Characteristics Of Household Members Research Articles

Gender dan Antikorupsi di Sektor Kehutanan di Kabupaten Sorong Selatan Provinsi Papua Barat

West Papua's forests are the lungs of the world, because it has the largest remaining forest and it is hoped that its sustainability will be maintained. Community life in the forest has become part of people's lives in South Sorong Regency, West Papua, which is very dependent on natural forests. Forest management activities by local communities are still dominated by men, this is in accordance with the local cultural system which recognizes the patrilineal system which prioritizes men who are more powerful and traditional leadership and village administration than women. Therefore, the issue of gender is very appropriate to be raised and discussed in this research in order to realize equality in adat and leadership in government. In addition, gender issues are linked to the anti-corruption context in the forestry sector in South Sorong Regency. The data used is primary data including data on 1) identity, 2) characteristics of household members, 3) household understanding of forests, 4) gender and forest utilization activities, 5) gender participation in forest management, 6) gender and corruption in forestry sector, and 7) understanding of and participation in the anti-corruption program, while secondary data is in the form of forest area data, Forest Management Units, Forest Farmers Groups, Forest Management Institutions; number of households in forest area, forestry profile of south sorong district, forestry statistics, forestry service annual report. The results of the study show that in terms of gender, men play a greater role in forest management, but also more involved in committing acts of corruption in the forestry sector.Keywords: gender, anticorruption, forest, participation

Comparability of in-person and web screening: Does mode affect what households report?

Household screening is common when information about characteristics of household members is needed for selection of survey respondents. When key characteristics have a low prevalence, or are oversampled, this can result in a large number of sampled households screened, many of which have no persons selected. For in-person surveys this can be inefficient and costly, especially in an environment of declining response. A multimode design using a mail, push-to-web approach is an attractive alternative due to lower cost and high internet penetration. However, little is known about the comparable data quality properties between in-person and web modes. While in-person screening is considered a gold standard approach, respondents may fail to report household members and interviewers may unintentionally screen out reluctant respondents. Similarly, those self-responding sometimes fail to report unrelated household members or young children. In this study we compared in-person and web screening in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Households were randomly selected to complete a self-administered web screener and subsequently be screened by an interviewer during an in-person visit. We report on the comparability of household characteristics between modes to determine if web screening provides data equivalent to in-person screening. We examine time between the web and in-person screening to see if true change can account for differences. In the presence of conflicting data, we examine selection criteria based on the screening responses to see how inaccuracies affect selection status, or if inaccuracies or person omissions are systematically related to a specific mode. Approximately 93% (80/86) of households agreed on selection status between the web and in-person modes. Household composition matched fully for 84% (72/86) of households. These results indicate that web screening is a viable option enumerating households in population surveys.

The effects of others' drinking on the harms to children in Thailand: Lessons from the WHO-ThaiHealth project.

BackgroundMany knowledge gaps exist in the area of alcohol-related harms in children research such as the potential impact of other’s drinking and their social demography. Thus, this study aims to evaluate the effects of characteristics of household members and others’ alcohol drinking on harms to children in Thailand.Data and methodsThis study examined 952 parents caring for children and adolescents under 18 years of age, using the questionnaire (i.e., The Harm to Others from Drinking under the WHO/ThaiHealth International Collaboration Research Project). They were interviewed between September 2012 and March 2013.ResultsThe study found that 15.89% of children and young people were affected by someone’s drinking in at least one category of harms. People over 60 years of age were less likely to cause alcohol-related harm to children than those aged 18 to 29 (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] 0.19, 95% confidence interval [Cl]: 0.06–0.58). Households with a binge drinker or regular drinker (≥1 time/week) were more likely to have children at higher risk of suffering alcohol-related harm in comparison to households without alcohol drinker (AOR 4.75 and 1.92, respectively).ConclusionThis study found that children whose family members are young adult or consume alcohol (i.e., weekly drinker or binge drinker) were significantly adversely affected. The most common problems were domestic violence and verbal abuse. Most of the problems, affecting children, were caused mostly by their parents.

