Characteristics Of Perpetrators Research Articles

Attributions of Sexual Assault: Effects of Victim and Perpetrator Stereotypes, Presentation Order, and Participant Characteristics.

Research on sexual assault has shown that victim, perpetrator, and participant characteristics can influence evaluations of an assault. However, the studies have not examined a possible main effect or interactions from respectively introducing the victim or perpetrator first in an assault description, and previous studies have used participant samples with little diversity. We conducted two studies with factorial between-groups designs that varied presentation order in addition to victim and perpetrator stereotypicality and then assessed the impacts on participants' judgments of sexual assault scenarios. We used the online marketplace Prolific to collect large, diverse samples of participants, and in the second study, we collected roughly equal sample sizes of individuals who identified as Black females/males and White females/males. Our results indicate that multiple factors-including victim and perpetrator stereotypicality, presentation order, and participants' gender identities-significantly influenced judgments of the sexual assault, and there were numerous interactions. The results provide strongest support for a spreading activation model in which each factor can influence a participant's judgment of the other factors and the overall scenario. As such, the findings may bear on the legal handling of sexual assault cases as well as suggesting how different presentation formats and emphases in media coverage may sway the court of public opinion.

Older Adult Homicide: Investigating Case, Victim and Perpetrator Characteristics in a National Sample from England and Wales

Abstract Older adult homicide (OAH) is the most severe, yet understudied, form of older adult abuse. This study examined the case, victim and perpetrator characteristics of OAH. A secondary analysis of national data from England and Wales (2008–2019) was conducted where cases of non-stranger OAH (victims aged sixty years and over) were compared to adult homicide (victims aged eighteen to fifty-nine years) at the case, victim (n = 3,274) and perpetrator (n = 2,763) levels. Logistic regression models used to identify characteristics that were OAH risk factors, showed only a slight increase in predictive power but high accuracy in classifying adult homicide cases. Nevertheless, some risk factors known to be predictors of older adult abuse were significant predictors of OAH (e.g. living with the perpetrator, the perpetrator’s mental state). Implications for research, policy and practice are discussed.

The problem of domestic violence: issues of theory and practice

The article is devoted to the problem of understanding domestic violence in the legal system of the modern state. Risk factors for domestic and family violence are examined, including individual characteristics, relationship problems, and community and societal influences. Individual factors include the psychological and physical characteristics of victims and perpetrators, which may include problems with emotion regulation, low self-esteem, and childhood trauma. Also, sexual orientation and gender identity can influence the risk of becoming a victim or a perpetrator. It is reasoned that domestic violence has serious consequences for victims, their families and society as a whole. It can lead to injuries, psychological and emotional problems, destroy relationships, disrupt the development of children and reduce the productivity and efficiency of society. Domestic violence is becoming a global problem that crosses cultural and geographic boundaries, and the level of its prevalence can vary depending on the socio-cultural and economic context. Also important is the role of economic factors, such as unemployment and economic hardship, which can increase family tension and contribute to violence. It was also found that at the community level, lack of access to psychological and legal aid services, as well as lack of education about rights and opportunities to leave violent relationships can complicate the situation for victims. In addition, cultural stereotypes and norms that condone or normalize violence may also support this problematic pattern. At the same time, research must be carried out taking into account the diversity of cultural, social and economic contexts, since approaches to solving the problem may differ depending on specific conditions. Special attention should also be paid to the support of victims of domestic violence, their access to safe places of refuge, legal aid and psychological support. Increasing public awareness and educational initiatives about the issue can also help increase awareness and support in the fight against domestic violence.

It takes a village: Guarding against sexual abuse in Australian educational settings

Reporting indicators of child sexual abuse is critical to intervention and prevention. However, guardianship and its mechanisms in educational settings have been empirically neglected. We address this gap by analysing a unique administrative dataset from an Australian jurisdiction that captures alleged improper sexual conduct by school employees against adolescents aged 13–17 years inclusive. We analysed 638 cases reported to an external oversight body in accordance with the New South Wales “reportable conduct” scheme between 2015 and 2019. These cases detailed information about the sources of allegations, including how allegations arose and who brought them forward. Results established school personnel and families as the key reporters and supported young people's potential as capable guardians. Guardianship was highly context-dependent and differed according to event, victim, and perpetrator characteristics. Recommendations for strengthening guardianship in schools are presented, including enabling reporting pathways for students, building contextual awareness through policy dissemination and training, and heeding indirect sources of information like rumours.

