Characteristics Of Partnership Research Articles

APPLICATION OF THE PROPORTIONALITY PRINCIPLE IN COMMERCIAL CONTRACTS TO ENSURE JUSTICE FOR THE PARTIES

<em>Contracts play a very significant function in business. It is envisaged that applying the proportionality principle will aid in the realization of the contract's objectives and functions. The principle of proportionality governs the exchange of rights and obligations between parties in accordance with their proportions or parts, and it applies throughout the contract process, including the pre-contractual stage, contract formulation, and contract execution. Commercial contracts emphasize characteristics of partnership and business continuity, with the parties exchanging their rights and obligations in a fair and reasonable manner. To build a fair and mutually advantageous contractual partnership, ensure that the parties' interests (rights and obligations) are exchanged in balance. The notion of proportionality is vital not only for creating contracts that are just and mutually advantageous (substantial justice), but also for emphasizing fairness (fairness in procedures). The integration of contract law concepts is an analytical technique for dissecting the presence of contracts formed by the parties in order to manage the parties' various interests in a proportional manner</em>

Social partnership in law enforcement: theoretical and methodological aspects of the research

The relevance of the research topic is determined by the search for the reasons for the unsatisfactory practice of building social partnerships in the law enforcement sphere. The main problem of the current state of affairs, according to the author, is the presence of an axiological barrier in the minds of the intended subjects of interaction: internal affairs bodies and public law enforcement organizations. The length of time it takes to overcome the axiological barrier, as well as the lack of progressive dynamism in building an effective system, are burdened by a lack of understanding of the nature of the phenomenon of social partnership. This circumstance contributed to the dominance of a predominantly normative basis for mobilizing the movement of «social activists» and predetermined the administrative-command methods of stimulating public activity «from above.» This has given rise to simulation and over-centralized practices that exclude the value content of the communication process, initiative, interest, independence, personal responsibility and other mandatory attributes of a partner form of interaction.The purpose of the research is to determine the essential characteristics of social partnership, systematization and accounting of which will allow us to propose a conceptual basis for its formation in the law enforcement sphere. The research method is abstract situation modeling where the development of partnerships is analyzed through a system-activity approach. It makes possible to study both the systemic properties of social partnership and the specifics of the activity content of the analyzed model, which generates successful joint actions of subjects in the process of building a social partnership.The results and key conclusions of the research have made it possible to describe the essential features of the partnership form of interaction, present the author’s definition of social partnership in the law enforcement sphere and propose the main directions for its activation in order to build truly partnership practices.

CHARACTERISTICS OF STATE-BUSINESS PARTNERSHIP IN FORMATION OF LOGISTICS SYSTEM

The purpose of the research - improving the impact of partnership relations created between business subjects on the activity of market representatives and the features of state-private business partnership in the formation of the logistics system in Azerbaijan, as well as ensuring the efficient operation of the logistics system. The methodology of the research - economic methods such as analysis, comparison, observation and statistical analysis were used in the research work. The results of the research - the processes indicated in the article will help to increase the attractiveness of investments in the logistics field of the Republic of Azerbaijan in matters of involving the transport logistics system in state-business cooperation, in the process of establishing important conditions for partnership relations. The practical importance of the research - the suggestions and recommendations given as a result of the analyzes carried out in the article have been reflected in the preparation of business strategies, the rules on the violation of partnership agreements, the involvement of the transport logistics system in the state-business cooperation, which can be used in the preparation of innovative projects to be implemented in this direction. The originality and scientific novelty of the research - the characteristics of public-private business partnership in the formation of the logistics system, the importance of ensuring the foreign economic relations of the Republic of Azerbaijan, as well as partnership relations in the efficient operation of the logistics system. During the research, the public-private sector cooperation in the transport logistics system was investigated as an institutional and organizational entity created between the state and business for the implementation of international and national projects, and the main features were determined.