The state of enrollment on the National Health Insurance Scheme in rural Ghana after eight years of implementation

BackgroundIn 2004, Ghana implemented a national health insurance scheme (NHIS) as a step towards achieving universal health coverage. In this paper, we assessed the level of enrollment and factors associated with NHIS membership in two predominantly rural districts of northern Ghana after eight years of implementation, with focus on the poor and vulnerable populations.MethodsA cross-sectional survey was conducted from July 2012 to December 2012 among 11,175 randomly sampled households with their heads as respondents. Information on NHIS status, category of membership and socio-demographic characteristics of household members was obtained using a structured questionnaire. Principal component analysis was used to compute wealth index from household assets as estimates of socio-economic status (SES). The factors associated with NHIS enrollment were assessed using logistic regression models. The reasons behind enrollment decisions of each household member were further investigated against their SES.ResultsApproximately half of the sampled population of 39,262 were registered with a valid NHIS card; 53.2% of these were through voluntary subscriptions by payment of premium whilst the remaining (46.8%) comprising of children below the ages of 18 years, elderly 70 years and above, pregnant women and formal sector workers were exempt from premium payment. Despite an exemption policy to ameliorate the poor and vulnerable households against catastrophic health care expenditures, only 0.5% of NHIS membership representing 1.2% of total exemptions granted on accounts of poverty and other social vulnerabilities was applied for the poor. Yet, cost of premium was the main barrier to NHIS registration (92.6%) and non-renewal (78.8%), with members of the lowest SES being worst affected. Children below the ages of 18 years, females, urban residents and those with higher education and SES were significantly more likely to be enrolled with the scheme.ConclusionsDespite the introduction of policy exemptions as an equity measure, the poorest of the poor were rarely identified for exemption. The government must urgently resource the Department of Social Welfare to identify the poor for NHIS enrollment.

DETERMINANT OF PERSONAL TAX COMPLIANCE IN INDONESIA

Purpose of the study: This article aims to analyze the effect of eight independent variables (happiness, level of welfare, electoral participation, sex, age, marital status, type of residence, and level education) on tax compliance in Indonesia. Methodology: The cross-sectional study data came from the 5th wave of the Indonesian Family Life Survey (IFLS 5) produced by Rand Corporation, Ltd, United States, in 2014-2015. The total sample of IFLS 5 reached 16,204 households and 50,418 individuals as household members. IFLS 5 respondents are household heads, spouses of heads household, and household members aged 15 years old or older who can provide information about the characteristics of household members. This article applies logistic regression using STATA 15 to analyze the IFLS 5. Main Findings: The result of logistic regression shows that of the eight independent variables identified as predictors of tax compliance (Y), only five independent variables (p<0.01) significant affect tax compliance (Y) with a contribution as much as 128.1% (electoral participation/X8), 61.1% (welfare/X2), 54% (happiness/X1), -37% (age/X3), 17.9% (education level/X7). Among these five independent variables, only the age (X3) has a negative relationship with tax compliance (Y), while the other independent variables have a positive relationship. This final model can explain tax compliance (Y) of 0.0275 or 3% significantly, X2 (5) = 459.46, p<0.01. Applications of this study: This article recommends that the government intervene in various sectors of social development, increase tax literacy, expand access to higher education, and improve the quality of the democratization process to increase tax compliance in Indonesia. Novelty/originality of this study: This article brings new evidence on the relationship between happiness, welfare, electoral participation, age, and education level on personal tax compliance.

Diversity of Cropping Patterns and Factors Affecting Homegarden Cultivation in Kiboguwa on the Eastern Slopes of the Uluguru Mountains in Tanzania

This study investigated what kind of diversities of cropping patterns observed in home gardens distributed on the eastern slopes of the Uluguru Mountains in central Tanzania, and how the diversity come into occurred. The major focus included the differences in ecological environment due to elevation, the impacts of the Ujamaa policy, and the characteristics of household members. Participatory observation with a one year stay in the study village was conducted to collect comprehensive information and to detect specific factors about formation of diversity cropping patterns of homegardens. The features of cropping patterns of the homegardens were assessed in an area distributed at altitudes of 650–1200 m. Many of the tree crops in this village originated from outside regions around the period of Tanzanian independence, and their cultivation spread throughout the village after the implementation of the Ujamaa policy. At present, village districts with many distributed homegardens with numerous tree crops are those that were confiscated from clans by the village government at the time of the Ujamaa policy and then redistributed to individuals. Cultivation of trees crops was very few at altitude of 900 m or more, because of cultivation characteristics of tree crops in this village were suitable for low altitude. In addition, since homegardens are considered to be abandoned for one generation only, their cropping patterns tended to easily reflect the ages and preferences of the members of the households living on them. The cropping patterns of the homegardens differed remarkably even between neighboring households owing to the cumulative effects of these multiple factors. Analysis using an inductive method—considering the background against which the phenomenon becomes evident after collecting the information from the target area in this manner—is thought to lead to an essential understanding.

