Friendship Characteristics Research Articles

Symbolic Signs of the Concept "Friendship" in English Language View of the World

This article is devoted to a comprehensive study of the symbolic features of the concept "Friendship" in the English language picture of the world. The novelty of the work lies in the holistic analysis of a wide range of linguistic units that objectify this concept. The purpose of the study is to identify and analyze the symbolic features of the concept "Friendship" in the English linguoculture. To achieve this goal, the following tasks were set: to conduct an etymological and semantic analysis of the lexeme "friendship" and related concepts; to study the representation of the concept in English proverbs, sayings and phraseological units; to analyze the symbolic images of friendship in English literature; to consider modern interpretations of the concept. The methodology includes a component analysis of lexical units, conceptual and linguacultural analysis, as well as a diachronic method for tracking the evolution of the concept. The material of the study was lexicographic sources, paremiological fund, phraseological units and literary works. Based on the analysis, the key symbolic characteristics of friendship in English proverbs and sayings are identified, which include the value and rarity of true friendship, the test of friendship by time and difficulties, reciprocity and equality in friendship, the influence of friends on the individual. In English phraseological units and idioms related to friendship, the following symbolic aspects are identified: closeness and intimacy of friendly relations, duration and strength of friendship, the breakdown of friendly relations. Particular attention is paid to the evolution of the concept and its modern interpretation. The results of the study contribute to the understanding of the culturally specific aspects of the concept of "Friendship" in English linguaculture and can be used in comparative intercultural studies, as well as in teaching the English language and culture.

Mapping the integration of adult friends into the study of close relationships and health

AbstractClose relationships are associated with many positive outcomes throughout life, including improved physical health and well‐being. Traditionally, theory and research on the health benefits of close relationships have focused on either the total amount of support perceived available within a person's entire social network or the support provided by romantic partners (Shankar et al. in Psychology and Health, 30(6), 686–698; 2015). Limited work has examined the impact of distinct relationship types, particularly friends. In this article, we address this critical gap in our current knowledge. First, we identify the features of friends and friendship networks that distinguish them from other types of adult relationships, especially romantic relationships. Second, we use the strength and strain model (Slatcher & Selcuk in Current Directions in Psychological Science, 26(1), 16–21; 2017) as a framework to consider how adult friendships might impact physical health in ways similar to but also distinct from romantic partners. Utilizing this specific model, we identify features of friendships—the size and structure of friendship networks, the norms that define friendships, and the levels of interdependence in friendships—and discuss how each feature can amplify or blunt the strengths and strains afforded by friends, including their impact on health. Finally, we provide a roadmap and identify priorities to advance research on friendships and physical health.

Effects of Social Media Platform on Generation Z in Personality Development

Today's Social media platforms have become an integral part of Generation Z's lives, profoundly shaping their personality development. Teenagers born between 1996 and 2010 are very closely related to technology. Every year the number of people using at least one social platform increases. This study explores the multifaceted influence of social media, highlighting both its potential to empower self-expression, community building, and social awareness, and its capacity to fuel comparison, anxiety, and an unhealthy dependence on external validation. Critical characteristics of friendships, including validation, self-disclosure, and companionship, and instrumental support, can occur in equally effective and satisfying ways offline and online. By understanding these contrasting effects, we can encourage Gen Z to leverage the positive aspects of social media for self-discovery and connection while mitigating the potential for negative impacts on their developing personalities. The effects of social media platforms on Generation Z in personality development which is confirmed by p-values for six opinions by the Chi-Square test, are 0.0233, 0.024, 0.026, 0.01656, 0.007, and 1.05E04. For statistical Analysis, I used ORIGIN 2019 software. Research gaps in social media's influence on Gen Z's personality suggest the need for longitudinal studies to track long-term effects, exploration of platform-specific impacts, identification of mitigating strategies, understanding neurological implications, and consideration of global vs. regional differences. Addressing these gaps can inform interventions for healthy online behavior. Keywords: Generation Z, social media, personality development,