Domestic Violence Perpetrators in Jail: A Comprehensive Study

Domestic violence is a pressing issue worldwide, affecting millions of individuals and families. In recent years, researchers have focused on understanding the profiles of perpetrators to devise effective intervention and prevention strategies. The purpose of this study is to gain a comprehensive understanding of the various aspects of domestic violence perpetration among incarcerated people. This study aims to shed light on the psychological, social, and environmental factors that contribute to offenders' involvement in domestic violence. The study employed qualitative data collection techniques. The key informants consisted of eleven (11) male PDLs incarcerated at Baguio City Jail-Male Dormitory with a history of domestic violence offenses and were interviewed using a structured questionnaire. The researchers explained each question to the respondents to provide detailed information that led to the success of the research.The study revealed several key characteristics of domestic violence perpetrators in jail. With the results found, most of the demographic profiles of the key informants are all male-dominated and are presumed to be between the ages of 20- 60. The majority of the critical informants confessed that they had committed domestic violence, and almost all of them have committed Physical and Sexual Abuse, with only one Psychological Abuse. Also, most of the critical informants responded with Economic factors as a motivation for their offenses. As perceived by the responses, most informants claimed to have good relationships with their victims before the offense. Still, it resulted in wrong, broken, and no communication after the incident. Most of them felt guilty and were willing to ask for forgiveness for their actions. All the key informants confessed that they undergo rehabilitative programs provided by the jail. This comprehensive profiling study provides valuable insights into the profiles of domestic violence perpetrators in jail. The findings from the data gathered by the researchers highlight the complex factors that contribute to domestic violence and the importance of Rehabilitation, family, and support programs for perpetrators. These findings can inform future interventions and policies aimed at addressing domestic violence and promoting healthier relationships.

Characteristics of Elder Abuse Perpetrators by Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity of the Abused: Findings from the Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging

Lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) older adults may be more vulnerable to elder abuse (EA) due to prior marginalization and trauma, lifelong discrimination, and health disparities. While characteristics of both victims and perpetrators can modify the risk for EA, few studies have focused on perpetrators. This study examined the number and type of perpetrator-victim relationships and perpetrator profiles for EA experienced in the prior year, by abuse type and sexual orientation and gender identity of the abused. Data are from community-dwelling Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging participants aged 65 or older at follow-up 1 (n = 23,466). Heterosexual men and women reported being abused psychologically and physically most often by spouses or partners. Gay and bisexual (GB) men reported being abused psychologically most often by non-family, non-friend “others”. Lesbian and bisexual (LB) women reported psychological and financial abuse most often by siblings or other family members, and physical abuse by non-family, non-friend “others”. Heterosexual women were abused financially most often by their children, and both heterosexual and GB men reported more financial abuse by “others” or friends. Overall, 15% and 5% of participants reported abuse by multiple perpetrators of psychological and financial abuse respectively. LB women experienced more EA overall (18.8%), by multiple perpetrators (31% for psychological abuse, 66.5% for financial abuse) including by their siblings and other family members. These results have important implications for mitigation and preventive measures. They also highlight the need for further research concerning sexual minorities experiencing multiple abuse types and/or abuse by multiple perpetrators.

Sexual and non-sexual femicide in South Africa: Comparing two studies 2009 and 2017

Sexual femicide, an abhorrent crime, is not well described and reported. The aim of the study was to describe sexual and non-sexual femicide in South Africa and compare the 2009 with the 2017 study presenting sociodemographic characteristics of victims, perpetrators, crime and forensic findings. The same retrospective study design using proportionate random sample of medico-legal laboratories were used. Sexual femicide was identified from autopsy and police reports. Findings show sexual femicide is not rare in South Africa. We estimated 451 (95% confidence interval: 366–533) sexual femicides in 2009 and 210 (95% confidence interval: 176–244) in 2017. Sexual femicides decreased by more than half from 19.1% in 2009 to 8.7% in 2017. We show an increase among younger women, those living in rural areas and strangers as perpetrators. Our dedicated studies show the value of documenting sexual femicides over time in a country with high levels of gender-based violence to assist development of theory-based prevention interventions.