The Impact of Sustainable Supply-Chain Partnership on Bank Loans: Evidence from Chinese-Listed Firms

With the rapid development of economic globalization, keeping the global supply chains sustainable is becoming increasingly important in improving supply chain performance and firm value. To fully understand the role of the supply chain relationship, it is necessary to comprehensively assess different characteristics of supply chain partnership in achieving sustainability goals. This study explores the implication of concentrated supply-chain partnership on loan features. Using a sample of Chinese-listed firms, we find that concentrated customer or supplier bases positively influence loan features, including loan size, loan maturity, and loan cost. We propose that concentrated customer and supplier bases influence the loan features through different mediators. Through mediating analysis, concentrated customer bases affect loan features through better corporate governance and lower operational risk, and concentrated supplier bases through lower operational cost and longer accounts payable cycle. The benefit of a concentrated chain partnership is more pronounced when customers or suppliers have a greater certification role, less uncertainty, and stronger geographical advantage. The results are robust to instrumental variable analysis, propensity-matched analysis, and alternative measures of chain partnership concentration. Findings in this study have important implications for understanding the sustainable supply-chain partnership management and loan decisions of banks in an emerging market.

Профессиональная социализация студентов: опыт социального партнерства технических вузов Ростовской области

Introduction. This research is devoted to the study of the experience of social partnership of technical universities in the Rostov region, acquired for the purpose of professional socialization of students. Methods. The theoretical and methodological basis of the research is formed by the D. North’s neo-institutional theory. The empirical part of the study is based on a database formed as a result of mass sociological survey conducted in September-November 2022, which was attended by 1242 students studying at three universities in the Rostov region: Platov South-Russian State Polytechnic University (NPI), Don State Technical University and Rostov State Transport University. Results and its discussion. The methodological basis of the study was the neo-institutional approach. On its basis, the basic concepts were operationalized: professional socialization, social partnership, subjects of social partnership. The hypothesis of the study is that the effectiveness of the professional socialization of students depends on the qualitative characteristics of the social partnership between the state, universities, and employers. Empirical study was carried out to test this hypothesis. Three positions were identified as empirical indicators: 1) vocational training, 2) work practice and 3) professional employment. The results obtained confirmed the stated hypothesis. The professional socialization effectiveness of students of technical universities in the Rostov region is directly dependent on how the established social partnership of the state, universities and employers meets its main features: equality of the parties, dialogue, common interests, unity of goals, freedom in decision-making. Where these signs are violated, there is decrease in the quality of professional socialization.

Limited Liability Partnership under Companies and Allied Matters Act, 2020

Limited liability partnership (LLP) like limited partnership has been in existence in most countries for some time now. It was only introduced in Nigeria as one of the business entities by Companies and Allied Matters Act 2020 (the Act). It combines characteristics of partnership and company, particularly in the area of limited liability as all the partners have limited liability. The business community in Nigeria for years desired for a hybrid of partnership and company to carry on business and with the introduction of LLP, it is believed that their desire has been met. The Act made provisions for registration of limited liability partnership before commencement of business as well as provisions on management and winding up of the limited liability partnership. The Act also provides for appointment of designated partners and person(s) with significant control that are distinguishing attributes of LLP from other types of partnership. This paper examined the entire provisions of the Act on limited liability partnership like foreign limited liability partnership, investigation of LLP, returns limited liability partnership makes to Corporate Affairs Commission (the Commission), books the Commission and the limited liability partnership keep among others and came to the conclusion that the drafters did a good job though it can be improved upon. This paper is aimed at determining the adequacy of the provisions of the Act in respect of LLP and made some recommendations; like the amendment of the Act to adequately provide for voluntary winding up and distribution of assets upon dissolution of limited liability partnership by the partners. Keywords: Limited Liability Partnership, Nigeria, Companies and Allied Matters Act, Corporate Affairs Commission, Designated Partner, Person with Significant Control, Foreign Limited Liability Partnership, Investigations DOI: 10.7176/JLPG/121-02 Publication date: June 30 th 2022