“God Raised Me Up Friends”: Characteristics of Spiritual Friendship Among Early American Methodist Women

ABSTRACT Combining primary and secondary sources, the author describes spiritual friendships among women as a characteristic of the Methodist movement in North America from the late eighteenth to late nineteenth centuries, suggesting that these bonds played a determinative role in the movement’s growth. The article demonstrates how distinguishing features of early American Methodism, including its social occasions (such as class, band, and society meetings, love feasts, events with guest preachers, and gatherings segregated by sex), spirituality of sanctification, and proactive social concern, were predominantly constituted by women’s participation and grew from invitations by and for women. These features likewise facilitated the development of women’s leadership as organizers within the movement, of which they have been and still are the predominant gender. The author contrasts the influential role of women in friendship as a determinative factor in the movement’s growth with the more familiar veneration of its prominent male itinerant preachers.

Friendship Functions in Adolescence: Hungarian Version of the McGill Friendship Questionnaire

The aim of the study was to explore same-sex and opposite-sex friendship functions among 12 to 13- and 16 to 17-year-old Hungarian adolescents ( n = 304). To explore perceptions of friendship functions, the McGill Friendship Questionnaire (MFQ, 30 items, 6 factors: stimulating companionship, help, intimacy, reliable alliance, self-validation, emotional security) was used. The confirmatory factor analysis did not support the theoretical structure of MFQ. Based on the exploratory factor analysis, the 26-item Hungarian version of MFQ can be used to measure adolescents (the original 6 factors were retained). The internal reliability indices of the MFQ versions (same and opposite sex) were adequate (Cronbach’s α: .69–.88). The results only partially confirmed the age and gender hypotheses. Based on the results, the older students are more likely to acknowledge the achievements and positives of a friend for both same-sex and opposite-sex friends, as well as intimacy for opposite-sex friends. Also among older students, we identified several significant gender differences: for girls, all features of friendship were more important, except self-validation in same-sex friendship. In the opposite-sex relationship, only stimulating companionship and reliable alliance are more important for girls. The results raise the possibility that friendship functions build on and reinforce each other with age.

WIDOWHOOD AND COGNITIVE DECLINE: THE ROLES OF FRIENDS AND GENDER

Abstract Widowhood has been identified as a risk factor for cognitive decline and dementia. Yet less is known about the protective and exacerbating factors of cognitive decline following widowhood. This study examines the roles of friendship characteristics in moderating the negative effect of spousal loss on cognition for older Americans. Drawing on data from the 2006-2018 Health and Retirement Study, we aim to answer two questions: 1) whether friendship network and quality moderate the association between spousal loss and cognitive decline in late life; 2) whether the moderating effect of friendship characteristics on cognition differ for men and women. Cognitive trajectories were assessed every other year from 2006 to 2018 (in total 7 waves). Friend characteristics were assessed in the 2006 psychosocial questionnaire and included the number of close friends, contact frequency, and support and strain from friends. The analytical sample comprised 3,636 respondents aged 50 and older who were married in 2006 and participated in the psychosocial questionnaire. Among the final sample, 370 lost spouses between 2006 and 2010, and 3,266 remained married throughout the observation period. Preliminary results from latent growth curve models showed that several characteristics of friendship including contact frequency and strain from friends are significantly associated with cognitive function at baseline. Furthermore, strain from friends interacted with widowhood status and gender to shape cognitive trajectories. Specifically, higher friendship strain was associated with a faster cognitive decline for the widowed but not for the married a pattern observed only among men but not women