Women Bearing Arms: Committing Armed Robbery in Hungary

The crimes of armed robbery and robbery with a deadly weapon have always been the most pervasive, harmful crime against property in Hungary and are mostly associated with male perpetrators since. However, there are also female perpetra­tors committing the crimes of armed robbery or robbery committed with a deadly weapon. Despite the availability of the judicial decisions in the public judicial database, the characteristics of these female perpetrators – including their motiva­tions and the judicial procedures – have never been analysed. This paper will look into how female perpetrators mostly act together with male perpetrators and mostly motivated by financial difficulties. The females in question are almost exclusively adults outside of a domestic relationship and are not parents. They typically have a low­level education, and as a result have lower­paying blue­collar jobs.

Murdered Native and Indigenous Women: A Comparison Study of Victim and Perpetrator Patterns and Characteristics.

The rate of violent crimes against Indigenous people, including murder and rape, is significantly higher than national averages. Even more concerning, Indigenous women and girls represent a large proportion of murdered and missing individuals in the United States. In addition to the murder rate of Indigenous women being higher than the national average, they are significantly more likely to experience rape or other types of sexual violence. The main goal of this study was to gain a better understanding of cases involving the homicide of Indigenous women and identify patterns associated with the violence committed against them. Cases of Indigenous women between the ages of 18 and 55 years were pulled from the database. Cases were coded and analyzed for information pertaining to victim, perpetrator, and crime characteristics. Descriptive analysis and test of association were performed. There was a statistical association between the nature of the relationship between perpetrators and victims and whether the crime occurred on a reservation, the race/ethnicity of the perpetrator, a victim's history of domestic violence, and the method and motive of murder. Indigenous women are at an increased risk of victimization, including intimate partner violence and homicide. They also represent a group that has been marginalized, receiving little attention from the media, clinicians, researchers, and policy makers. The findings in this study highlight specific factors that may help to mitigate risk factors and/or enhance culturally competent clinical and forensic nursing practice.

Examining the role of firearm involvement in repeat intimate partner violence assaults

BackgroundIntimate partner violence (IPV) remains a pervasive and complex issue with significant social and public health implications. The nexus of firearms and intimate partner violence (IPV) is an especially dangerous one. However, little is known about how firearm involvement can influence the risk of repeat IPV assaults.MethodsWe use data from 346 male perpetrated IPV incidents reported to the Detroit Police Department between December 2016 and April 2017 to examine the role of firearm involvement in IPV recidivism during a 5 and half year follow up period. Employing a conditional gap-time frailty model that accommodates heterogeneity among individuals through a frailty term, we analyze time to multiple IPV assaults that occur over the follow up period. We identify various pathways through which firearms impact the likelihood of subsequent IPV incidents, including intimidation, threats, and use of firearms, while controlling for observable perpetrator characteristics to understand the explicit roles of firearms.ResultsFirearm involvement at the index assault was not associated with IPV recidivism. However, involvement of firearms in past IPV assaults significantly increased the risk of subsequent physical IPV. The discrepancy is likely arising from a high degree of censoring among individuals who were armed with a firearm during the index assault.ConclusionOur research reveals a nuanced relationship between firearm involvement and IPV recidivism, shedding light on the multifaceted dynamics at play. By elucidating the intricate dynamics at the intersection of firearms and intimate partner violence, our study underscores the need for targeted policy interventions and preventative measures aimed at reducing IPV recidivism.

Children and adolescents as perpetrators of stalking: an overview

PurposeStalking is considered a public health priority with a range of adverse outcomes. This paper aims to explore existing literature on children and adolescents as perpetrators of stalking, with a focus on rates of stalking and victim and perpetrator characteristics associated with stalking.Design/methodology/approachA review of research where stalking was engaged in by those 18 years old and younger was conducted, where 17 manuscripts met criteria for review.FindingsThis review found a prevalence of young people engaging in stalking of between 5.3% and 36%. Considerations including demographics, typologies, prior relationship characteristics, stalking and pursuit tactics, cyberstalking and a brief consideration of the impact are given.Practical implicationsLiterature considering perpetration remains thin, and future research should seek to move towards a widely acceptable definition of stalking, as well as considering effective interventions for early intervention, and to consider the role of mental health services in supporting perpetrators and victims, who may not always be mutually exclusive groups.Originality/valueThis paper extends previous literature reviews; the authors understand this to be original work that contributes to a gap in the literature.

