimately, this was one of the reasons for the reorganization of the police in 1862.

Индивидуально-психологические особенности сотрудников подразделений уголовного розыска на транспорте в связи с риском профессиональной деформации

The relevance of the study of individual psychological characteristics of employees of criminal investigation departments in transport in the North-Western Federal district of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia (hereinafter referred to as the NWFD) in relation to indicators of professional deformation is due to the specific features of their official activities. Despite a significant amount of research on the phenomenon of professional deformity of police officers, there are few thoroughly developed and completed works on the prevention of professional deformities of police officers. The purpose of our research was to study the individual psychological characteristics of employees of criminal investigation departments in connection with the risk of professional deformation. The results of the empirical study were processed by correlation and factor analysis (49 parameters). The results of the initial analysis showed that the overall assessment of job satisfaction among employees of the studied departments is average with a downward trend. The results of the study on «professional burnout» revealed that a number of employees surveyed are close to emotional exhaustion. It is established that empathic abilities, social intelligence, and constructive coping strategies play an important role in the structure of individual psychological characteristics of police officers. Low ability of employees to learn behavior determines non-constructive strategies and models for coping with stressful situations, which leads to deformation of relationships with other people, i.e. to professional deformation. The obtained data can be used as the basis for the program of psychoprophylaxis of professional deformation of criminal investigation units in transport in the northwestern Federal district.

Factors influencing police officers' feeling of ease or difficulty while interviewing suspects

This study examined which factors influenced police officers' feeling of ease or difficulty while interviewing suspects. We conducted a self-administered questionnaire survey with police officers (N=183) who had experience in interviewing five or more suspects during the last decade. The questionnaire consisted of three components: (1) characteristics of police officers (five items, including gender, age, police officer rank, number of years that the police officers had engaged in criminal investigations, and the number of suspects the police officers had interviewed to date), (2) characteristics of suspects (52 items, including “foreign national”, “opposite sex”, “juvenile”, “rapid speaking”, and “compulsive liar”), and (3) circumstances of suspect interview (12 items, including “vicious crimes”, “sex crimes”, and “crime with an accomplice”). A total of 64 items for (2) characteristics of suspects and (3) circumstance of suspect interview were rated, using a seven-point Likert scale, by the police officers according to the degree of ease or difficulty while interviewing suspects. As a result, the police officers evaluated that 36 items (the suspect was a “foreign national”, a “compulsive liar”, and “finding faults”, etc.) made suspect interviews difficult, and 10 items (“full confession” and “existence of physical evidence”, etc.) made the interviews easy. If the suspect was accustomed to police interviews, the police officers' evaluations split into difficult and easy. Exploratory factor analysis extracted three factors from 19 items that were selected on the basis of factor loadings 0.40 and over: (1) the suspect's “self protection”, (2) the interviewer's “anxiety reduction”, and (3) “similar demographics” between interviewers and suspects. The “self protection” factor was found to have a significant positive correlation with number of years the police officers had engaged in criminal investigations. By contrast, each “anxiety reduction” and “similar demographics” factor demonstrated a significant negative correlation with them.

A Study on the Influence of Social Characteristics of Police Officers on Career Satisfaction

A Study on the Influence of Social Characteristics of Police Officers on Career Satisfaction

Police Training Practices in Ghana: An Empirical Analysis

This study was carried out to do an empirical analysis of police training practices in the Ghana Police Service taking the National Police Training School, Accra and the Winneba Police Command and Staff College, Winneba into perspective. The study aimed at finding out the demographic characteristics of police officers and trainees, the academic qualification (s) of police officers, the criteria for police recruitment, the criteria for training of police officers, the duration of the training programme and the motivational factors for one to pursue career in law enforcement. The study employed the mixed methods by using both quantitative and qualitative approaches in getting the relevant data to satisfy the purpose and objectives of the study. Sampling methods used were purposive and simple random sampling methods. In-depth interviews were also conducted to elicit qualitative data. The study revealed that males are more than females in the Ghana Police Service. In addition, the study revealed that the Akan and Ewe dominated the Ghana Police. Notwithstanding, most of these police trainees were unmarried. The study further revealed that majority of the respondents were Senior High School Certificate holders and they did not have any relatives as police officers before they entered into police service. This implies that Senior High School graduates are employed more than any other category in the Ghana Police Service. The study further shown that the police service has a general and standard criterion for recruiting personnel into the service. The Ghana Police Service follows these criteria religiously before a prospective applicant is recruited into the service. It is concluded that the criteria for police training takes the form of Physical Training (PT), drill, classroom work, weapon training, parade, defensive tactics training, oral training, firearms range, scenario training, driving skills, equipment training, mental training, visiting, preps, and an examination. It can be concluded that majority of the respondents were of the view that the motivational factor for entering into the police service was because of the salary structure and also getting the opportunity to help people in their community. Keywords: Training, Training Practices, Trainees, Trainers, Recruit, Police Officer DOI : 10.7176/IKM/9-3-06 Publication date :March 31 st 2019