THE MODERATING ROLE OF SOCIAL SUPPORT IN THE RELATION BETWEEN FUNCTIONAL LIMITATIONS AND DEPRESSIVE SYMPTOMS

Abstract Background and Objectives Prior research has demonstrated that social support from friends and neighbors can effectively reduce depressive symptoms. However, few studies have investigated how the characteristics of these relationships can alleviate depressive symptoms among older adults with functional limitations. Therefore, the present study aims to investigate the moderating effects of characteristics of friends and neighbors relationships on the link between functional limitations and depressive symptoms among Korean older adults. Methods The data used for analyses were obtained from the 2020 Survey of Living Conditions and Welfare Needs of Korean Older Persons, a nationally representative survey. The sample included a total of 9,985 individuals who were 65 years of age or older residing in Korea. Results Results from the moderator analyses revealed that the link between functional limitations and depressive symptoms was influenced by both the number of close friends and neighbors (b = -0.085, p < .01) and the level of satisfaction with relationships with friends and communities (b = 2.052, p < .05). Discussion Satisfaction with relationships with friends and communities may act as a protective factor that mitigates the impact of functional limitations on depressive symptoms. In particular, for older adults with functional limitations, having a larger network of friends and neighbors network is expected to help reduce the risk of depressive symptoms.

도광․함풍 연간에 조선 사신들이 만났던 청나라 문인들 -『한객시존』의 자료를 중심으로-

Dao Guang(道光, 1821～1850) and Xian Feng(咸豐, 1851～1861) Period of the Qing Dynasty was a time when they faced internal and external conditions. During this period, evidential learning still held a leading position in the Qing Dynasty, but some writers began with a sense of crisis and promoted a useful learning for running a country, which drew support from the court and a favorable response from literature. On the other hand, Song School of Poetry had the greatest influence in literature at the time, and Song School of Poetry’s influence grew even greater with the addition of Tongchengpai writers with similar poetic tendencies.
 In this paper, the connections, exchanges, and tendencies of Qing writers who directly interacted with Joseon envoys during this period were examined based on changes in the Qing Dynasty’s academic style and literature. It is noteworthy that many of the writers who exchanged with Joseon envoys during this period were from Jinsa, so they had a high level of literature. In addition, it is presumed that many writers had a Suffering consciousness of friendship as they directly or indirectly participated in the Opium War or Taiping Heavenly Kingdom War.
 In terms of literary trends, it can be divided into Song School of Poetry and Tongchengpai , and in this paper, Zhang mu (1805-1849), who was a historian and had a very close relationship with the key figures of Song Si-pa, examined his academic trends, characteristics of poetry, and exchanges with Koreans. As for the Tongchengpai faction, the characteristics of poetry creation and friendship with Joseon writers were examined, focusing on the Zhu qi (朱琦, 1801～1861). Their academic trends and poetry style are thought to have had a certain influence on Joseon’s writers.

Читая «Воспоминания» Т.Н. Ливановой: портреты современников. Часть I

For the first time, the article attempts to analyse some aspects of the content of T.N. Livanova’s Memoirs (1974-1983), a three-volume text corpus preserved in the archives of the Russian National Museum of Music (RNMM). Memoirs are being prepared for publication as a planned work of the State Institute for Art Studies. This article continues a series of materials devoted to this valuable source. A significant place in it is occupied by the portraits of the author’s contemporaries. The article discusses different types of such verbal portraits — from more detailed generalized characteristics to “instantaneous” and very vivid ones consisting of literally a few words. The gallery of the portrayed is represented by people of different generations. The narrative begins with family chronicles — the portraits of Livanova’s relatives on the mother’s and father’s side, as well as her husband V.E. Ferman, and continues with the characteristics of friends and employees. Among them are composers D.B. Kabalevsky, N.Ya. Myaskovsky, V.Ya. Shebalin, and V.G. Zakharov, researchers B.V. Asafiev, M.V. Ivanov-Boretsky, V.V. Protopopov, Yu.V. Keldysh, Yu.K. Evdokimova, Yu.N. Kholopov and others.