Non-fatal strangulation versus general assault in a clinical forensic medicine cohort: Characteristics of patient, perpetrator and presentation

Interpersonal violence impacts communities, victims, perpetrators, families, and children. This audit of 315 cases of non-sexual assault compares characteristics of general assault to those of non-fatal strangulation (NFS). Clinical review of all cases referred to Clinical Forensics Australian Capital Territory (CFACT) by ACT Policing between 2018 and 2022, following allegations of non-sexual assault. Descriptions of the model of care, victim characteristics, alleged perpetrators, and presentations in NFS versus general assault, from forensic medical examination. Patients: Of 315 cases, 170 were victims of NFS, females (153/170, 90%), males 16/170 (9%), and one person with another preferred term. General assault cases comprised 145/315 (46%) presentations, 69/145 (47.6%) patients being female, 76/145 (52.4%) male. A majority of individuals who experienced NFS 113/170 (66%) presented within 12h of the events, 41% of victims thought they might die during the NFS. Perpetrators: Most NFS perpetrators were male (161/170: 95%), NFS was mostly perpetrated by a partner 104/170 (62%), ex-partner 35/170 (21%), or family member 17/170 (10%). Repeated assaults by the same perpetrator was common 109/170 (64%). Children were present in 48/170 (28%) cases of NFS. NFS is gendered violence overwhelmingly affecting women, many experience NFS repeatedly. Later presentation may affect clinical signs, symptoms, and evidence collection. Forensic medicine management of NFS provides an opportunity to effect change, especially in those who thought they may die during the attack. Intervention to prevent trauma in children may be enabled by reporting their presence during an assault. Twenty-four-hour service provision enables both clinical and forensic assessment following NFS. NFS is gendered, mostly affecting women, occurs in a family violence context, perpetrated by current and/or ex-partners, and often occurs with children present. Clinical forensic medicine doctors can provide care and support, provide referrals, and collect forensic medical evidence to support legal process.

Semiotic Violence

Semiotic Violence

Kryminologiczno-wiktymologiczna analiza oszustw matrymonialnych wobec kobiet

The study depicts the specifics of matrimonial frauds against women. It presents the demographic and social characteristics of perpetrators and victims, as well as the methods of committing this offence. It also points out ways to avoid victimising behaviour. The subject matter of analyses were the police communications on matrimonial frauds from the past 5 years contained on the website of the Warsaw Police Headquarters in the “News” section under the “Fraud” tab.

Child sexual abuse in Ghana: A multi‐methods exploratory study

AbstractUsing a qualitative multi‐methods approach, this study explored the offence, survivor and perpetrator characteristics, and the lived experiences of child and adolescent survivors of child sexual abuse (CSA) in Ghana. We analysed the contents of local media reports of CSA cases from January 2015 to December 2020 in Ghana, after which we conducted semi‐structured interviews involving five female child and adolescent survivors of CSA. The media content analysis identified 529 eligible reports involving female (n = 516) and male (n = 13) survivors aged 11–18 years who knew the perpetrators. The perpetrators were all‐male youth and middle‐aged adults employed in low‐income status occupations. Defilement was the most reported sexual offence; the survivors were more likely to come from single‐parent families experiencing poverty and economic hardship. The perpetrators employed multiple methods to coerce and elicit compliance from their victims: confidence approaches, violence (blitz methods) and gifts. Content analysis showed that most of the survivors attributed their victimisation to family poverty and dysfunctional parent–child relationships. These findings underscore a need to develop prevention strategies that empower young females and males to identify, escape or avoid (potential) sexual predators and encourage reporting and disclosure of CSA victimisation to formal support institutions.

Descriptive Data of Transgender and Nonbinary People's Experiences of Sexual Assault: Context, Perpetrator Characteristics, and Reporting Behaviors

Descriptive Data of Transgender and Nonbinary People's Experiences of Sexual Assault: Context, Perpetrator Characteristics, and Reporting Behaviors

Perpetrators’ Characteristics and Intimate Partner Violence in Informal Settlements at Iringa Municipality Tanzania