ДІЛОВЕ ПАРТНЕРСТВО ЗАКЛАДІВ ОСВІТИ ЙПІДПРИЄМСТВВ УМОВАХ ВПРОВАДЖЕННЯ ДУАЛЬНОЇ ФОРМИ ЗДОБУТТЯ ОСВІТИ

The article substantiates the importance of managing the business partnership of educational institutions with enterprises of the real business space in the process of imple-menting a dual form of education to increase the competence level of human capital in both educational and industrial spheres of activity, which allows to ensure their level of competitive-ness in the conditions of modern challenges. The impact of modern transformations of the professional and job structure of business on its competitive advantages due to the introduction of innovative approaches to education, both in the process of obtaining an education and in the conditions of lifelong learning, is proven. At the same time, the dual form of obtaining edu-cation is considered as a mutually beneficial connecting link, the implementation of which can ensure the innovative development of both the educational institution and the enterprise. At the same time, modern competences of education seekers and competitive personnel of the production environment are formed due to timely training in production conditions with the in-volvement of leading specialists of both partners, taking into account domestic and global trends. A theoretical substantiation of the general characteristics of the business partnership was carried out based on its principles, purpose, definition of the subjects of the partnership, joint strategy, mechanism of implementation, nature of interaction of partners. The socio-eco-nomic essence of the concept of "business partnership" and its management in the context of the implementation of a dual form of education is specified, with the main principles and content of the analysis being highlighted. The reasons for the need to introduce a dual concept into the educational space are systematized. Based on the analysis of the stages of the implementation of the dual form of education in Ukraine, its main tasks are singled out, taking into account the processes of digitalization and intellectualization of modern global business. A general model of business partnership analysis of educational institutions and enterprises is proposed, which serves as a basis forits practical implementation

ГОСУДАРСТВЕННО-ЧАСТНОЕ ПАРТНЁРСТВО КАК ИНСТРУМЕНТ ГОСУДАР-СТВЕННОЙ ИНВЕСТИЦИОННОЙ ПОЛИ-ТИКИ: ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКИЕ МОДЕЛИ И ПРАВОВОЕ РЕГУЛИРОВАНИЕ

The article presents the organizational and legal characteristics of public-private part-nership as one of the effective instruments of state financial policy. The origin of the PPP institute in foreign countries is considered: Great Britain, USA, etc. The branches of law regulating PPP in the Russian Federation are characterized. The advantages of PPP for the state and business are described: reducing the burden on the budget, access to state assets, synergy of the administrative resource of the state and the innovative po-tential of business, etc. The PPP models are characterized: ВОТ, DBOT, BOOT, etc., as well as organizational and legal forms of PPP implementation: concession, life cycle partnership, etc.

Methodical principles of analysis of the concept of “organizational and economic mechanism of public-private partnership”

Introduction. In recent years in Ukraine, the task of ensuring multi-faceted cooperation between the state and private business has been relevant. The formation of effective principles of realization of public-private partnership determines the need for a detailed study of the essence, characteristics and principles of its organizational and economic mechanism.Goal. The purpose of the article is to reflect and analyze the methodological principles of determining the essence and bases of formation of the organizational and economic mechanism of public-private partnership.Methods. In order to achieve the defined goal, a complex of general scientific methods applied: theoretical generalization - to determine the methodological principles and essence of the organizational and economic mechanism of public-private partnership, a method of scientific abstraction - in the distinguishing components and results of the organizational and efficient mechanism of cooperation between the state and business, abstract-logical Theoretical generalization and formulation of conclusions.Results. During the analysis of the methodological principles of the concept of «organizational and economic mechanism of public-private partnership», the basis of research of the methodology of development of a system of public-private partnerships is determined on the basis of the concept of the organizational and economic mechanism for implementing public-private partnership. The tasks and processes that are most accurate characterize the components of organizational and economic mechanisms and include the formation of corporate strategy, dividend policy, management of management, improvement of the payment system, participation in the Board of Directors, hostile acceptance, receipt of powers of power and bankruptcy. The main tasks of the economic mechanism of which include: ensuring the profitability of the system of establishing a mutually beneficial cooperation of the system elements, which resulted in a single center to provide a balance of horizontal integration and vertical management purposes, as well as optimize internal- system transaction and organizational costs and mutually beneficial cooperation of the elements of the system, which involves the integration of their activities, which increases their potential separately and the system as a whole. It is noted that the result of the functioning of the economic mechanism is to create conditions for highly efficient activity due to effective resource management and achieve the effect of synergy from optimal use both in individual elements and in the scope of the entire system. Discussion. A promising direction of the study arises the need to improve methodological approaches to the definition of the essence and meaningful characteristics of public-private partnership as a new form of intensification of business development in Ukraine.