Dyadic Friendship Travel: The Role of Personal and Friendship Characteristics on Conflict Management Styles

Friendship travel is gaining traction in tourism studies; however, analyses of dyads’ dynamics outside of romantic partners remain scarce. This study investigates how dyadic friends settle disputes while on vacation, negotiate self- and other-related needs based on personal and friendship characteristics, and ultimately achieve satisfying tourism experiences. Structural equation modeling is used to examine interrelationships between the “Big Five” personality traits, Aristotle’s friendship types, and interpersonal tolerance in conflict resolution during travel between same- and opposite-sex friend dyads. Findings reveal that friends whose relationships are rooted in goodwill (i.e., virtue friendship) are more willing to adopt integrating and compromising conflict management styles. Friends who possess relatively strong agreeableness and openness to experience, and who have high interpersonal tolerance, often use an integrating conflict management style. These results differ from the extant literature in showing that men’s getaways enhance dyadic friendships. Various implications and this study’s relevance in the context of COVID-19 are discussed in closing.

Friendship and Spiritual Learning: Seedbed for Synodality

In the literature about learning in general and also with regard to faith learning, the experience and practice of friendship has been neglected. In the early years of the church, and at various other times, social networks of Christians preserved and handed on the life of faith without the benefit of formal educational institutions or strong ecclesial structures. This article explores the potential of friendship to contribute to the kind of spiritual learning that underpins synodality. The experience of friendship plays an important role in how people access, interpret, welcome and embrace truth and in their paths towards transformation. Friendship is considered here as a form of peer ministry. There can be no social friendship, along the lines advocated by Pope Francis in Fratelli tutti, without the laboratory and engine room of everyday personal friendships. Key features of friendship are related to the implications of synodality and to the conditions that support spiritual learning.

Association between friendship quality and subjective wellbeing among adolescents: a systematic review

BackgroundSocial integration with friends has an important role in shaping adolescents’ behavior and determining their wellbeing. Friendship features such as companionship, trust, closeness, intimacy, and conflicts all form the concept of friendship quality. The quality of friendships can either enhance or impede mental development during adolescence. Therefore, this systematic review was conducted to understand the association between friendship quality and adolescents’ mental wellbeing.MethodsIn November 2020 and later in August 2022, the search for evidence was conducted on five databases (Medline, Embase, ProQuest, Scopus, and PsycINFO). Only peer-reviewed quantitative studies published from January 2000 to August 2022 that investigated friendship quality as their exposure variable in relation to six constructs of subjective wellbeing (mood, loneliness, life satisfaction, happiness, self-esteem, and subjective wellbeing) were included. After screening for eligibility, two reviewers independently extracted the data based on population characteristics, study design, exposure and outcome variables, outcome measures used, and results. Risk of bias assessment was performed utilizing the NIH Quality Assessment Tool. Narrative evidence synthesis was performed based on the constructs of subjective wellbeing.ResultsForty-three articles out of 21,585 records were included in the review. The relationship between friendship quality and depression has been investigated extensively in the literature and negative (beneficial) associations were found in eighteen studies out of twenty-three. Poor peer relationship was associated with loneliness in nine studies out of ten. All seven studies on life satisfaction and quality of peer connection found a positive association. In five studies, better peer relationship was found to be associated with happiness. A positive association between friendship quality and self-esteem was observed in five out of six applicable studies. Friendship quality was found to be positively associated with subjective well-being in all of five included studies.ConclusionsAlthough majority of the included studies were cross-sectional in nature, this review demonstrates the paramount value of promoting healthy friendship to adolescents’ subjective wellbeing constructs. Interventions that aim to promote subjective wellbeing among adolescents should consider the development and maintenance of healthy friendships.Systematic review registrationPROSPERO CRD42020219312.