Intimate partner violence (IPV) is the most common form of violence faced by women globally. The prevalence of lifetime experiences of physical and sexual IPV is estimated to range from 15% to 71%. IPV where a perpetrator is a male current or ex-partner is an existing gender problem in many countries. Millions of women in Africa especially those living in informal settlements are affected by IPV. The most common form of IPV is physical, psychological and sexual abuse. Several studies conducted in Tanzania on IPV have not yet examined the characteristics of perpetrators of such violence acts in informal settlements. This cross-sectional study aimed to examine IPV perpetrators’ characteristics and their association with IPV perpetration in informal settlements. Multi-stage sampling was applied. Random sampling was used to obtain a sample of 300 women living in informal settlements of Iringa Municipality. A survey was used to collect data and SPSS version 20 was used for analysis. A χ2 test was used to assess the association between the outcome variable and a set of exposure variables. Ethical clearance was obtained from Muhimbili University Institutional Review Board. Written consent was sought before participation in the study. IPV perpetrators’ socio-demographic characteristics were age, marital status, marriage type, occupation and level of education. Alcohol intake characteristics were alcohol intake status and intake frequency, where 62.7% were reported to take alcohol many times. Marital status, level of education, occupation, alcohol intake status and frequency of alcohol intake were linked to physical IPV ( p < 0.005). Perpetrators’ characteristics associated with both sexual and emotional IPV were marital status, alcohol intake and the frequency of alcohol intake ( p < 0.005). IPV perpetrators’ socio-demographic characteristics mainly marital status, level of education, alcohol abuse and alcohol intake frequency have a major contribution to the burden of IPV in Iringa municipality. Low level of education and occupation status as business persons are at higher risk of being violent physically, sexually and emotionally. Men aged between 31 and 50 years are more violent in all forms than others. Community IPV prevention interventions focusing on both men and women will be helpful since IPV perpetration may not only be initiated by men but also by women who may lack life and relationship coping skills. More research is important focusing on IPV perpetration attitude and perceptions from men and women perspectives to inform IPV prevention and management.

Patterns of mental health service use among perpetrators of domestic homicide: descriptive study of Domestic Homicide Reviews in England and Wales

Aims and method We used data from Domestic Homicide Reviews (DHRs) to describe the patterns of mental health service use by perpetrators of domestic homicide in England and Wales. In 186 DHR reports we compared the characteristics of perpetrators who accessed mental health services with those of perpetrators who did not. Separate analyses were conducted for perpetrators of intimate partner homicide (IPH) and family homicide. Results Over two-thirds (64.5%, n = 120) of the perpetrators had accessed mental healthcare before the homicide. Perpetrators of IPH who had used mental health services compared with those who had not were more likely to have a history of substance misuse, contact with the criminal justice system and a history of self-harm or suicide attempts. Clinical implications Our findings support the need for health services, particularly mental health, addictions and primary care, to take an assertive role in the prevention of domestic violence and abuse by identifying patients who are potential perpetrators of domestic violence and abuse.

Media Coverage of School Shootings: A Distortion Analysis of Incident and Perpetrator Characteristics

Media outlets tend to cover rare events like school shootings. However, some school shootings receive more media coverage than others, and little is empirically known why, or what school shooting characteristics might attract greater media attention. This study addresses this gap and conducts a distortion analysis using data from The American School Shooting Study (TASSS), a national, open-source database. TASSS includes all publicly known shootings that resulted in at least one injury on K-12 school grounds in the United States between January 1, 1990, and December 31, 2016. The findings reveal that school shooters with a criminal record, who have psychological issues, committed a shooting post-Columbine, and who injured or killed more victims received more coverage.

The Fraud Goes On: The Effects of Fraud Duration, Victim Organization Type, and Perpetrator Status

ABSTRACT When occupational fraud is detected, the organization—the victim in the fraud case—decides whether or not to terminate and/or refer the case to law enforcement for possible prosecution. We use survey data collected by the Association of Certified Fraud Examiners (ACFE) to examine the impact of fraud duration, organization type, and perpetrator status on a victim organization’s decision to pursue a particular punishment outcome against the principal perpetrator. We find that fraud duration is an important attribute in determining whether and how victim organizations pursue punishments. Furthermore, fraud duration interacts with victim organization type and with perpetrator status to influence the punishment outcome selected by the victim organization. Our study contributes to the fraud literature by considering the interactions between perpetrator and victim organization characteristics on punishment outcomes and has practical implications for victim organizations and the certified fraud examiners who advise them. Data Availability: Data are available from the Association of Certified Fraud Examiners (ACFE). JEL Classifications: M40; M41; M49; L32; L33.