Investors' exit timing of PPP projects based on escalation of commitment.

Long project cycle and uncertainties are important characteristics of public-private partnership (PPP) projects. Since the introduction of PPP projects in China, the timing of capital withdrawal has become important. With the emergence of risk factors during the course of the project, it will face the problem of investment withdrawal by social capital financial investors. Escalation of commitment (EOC) refers to the erroneous behaviour of project decision makers who do not promptly withdraw from a project when they receive negative feedback and continue to invest resources in the project. EOC not only causes more unnecessary losses but also adversely affects decision makers. Therefore, it is crucial to clarify the impact of EOC on the choice of the exit timing of social capital. This article adopts literature survey method and quantitative analysis method: introducing the theory of maximization of income into the real option model, combining the net present value method with the binary tree option pricing model, constructing the decision-making model to analyze the exit timing of PPP social capital in the context of EOC. Then combined numerical simulation and empirical analysis to verify the effectiveness of the decision-making model, discussed the reasons why the social capital party chooses EOC, and proposes measures for controlling EOC. The higher the degree of completion of the project, the easier it is for the person in charge of the project to make inaccurate judgements about the project due to personal psychological factors, and the easier it is for EOC to occur. Therefore, after setting the minimum goal of the project, the decision maker needs to accurately evaluate the existing value of the project to avoid falling into decision-making errors.

STRATEGIC PARTNERSHIP AS THE BASIS OF MODERN BUSINESS

The article discusses approaches to defining the concept of "strategic partnership" and its varieties. Highlighted the main goals and objectives to be solved with the help of strategic partnerships. Determination of the main directions of interaction, means of achieving them and factors that can become an obstacle to achieving the planned. The main characteristics of strategic partnership are formulated. Two approaches to building strategic partnerships are identified, and it is also noted that obstacles to partnerships can take different forms. It has been determined that the formation of partnerships can be associated with certain risks. Certain advantages and disadvantages of strategic partnerships have been investigated, which necessitates a thorough analysis of the choice of possible partners and forms of cooperation with them, as well as compliance with certain rules of cooperation.

Indigenous Youth Mentorship Program: essential characteristics of a Canadian multi-site community-university partnership with Indigenous communities.

The Indigenous Youth Mentorship Program (IYMP) is a peer-led health promotion program grounded in the teachings of Indigenous scholars. IYMP is delivered as a multi-sited community-university partnership (CUP) with Indigenous communities across Canada for elementary students. A local young adult health leader and high school youth mentors offer students healthy snacks, physical activity games, relationship building activities and traditional cultural teachings. IYMP aims to improve children's health and wellbeing and empower Indigenous youth and communities. The purpose of this descriptive qualitative study was to describe the essential characteristics of this multi-sited CUP as perceived by the IYMP principal investigators (PIs). Key informant interviews were conducted with 5 IYMP PIs (2 Indigenous) and analysed using content analysis. The overarching theme was forming a community of practice (CoP), where people with a common interest share best practices as they interact regularly. Four sub-themes were shared interest for Indigenous health/wellbeing and social justice, relationships, mentorship and taking a decolonizing research approach. The IYMP CoP allowed mentorship to occur across regions. The essential characteristics that made the IYMP CUPs successful could be used to inform other multi-sited CUPs with Indigenous communities. Those with mutual interests in Indigenous health and partnership with Indigenous communities could consider forming a CoP. Within a newly formed CoP, relationships and mentorship can be developed through discussion and activities. It is imperative within the CoP to take a decolonizing approach to research and acknowledge the impact that colonial policies and practices have had on generations of Indigenous peoples.