Kontribusi Kecerdasan Emosional terhadap Konflik Persahabatan pada Siswa SMP Negeri 1 Puding Besar, Bangka

Characteristics of friendships are spending time together, interacting in diverse contexts, distancing others from the relationship, and offering emotional support to one another. But in friendship there are often conflicts. Conflict is a social phenomenon that can happen to anyone and anywhere. To resolve conflicts and disputes that occur with friends, teenagers are required to be able to control their emotions. Adolescents who are able to reduce and control emotions can be seen from the emotional intelligence of adolescents. Correct emotional balance, satisfaction classification, and mood regulation are all possible with emotional intelligence. This study uses a quantitative research methodology. In this study, the quantitative method was applied with a correlational approach. This research was conducted at SMP Negeri 1 Puding Besar with a population of 350 students, but the researchers took a sample of 50 students. The sampling technique is purposive sampling. Data retrieval by filling in the scale. Data analysis using Pearson Correlation Product Moment. The results of this study found that the contribution of emotional intelligence to friendly conflict obtained a significant level < 0.001 < 0.05 with a correlation coefficient of 0.494, meaning that emotional intelligence has a correlation with friendly conflict. The contribution of emotional intelligence to friendly conflict is a negative relationship, so it can be assumed that the higher the emotional intelligence, the lower the friendship conflict. 
 Keywords: Emotional Intelligence, Friendship Conflict

Effects of Personal Relationships on Physical and Mental Health among Young Adults- A Scoping Review

Introduction: This scoping review explores the association between young adults’ personal relationships and their physical and mental health. We reviewed studies that examined the nature and the quality of interaction in personal relationships and its effect on physical and mental health among young adults. We excluded studies conducted on the population with psychiatric conditions or who are differently abled. Methods: We used the following network databases to find relevant research: Google Scholar, SCOPUS, Web of Science, EBSCO, PubMed, ERIC, Science Direct and JSTOR from August 2021 to December 2021. We obtained 64 studies following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for scoping review (PRISMA-ScR) guidelines. Results and Discussion: Thematic analysis of the selected studies indicates that personal relationships have the potency to either foster or hinder young adults’ physical and psychological functioning and well-being. Quality of relationships with family members such as parents, siblings, and extended family members are significantly associated with mental health and well-being Furthermore, studies showed that romantic relationship status and psychosocial characteristics within relationship contexts affect the mental health of young adults. In addition, our review showed that support from friendships, friendship features, and quality could support young adults’ self-esteem, mental health, and well-being. Although we find mixed results on personal relationships’ effect on physical health, few studies show that personal relationships affect cortisol levels, multiple areas of biological regulation, and women’s level of dysmenorrhea among young adults. The results justify the need to apply preventive intervention in the community to eliminate risk factors and enhance protective factors by imparting empirically validated knowledge, attitudes, and skills for relationships among young people. Investments in community-wide preventive interventions, interpersonal skill development agendas in counseling and psychotherapies, are recommended. Conclusion: The present review highlighted the underlying cultural influences on relationships and the necessity to promote relationship research in non-western cultures, given the underrepresentation of non-western cultures in research., we have highlighted the underlying cultural influences on relationships and the necessity to promote relationship research in non-western cultures, given the underrepresentation of non-western cultures in research.

Social Media Communication and Network Correlates of HIV Infection and Transmission Risks Among Black Sexual Minority Men: Cross-sectional Digital Epidemiology Study.