Predictors of Outcome and Residual Symptoms Following Trauma-Focused Psychotherapy in Police Officers With Posttraumatic Stress Disorder.

Police officers exposed to potentially traumatic events (PTE) are at a heightened risk of developing posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Little is known about trauma-focused psychotherapy outcomes in the police. In this naturalistic study, we evaluated whether PTE exposure and baseline clinical characteristics predicted PTSD symptom reduction during treatment and residual PTSD symptoms posttreatment. In consecutive referrals to a specialized mental health service for police officers (N = 665), PTSD was measured pre- and posttreatment using structured clinical interviews. Treatment consisted of brief eclectic psychotherapy for PTSD. We grouped PTE as follows: injury/maltreatment, loss (colleague or private), other job-related, other private traumatic events. Data were analyzed multivariably using structural equation modeling and logistic regression. Treatment effect size was large, d = 3.6, 95% CI [3.4, 3.8]. Police officers who reported more injury/maltreatment or private traumatic had more baseline PTSD symptoms as well as larger symptom reduction during treatment; police officers who reported more losses of loved ones showed smaller PTSD symptom reduction. Concentration problems persisted in 17.7% of police officers posttreatment, and these were predicted by baseline PTSD symptoms and loss of loved ones. Proportions of variance explained by the multivariable models ranged from 0.08 to 0.14. Our findings increase insight into the type of PTE and clinical characteristics of police officers with PTSD who benefit most from trauma-focused treatment. Because loss of loved ones can be presumed to have a profound impact on social and interpersonal functioning, a more specific treatment focus on grief processes may further enhance efficacy.

Variables Associated with Informal Learning of Korean Police Officers -Focused on Personal Characteristics and Relational Characteristics-

이 연구는 한국 경찰공무원의 비공식학습에 관련 요인의 영향관계를 규명하여 경찰조직 내에서 어떻게 효과적인 비공식학습이 이루어질 수 있는지를 설명하고자 하였다. 구체적으로는 경찰공무원들의 개인적 특성(유능감 경험, 현장학습 가치, 성과지향성, 학습지향성)과 관계적 특성(대인관계 기회, 멘토링 연결망, 팀소통 개방성)이 비공식학습에 직접적으로 정적인 영향을 미치는지, 개인적 특성과 비공식학습의 관계에서 관계적 특성이 매개효과를 가지는지를 검정하고자 한다. 연구의 모집단은 한국 전국 각 지역에서 근무하는 경찰공무원이며, Google 온라인 설문지를 이용해서 조사를 실시하였다. 설문지는 모두521부가 회수되었고, 불성실 응답 등을 제외하고 최종적으로 509부를 분석에 사용하였다. 자료 분석은 SPSS 22.0 프로그램을 이용하여 종속변수인 비공식학습에 영향을 미치는 요인들과의 관계성을 알아보고자 상관관계분석, 다중회귀분석 등을 실시하였다. 연구의 결과를 요약하면, 첫째, 한국 경찰공무원의 비공식학습은 대체적으로 양호한 수준으로 나타난다. 둘째, 경찰공무원의 개인적 특성 중 유능감 경험, 현장학습 가치, 학습지향성은 비공식학습에 정(+)의 상관관계를 가지는 것으로 나타났다. 셋째, 경찰공무원의 관계적 특성인 대인관계 기회, 멘토링 연결망, 그리고 팀소통 개방성 역시 모두 비공식학습에 정(+)의 상관관계를 가지고 있었다. 넷째, 경찰공무원의 관계적 특성은 개인적 특성(유능감 경험, 학습지향성) 이 비공식학습에 미치는 영향을 부분적으로 매개하는 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 연구결과를 통하여 경찰의 직무현장에서 활용할 수 있는 비공식학습의 활성화 방안, 그리고 직무 효율성을 위한 개선 방안을 살펴보았다.The purpose of this study was to explain how informal learning of Korean Police Officers was done effectively by examining the variables concerned with informal learning. Concretely, we focused on whether personal characteristics and relational characteristics of police officers have directs effect on informal learning or have mediation effect. The population of this study was Korean police officers, and the questionnaires were distributed by a Google Forms. 521 police officers all over South Korea agreed to participate and answered the questionnaire. After data cleaning, 509 (97.7%) were used for analysis. To examine relations among variables, we accomplished correlation analysis, regression analysis and so on using the SPSS-22.0-Win statistics packages. The findings of this study were as follows: Firstly, the level of informal learning of Korean police officers was good state. Secondly, perceived level of competence, value of work-related learning and learning goal orientation had positive correlation with informal learning. Thirdly, personal relation opportunity, mentoring network and openness of team communication had positive correlation with informal learning. Finally, relational characteristics partially had mediated between personal characteristics and informal learning. We suggested vitalized plans of informal learning and improvement for job efficiency in Korean National Police Agency.