Approaches and Methods for Causal Analysis of Panel Data in the Area of Morbidity and Mortality

We aim to give an overview of the state of the art of causal analysis of demographic issues related to morbidity and mortality. We will systematically introduce strategies to identify causal mechanisms, which are inherently linked to panel data from observational surveys and population registers. We will focus on health and mortality, and on the issues of unobserved heterogeneity and reverse causation between health and (1) retirement, (2) socio-economic status, and (3) characteristics of partnership and fertility history.
 The boundaries between demographic research on mortality and morbidity and the neighbouring disciplines epidemiology, public health and economy are often blurred. We will highlight the specific contribution of demography by reviewing methods used in the demographic literature. We classify these methods according to important criteria, such as a design-based versus model-based approach and control for unobserved confounders. We present examples from the literature for each of the methods and discuss the assumptions and the advantages and disadvantages of the methods for the identification of causal effects in demographic morbidity and mortality research.
 The differentiation between methods that control for unobserved confounders and those that do not reveal a fundamental difference between (1) methods that try to emulate a randomised experiment and have higher internal validity and (2) methods that attempt to achieve conditional independence by including all relevant factors in the model. The latter usually have higher external validity and require more assumptions and prior knowledge of relevant factors and their relationships. It is impossible to provide a general definition of the sort of validity that is more important, as there is always a trade-off between generalising the results to the population of interest and avoiding biases in the estimation of causal effects in the sample. We hope that our review will aid researchers in identifying strategies to answer their specific research question.
 * This article belongs to a special issue on "Identification of causal mechanisms in demographic research: The contribution of panel data".

ДЕРЖАВНО-ПРИВАТНЕ ПАРТНЕРСТВО ЯК МЕХАНІЗМ ІННОВАЦІЙНОГО РОЗВИТКУ ЕКОНОМІКИ

The article is devoted to the development of theoretical and methodological provisions and methodological recommendations based on world experience on the formation of mechanisms of public-private partnership in the innovation sphere of Ukraine’s economy. The essential characteristics of public-private partnership in the innovation sphere, principles and organizational forms of its functioning are specified. The comparative analysis of the processes of public-private partnership development in Ukraine and the leading countries of the world is carried out. Several of the most significant problems that hinder the development of PPP in Ukraine have been identified: imperfection of the legislative and regulatory framework; fiscal orientation of tax legislation; lack of long-term financing mechanisms; low level of business confidence in government; lack of a clear concept of PPP development and support; shortcomings of the judicial system; high levels of corruption and various kinds of abuse and arbitrariness, which is a major obstacle to the development of private funding not only in the regions but also at the level of national projects; the influence of the political component on economic decision-making. The priority directions of the state policy on further improvement of mechanisms of public-private partnership in the innovation sphere are formulated: creation of the favorable economic and normative-legal environment based on effective interaction of the state, business, science and society; development of new organizational mechanisms of the public-private partnership system; creation of a system of state support for the results of innovation activities; formation of entrepreneurs motivation for the development of innovative activities; development of new organizational mechanisms of the public-private partnership system; introduction of effective tools of state management of the innovation sphere; providing state guarantees for business loans to introduce knowledge-intensive technologies; elimination of imbalance between the interests of the state and private business; stimulating organizational and institutional support for entrepreneurship; involvement of small and medium business in participation in targeted programs and innovative projects; development of antitrust measures to develop competition in knowledge-intensive industries. Thus, currently the trend of formation and development of public-private partnerships is an objective basis for effective interaction of economic entities of the business sector and government, ensuring the consolidation of material and financial resources, as well as a more even distribution of commercial and financial risks between them.