In the United States, HIV disproportionately affects Black cisgender sexual minority men (BSMM). Although epidemiological and behavioral surveillance are integral to identifying BSMM at risk of HIV infection and transmission, overreliance on self-reported data, inability to observe social contexts, and neglect of populations with limited engagement in health care systems limits their effectiveness. Digital epidemiological approaches drawing on social media data offer an opportunity to overcome these limitations by passively observing in organic settings activities, beliefs, behaviors, and moods that indicate health risks but are otherwise challenging to capture. The primary aim of this study was to determine whether features of Facebook communication and networks were associated with biological, behavioral, and psychological indicators of HIV infection and transmission risk. Facebook and survey data were collected from BSMM aged 18 to 35 years living in Chicago (N=310). Participants' Facebook posts were characterized using 4 culturally tailored topic dictionaries related to aspects of HIV protection and risk among BSMM (sexual health; substance use; sex behavior; and ballroom culture, a salient subculture in lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer communities of color). Social network methods were used to capture structural features of BSMM's Facebook friendships (centrality, brokerage, and local clustering) and Facebook group affiliations. Multivariable regressions revealed relationships between these Facebook features and 5 ground truth indicators of HIV infection and transmission risk (sexually transmitted infection incidence, condomless sex, sex drug use, biomedical prevention, and depression). Although analysis of participants' Facebook posts revealed that HIV-related topics occupied a small portion of the total messages posted by each participant, significant associations were found between the following HIV risk indicators and Facebook features: Condomless sex, including communication about sexual health (odds ratio [OR] 1.58, 95% CI 1.09-2.29), ballroom culture (OR 0.76, 95% CI 0.63-0.93), and friendship centrality (OR 0.69, 95% CI 0.52-0.92); Sex drug use, including communication about substance use (OR 1.81, 95% CI 1.17-2.79) and friendship centrality (OR 0.73, 95% CI 0.55-0.96) and brokerage (OR 0.71, 95% CI 0.51-0.99); Biomedical prevention, including communication about ballroom culture (OR 0.06, 95% CI 0.01-0.71); and Depression, including communication about sexual health (β=-0.72, 95% CI -1.42 to -0.02), ballroom culture (β=.80, 95% CI 0.27-1.34), friendship centrality (β=-0.90, 95% CI -1.60 to -0.21), and Facebook group affiliations (β=.84, 95% CI 0.25-1.43). Facebook features provided no significant explanatory value for sexually transmitted infection incidence. Finding innovative strategies to detect BSMM at risk of contracting or transmitting HIV is critical to eliminating HIV disparities in this community. The findings suggest that social media data enable passive observance of social and communicative contexts that would otherwise go undetected using traditional HIV surveillance methods. As such, social media data are promising complements to more traditional data sources.

Complementing or Congruent? Desired Characteristics in a Friend and Romantic Partner in Autistic versus Typically Developing Male Adolescents

Ideal friend and romantic partner characteristics related to self-perceived characteristics have been investigated in typically developing (TD) individuals, but not in individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Considering the autistic symptoms and challenges, investigating these concepts in autistic individuals is relevant. Given the lack of consensus, identity-first (“autistic person”) and person-first (“person with autism”) language are mixed throughout, to cover all preferences. This study explored (1) the association between self-perceived characteristics and desires in a friend/romantic partner, as well as (2) compare two groups (ASD and TD) in their desires for a friend/romantic partner. Two matched groups (ASD and TD) of 38 male adolescents (age 14–19 years) reported on the desire for nine characteristics (i.e., funny, popular, nice, cool, smart, trustworthy, good looking, similar interests, and being rich) in a friend/partner, and to what extent they felt they themselves possessed seven characteristics (i.e., funny, popular, nice, cool, smart, trustworthy, and good looking). Results showed both groups sought a friend and partner similar to themselves on intrinsic characteristics (e.g., trustworthiness), but less similar on extrinsic and social status characteristics (e.g., being less cool and popular). Particularly intrinsic characteristics, more than extrinsic and social status characteristics, were valued in both partners and friends, regardless of group. No significant differences were found between groups concerning to what extent characteristics were desired. Overall, adolescents with ASD desire similar characteristics as TD adolescents in their potential romantic partners and friends. There is some indication that the match between self-perception and desired characteristics is different.

Psychometric properties of the Greek translation of the Friendship Quality Questionnaire

AbstractThe present study examines the psychometric properties of the long form (LF) of the Greek translation of the Friendship Quality Questionnaire (FQQ), a widely recognized self‐report instrument that assesses children's perceptions of the qualities of their friendships. Four hundred seventeen (417) typically developing primary‐school students (50.8% boys), aged between 8 and 12 years (M = 9.77 years old, SD = 1.2), who had a mutual best friend in their class, completed the survey at school. Confirmatory factor analysis verified the six‐factor structure of the original FQQ with all items fitting into the respective subscales. All factors presented high positive intercorrelations except for the Conflict and Betrayal subscale. All subscales demonstrated adequate internal consistency. Significant gender differences were observed. The Greek translation of the FQQ‐LF shows strong evidence of validity and reliability and provides a suitable instrument for assessing the qualitative characteristics of best friendships.