From “real rape” to real justice: A systematic review of police officers' rape myth beliefs

Abstract This systematic review examined 18 documents that contained information about rape myths/cognitions of police officers with the goal of identifying the factors that influence police officers' beliefs of rape. Past research on sexual offence processing decisions has rarely considered the characteristics of police officers as active participants in the legal decision making process (Alderden & Ullman, 2012); meaning that the factors that directly influence police officers' rape myths and the implications these may have on rape victims' experiences when reporting to the police remain unclear. The current review systematically examines the literature on police officers' rape myth beliefs, and evaluates the current available research regarding, decision-making, victim credibility, police training and experiences, and police gender. It concludes by providing recommendations for policy makers in terms of best practice, continual police training and development and improving rape victims' reporting experiences.

Making Judgments: How Blame Mediates the Influence of Rape Myth Acceptance in Police Response to Sexual Assault.

As research continues to describe negative experiences and high case attrition within sexual assault cases reported to the police, it is important to better understand the role of first-responding police officers. This study surveyed a sample of sworn police officers ( N = 174) from one department in a midsized city in the Great Lakes region to examine the effect of individual police officer characteristics, rape myth acceptance (RMA), attributions of blame, and case characteristics from a hypothetical vignette, on officer perceptions of a "good" case and behavioral intentions. Results found that although RMA predicts both perceptions of the case and behavioral intentions to respond in ways indicative of perceived seriousness, RMA is mediated by attributions of suspect blame. Victim alcohol use was found to decrease an officer's likelihood of responding more vigorously, showing less likelihood of calling a detective or arresting the suspect, if identified. Future research should begin to connect not only case characteristics but also individual police officer characteristics, attitudes, and attributions of blame, with real case outcomes, in addition to hypothetical scenarios.

The influence of personality on violent victimization – a study on police officers

ABSTRACTThe current study aims to examine the influence of police officer characteristics, civilian characteristics, and possible interactions between both on violent victimization of police officers. Based on literature distinguishing between ‘provocative’ and ‘submissive’ victims, focus is given on effects of police officers’ personality in terms of the five-factor model plus risk-taking. Patrol police officers (n = 1813) from Lower Saxony, Germany, completed a paper-and-pencil survey including personality assessments as well as questions about their last three police encounters. Binary logistic multilevel regression analyses demonstrate that police officers with higher scores on neuroticism and openness to experience were more likely to be violently attacked. Furthermore, agreeableness reduced police officers’ risk of violent victimization, while risk-taking and neuroticism increased their risk when confronted with a violent civilian. The study indicates that personality and especially traits that are assumed to provoke potential perpetrators were linked with violent victimization. It further stresses the need to include perpetrator attributes in victim studies in order to identify relevant interaction effects between both parties.