МІЖСЕКТОРНЕ ПАРТНЕРСТВО «МІСЦЕВА ВЛАДА – БІЗНЕС» У ТЕРИТОРІАЛЬНИХ ГРОМАДАХ: ЕМПІРИЧНИЙ АНАЛІЗ

Community partnership capacity is its ability to actively interact with various partner actors from other sectors on a contractual basis in various spheres of social and economic life. Partnerships increase the potential of communities, trigger synergies, and increase the capacity of communities to identify, evaluate, analyze and influence the state of any social and economic problems that is important for the community.The article summarizes the characteristics of the current state of interaction between local governments and business (the level of interaction "local government-business") in the context of joint solutions to problems of social and economic development. The characteristics of intersectoral partnership at this level, problems and obstacles in its organization are determined. The article considers the results of a poll of enterprises of Zakarpattia region (questionnaire) and local governments of territorial communities (method of the indepth semi-structured interviews) on their vision of their own participation in the intersectoral partnership. This poll was conducted as part of the research "Partnership Approaches to Community Development in a Polyethnic Border Region". The poll identified the resources that a business needs from such a partnership and the resources that it invests or is willing to invest in it. It also identified the main reasons that motivate business to cooperate and the main benefits it expects from intersectoral partnerships. The existing "local government-business" connections that have developed in the territorial communities of Zakarpattia, depending on the types of territorial communities (rural, township, city), are analyzed. It is important that the government is aware of the factor of development of the institutional environment through the intensification of partnerships. The development of institutional foundations may not be immediately felt by the community. But it provides knowledge, experience, and thecorrect and effective decisions in the long runfor the social and economic development of the territorial communities.

Discrimination and the Church of England: To What Extent does the Equality Act 2010 Adequately Protect Church of England Clergy?

Abstract The extent to which members of the clergy are considered ‘employees’ for the purposes of secular employment and equality legislation has been the subject of much discussion, but essentially remains a fact sensitive question. The Equality Act 2010 (‘the 2010 Act’) seeks to prevent discrimination on the basis of nine ‘protected characteristics’. While recognizing that the application of the 2010 Act to the variety of clergy offices is ‘not straightforward’, the Church of England (‘the Church’) has opined that an equitable approach to clergy appointments is to proceed as if they were subject to the provisions of the 2010 Act. What follows is in`tended to be a thorough review of the eligibility criteria for clergy appointment in the Church to assess their compatibility with the requirements of the 2010 Act. In addition, particular consideration will be given to Schedule 9(2) to the 2010 Act which makes specific provision relating to religious requirements concerning the protected characteristics of sex, sexual orientation, and marriage and civil partnership. In short, where the employment is for the purposes of an organized religion, such as the Church, requirements which relate to these protected characteristics will not constitute discrimination where they engage the ‘compliance or non-conflict principle’. What these principles mean and how they might operate in practice is discussed below, taking into account the likely canonical and theological justifications for discriminating against certain individuals. Whether the law strikes the right balance between, on the one hand protecting clergy and, on the other, providing the Church with the autonomy to act in accordance with its established doctrine, will be explored in the final analysis.

STUDI KUALITATIF POLA BERPASANGAN (Sexual Partnership) PADA PUS DALAM PENCEGAHAN PENULARAN HIV DI KOTA KEDIRI

HIV adalah penyakit menular yang menyerang sistem kekebalan tubuh. HIV berkaitan dengan kesehatan seksual dan kesehatan reproduksi yang tidak tercapai, yaitu bagaimana unsur unsur seksual bekerja dalam setting sosial budaya tertentu sehingga menimbulkan implikasi kesehatan pada orang tersebut. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan seksual pada pasangan usia subur dalam upaya pencegahan penularan HIV di Kota Kediri. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian deskriptif dengan pendekatan kualitatif. Partisipan dalam penelitian ini adalah 12 Pasangan Usia Reproduksi yang diambil dengan teknik purposive sampling. Pengumpulan data menggunakan proses wawancara mendalam, Focus Group Discussion atau FGD dan Observasi Pola Pasangan atau Kemitraan Seksual. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa karakteristik pasangan seksual berorientasi pada status perkawinan dan hubungan konsensual satu sama lain menerima dan membutuhkan sebagai peningkatan kualitas hidup, komitmen untuk saling percaya, mengurangi stres, dan mengurangi risiko perilaku seksual berisiko. mitra. Keberhasilan upaya pencegahan penularan HIV sangat tergantung dari berbagai pihak, tidak hanya peran aktif petugas kesehatan dalam memberikan edukasi dan informasi tentang HIV, tetapi juga dukungan pasangan dan keluarga sebagai motivator utama untuk berperilaku baik sesuai hubungan seksual yang aman