Differential effects of maternal- and paternal-adolescent attachments on friendship security and intimacy.

The present study examined the differential contributions of adolescent-reported maternal and paternal attachment anxiety and avoidance on friendship security and intimacy. Participants were 776 Canadian adolescents between the ages of 13 and 19 years (M=15.18, SD=1.58) who provided ratings of their perceived attachment avoidance and anxiety towards their mothers and fathers and responded to measures of friendship security and intimacy. Findings showed that maternal and paternal attachment avoidance and not anxiety negatively predicted friendship security. Moreover, maternal attachment avoidance was negatively associated with friendship intimacy. Multigroup analyses showed that security was negatively predicted by maternal anxious attachment for junior high school boys and girls. Additionally, paternal avoidant attachment was negatively associated with friendship intimacy for junior high school boys and girls. These findings highlight the unique effects associated with maternal and paternal attachment on specific friendship features and underscore the importance of the role of fathers in adolescence.

Longitudinal associations between adolescents' narcissism and friendship features depend on gender and friends' narcissism.

Youth with greater levels of narcissism face a wide array of difficulties in interactions with others. However, there exists a curious lack of research on their close relationships, such as friendships. In this study, we examined associations between narcissism and friendship features over time. Participants were 261 eighth and ninth graders (112 boys; Mage at Time1 = 14.34, SD = .68; 95.4% born in Finland) who completed measures of narcissism at Time 1 (fall of the school year), and friendship nominations as well as three different characteristics of friendship (positive friendship quality, corumination, and conflict) at Time 1 and Time 2 (spring of the school year). When we limited our analyses to participants who were in stable reciprocated friendships, then, for girls, narcissism was negatively associated with Time 2 positive friendship quality as well as corumination. For boys, narcissism was not significantly associated with Time 2 positive friendship quality nor corumination. In addition, higher levels of narcissism predicted greater Time 2 positive friendship quality when the friend scored relatively low on narcissism. Our discussion focuses on the putative mechanisms that might account for differences in the dynamics of friendships of boys and girls with greater narcissistic traits, and why youth with greater narcissism levels might perceive their friendships as having more positive features when their friend is dissimilar. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

Longitudinal associations between Mexican-origin youth’s relationships with parents, siblings, and friends and individual adjustment

Across adolescence and into young adulthood, as youth experience both normative developmental and stressful life changes, close and supportive relationships are essential for healthy adjustment. Supportive relationships may be especially important for protecting Mexican-origin youth from developing depressive symptoms and engaging in risky behaviors given the emphasis within Mexican culture on close relationships, especially in families. With longitudinal data, we examined the associations between Mexican-origin youth’s relationships with mothers, fathers, siblings, and best friends and their adjustment across adolescence and into young adulthood. Participants were 246 Mexican-origin families with a 7th grader (younger sibling) and at least one older sibling, a mother, and a father at Time 1 (T1). Youth participated in home interviews at T1 and again five (T2) and eight (T3) years later. At T1, younger siblings were 12.55 (SD = .60) and older siblings were 15.48 (SD = 1.57) years old. Findings indicated that, with sibling and friend characteristics in the models, mother and father acceptance and conflict were significantly linked to youth positive and negative adjustment, respectively. Both sibling conflict and, consistent with a “partners in crime” process (Slomkowski et al., 2001; p. 273), sibling intimacy (of younger adolescents only), were linked to risky behavior. Same-gender friend conflict also was linked to risky behavior, but neither sibling nor friend relationships were linked to depressive symptoms. Some relationship effects were moderated by gender and age. Together, our findings have implications for programs aimed at preventing adjustment problems.