Associations between ideational variables and bed net use in Madagascar, Mali, and Nigeria

BackgroundThe use of insecticide-treated bed nets (ITNs) is crucial to the prevention, control, and elimination of malaria. Using household surveys conducted in 2014–2015 by the Health Communication Capacity Collaborative project in Madagascar, Mali, and Nigeria, we compared a model of psychosocial influence, called Ideation, to examine how malaria-related variables influence individual and household bed net use in each of these countries. Evaluations of non-malaria programs have confirmed the value of the ideational approach, but it is infrequently used to guide malaria interventions. The study objective was to examine how well this model could identify potentially effective malaria prevention approaches in different contexts.MethodsSampling and survey designs were similar across countries. A multi-stage random sampling process selected female caregivers with at least one child under 5 years of age for interviews. Additional data were collected from household heads about bed net use and other characteristics of household members. The caregiver survey measured psychosocial variables that were subjected to bivariate and multivariate analysis to identify significant ideational variables related to bed net use.ResultsIn all three countries, children and adolescents over five were less likely to sleep under a net compared to children under five (OR = 0.441 in Madagascar, 0.332 in Mali, 0.502 in Nigeria). Adults were less likely to sleep under a net compared to children under five in Mali (OR = 0.374) and Nigeria (OR = 0.448), but not Madagascar. In all countries, the odds of bed net use were lower in larger compared to smaller households (OR = 0.452 in Madagascar and OR = 0.529 in Nigeria for households with 5 or 6 members compared to those with less than 5; and OR = 0.831 in Mali for larger compared to smaller households). Of 14 common ideational variables examined in this study, six were significant predictors in Madagascar (all positive), three in Mali (all positive), and two in Nigeria (both negative).ConclusionThis research suggests that the systematic use of this model to identify relevant ideational variables in a particular setting can guide the development of communication strategies and messaging, thereby improving the effectiveness of malaria prevention and control.

Prevalence of non-communicable diseases and use of health services in the Gaza Strip: an analysis of a household survey

BackgroundThere is a growing need for and interest in targeting non-communicable diseases (NCDs) in Gaza Strip. However, little is known about their distribution among different population groups and about the use of health services by patients with NCDs. We aimed to identify the differences in prevalence of NCDs and use of health-care services among different groups of patients with NCDs in the Gaza Strip. MethodsWe interviewed 760 households in the Gaza Strip in July, 2013, about the characteristics of household members, including occurrence of NCDs, and their use of and expenditures on health services. We analysed data according to the frequency distribution of variables and used χ2 testing to assess the statistical difference between grouped variables. Findings661 (12·7%) of the 5192 individuals had at least one NCD. Prevalence of NCDs was higher among refugees than non-refugees (485 [13.4%] of 3618 vs 176 [10·5%] of 1574; odds ratio [OR] 1·23, 95% CI 1·023–1·477; p=0·027) and was associated with increasing age (Cramer's V=0·545): at least one NCD was reported in 78 (2·9%) of 2699 individuals aged less than 20 years, 110 (7·5%) of 1470 aged 20–39 years (OR 4·237, 95% CI 3·19–5·628), 248 (35·4%) of 701 aged 40–59 years (28·679, 21·091–38·995), and 225 (69·9%) of 322 aged 60 years or older (77·944, 56·165–108·169; p<0·0001). 545 (82·5%) of the 661 patients with NCDs regularly accessed health services at least once every 3 months. The choice of health provider for regular care for NCDs differed by refugee status; 327 (85·8%) of 381 refugee patients compared with 121 (73·8%) of 164 non-refugee patients chose public providers for the regular care of their NCDs (OR 2·152, 95% CI 1·37–3·38; p=0·001). InterpretationThe prevalence of NCDs is positively associated with increasing age. Entitlement to health care in the Gaza Strip through refugee status contributed to increasing the detection of NCDs and refugee status influenced the choice of health-care provider for NCDs. There is a need to expand entitlement to health services to achieve universal access to health care in order to respond to the increasing challenge of NCDs in the Gaza Strip. FundingWHO 2013 special grant for Priority Areas in Public Health in the Eastern Mediterranean Region.