Status of same-sex partnerships in Ukraine

The proposed article aims to summarize available quantitative and qualitative data on same-sex partnerships in Ukraine, including data on the presence of children in such partnerships, over the last twenty years (1999–2018). The increasing number of publications on various aspects of the existence of same-sex couples in English demonstrates the relevance of the topic. The information available in Ukraine is the richest in comparison with other post-Soviet countries of the Central and Eastern Europe and Central Asia region. At the same time, LGBT families remain out of the academic community in Ukraine, and the data collected are mostly contained in the so-called "gray literature" (mainly research reports by public organizations), and are not introduced into scientific circulation. It is shown that, depending on the composition of the sample and the definition of same-sex partnership used by the researchers, this percentage most often falls within the range of 16–28% of surveyed homosexual and bisexual men residing in the capital and regional centers of Ukraine. Quantitative information on women partnerships is extremely limited (one survey of a small sample), and there is no quantitative data for the couples, where one or both partners are transgenders. Quantitative information on children in same-sex partnerships is also very limited, and the data in the literature (with all the methodological disadvantages indicated) ranges from 14% to 29% of LGB, which have children, but it is unknown whether these children were raised in same-sex couples. With regard to quality information, the situation is different — a little bit more is known about the status of women and partly transgender partnerships (including the issue of children in such families) than about male couples. Separate data demonstrates a significant similarity in the same-sex partnership structure to the typical heterosexual egalitarian family model (two partners and their children), taking into account more egalitarian marriage roles, lack of formal status, and associated socio-economic risks. Further research (including national level) should be based on a common understanding of what constitutes “same-sex partnership”, what are the characteristics of same-sex partnership (civil, family), what characteristics of civil partnership turn it into a“family”, etc.

Characteristics of Strategic Partnerships between Differently Successful Companies

Globalization and rapid technological development, with all their dimensions, influence the change of the strategic orientations of companies in a way that they seek to ensure their continued existence and accelerated development by an in-depth cooperation with other organizations, which, if the four conditions explained are met, can have the characteristics of a strategic partnership. The general objective of a business or equity strategic partnership is to achieve synergy on the basis of integrated, combined and tailored in-depth collaboration, thus an additional joint effect that an individual company would not be able to achieve on its own, while the concrete objectives in each individual alliance and for each participant may be very different. Such an in-depth cooperation also occurs in cases where one of the participating companies is facing severe difficulty, both during the crisis prevention and crisis management periods. However, in these cases, due to the extremely increased risks, some methods of forming alliances are much more common and useful, while others, whose impact on joint crisis management would be too small, are typical only for the alliances between successful companies.

CANE FARMERS COMMUNITY PARTNERSHIP PATTERN WITH PT. PG. GORONTALO

The study aims to (1) describe the perception of sugarcane farmers in the district was on a partnership with PT PG Gorontalo farmers. (2) describe the factors that influence the success of the partnership program sugarcane farmers in the district was by PT PG Gorontalo. (3) analyze the contribution of sugarcane farmer partnership with PT PG Gorontalo to the income of farmers in the district was. This research is quantitative. Sources of data in this study are primary data from questionnaires to farmers. Data analysis technique used is descriptive analysis, regression and simple regression. These results indicate that (1) The partnership pattern obtained and applied to partnerships sugar cane farmers in the district was by PT PG. Tolangohula namely Gorontalo Province Operational Cooperation patterns Agribusiness (KOA). Farmer partnerships to provide benefits to growers of sugar cane but still less than optimal on the issue of determining the selling price of sugarcane is not appropriate and farmers' rights and obligations of the partner company of farmers not fulfilled in accordance with the terms and agreements. (2) The results of multiple regression analysis about factors that affect the success of the partnership of farmers found that internal factors, external factors, the characteristics of partnership, participation of farmers and supporting components of the partnership jointly significant effect on the success of the partnership program sugarcane growers of the people in the district was the value of the determinant of 63.30%, while it partially only variable that does not pick internal factors have a significant effect. (3) Partnerships sugar cane farmers in the district was by PT PG Gorontalo positive and significant impact on people's income taboo Sugarcane farmers in the district was the positive benefit contribution rate of 0.268 or by 26.8%. This shows that the partnership is very beneficial for farmers' incomes but its implementation still need to be addressed in order to provide a greater contribution to the income of farmers folk taboo.