Characteristics Of Players Research Articles

Comparing Physical Attribute Distinctions in Male Kho-Kho Positions

Background. Kho-Kho, a traditional Indian sport, has separate roles for runners and chasers, each requiring unique physical attributes. Research on the specific physical and anthropometric characteristics of players in this position is limited, highlighting the need for this study to optimize performance at the national level. Objectives. The study aimed to investigate the differences in physical and anthropometric parameters between national level male Kho-Kho players categorized as Runners and Chasers. Materials and methods. A total of 200 male Kho-Kho players, aged 17 to 21 years, were selected for the study. The participants were divided into two groups: 100 Runners (average age 19.21 ± 1.15 years) and 100 Chasers (average age 19.29 ± 1.19 years). The physical attributes measured included body weight, height, BMI, arm length, sitting height, chest girth, thigh girth, calf girth, and skinfold thickness at the biceps, triceps, subscapular, and suprailiac regions. The body fat percentage was calculated using the skinfold measurement technique. Data collection tools included a weighing scale for body weight, a flexible metal tape for circumferences and arm length, and a stadiometer for height and sitting height. The mean and standard deviation were computed for each parameter, and an independent samples t-test was used to compare the two groups. Results. The findings revealed significant differences in weight, BMI, chest, thigh, and calf circumferences, with Chasers having higher values. In contrast, Runners exhibited greater arm length and sitting height. Additionally, there was no considerable difference in height between Runners and Chasers. Conclusions. The study concluded that Chasers tend to have higher body weight, BMI, and larger circumferences in the chest, thigh, and calf regions, which may be advantageous for their role. Conversely, Runners benefit from longer arm lengths and greater sitting height, which may aid in evading Chasers. These findings suggest that role-specific physical attributes should be considered in training and player selection to enhance performance in Kho-Kho.

Optimizing Football Player Development in Indonesia and Malaysia: Sports Psychology's Take on the Affective Domain

Introduction: Problems with the characteristics of young players often threaten the continuity of their careers in football. Negative behaviours such as ego, lack of discipline, star syndrome, and fickle commitment are some of the many examples that occur among young football players. The affective domain assesses the psychological adaptability of young football players in the development path, both in calm situations and when facing the pressure that often arises in matches or training. Objective: The aim is to make young players excel in both psychomotor and affective aspects, which are important domains in sustainable football coaching. This research seeks to discover the urgency of the affective domain of psychology in the development pathway of football players in Indonesia and Malaysia. Methodology: This study used a qualitative method with a grounded theory approach, and data were collected through interviews, observations, and document analysis of 25 licensed football coaches with at least 5 years of experience as coaches in Indonesia and Malaysia. Results: The role of coaches in paying attention to emotional and mental training is the basis for the development of sports psychology in children. Discussion: Children's involvement in football provides opportunities to develop life skills and trains them to have good character that will be useful in social life Conclusions: This research is expected to evaluate the implementation of mental training in fostering potential football players and supporting character development programmes through football.

Anthropometric but not motor characteristics of young volleyball players were improved after a one-week-long intense training sports camp

This study aimed to examine potential changes in the anthropometric and motor characteristics of volleyball players aged 17.98 ± 0.51 years after participation in a week-long sports camp. Potential changes in anthropometric characteristics were determined by bioelectrical impedance, and the players’ motor characteristics were assessed in a reaction time test, grip strength test, 5 × 20 s interval test on a rowing ergometer, and vertical, approach and standing long jump tests. A decrease was observed in body fat mass (difference (Δ) of 1.0 kg, p = 0.015), percent body fat (Δ of 1.16%, p = 0.008), and the waist-to-hip ratio (Δ of 0.02, p = 0.001). An increase was noted in total body water (Δ of 1.0 L, p = 0.002), proteins (Δ of 0.33 kg, p = 0.001), minerals (Δ of 0.12 kg, p = 0.003), fat-free mass (Δ of 1.46 kg, p = 0.001), and skeletal muscle mass (Δ of 0.9 kg, p = 0.001). In the group of motor abilities, a significant increase was observed only in the grip strength of the left hand. In conclusion, week-long sport camps can significantly affect the body composition characteristics of young volleyball players, but they do not induce significant changes in motor abilities.

Влияние видеоигр с агрессивным контентом на эмоциональное состояние и поведение игроков: обзор современных исследований

<p style="text-align: justify;">The article is devoted to a review of modern research studying the impact of video games with aggressive content on the emotional state and behavior of players. It examines various theoretical approaches, including the General Aggression Model (GAM), the Catalyst Model and alternative theories describing the impact of aggressive content and media violence. Special attention is paid to the results of empirical studies indicating both positive and negative consequences of video games. Positive effects include reduced stress and improved emotional state, while negative effects include increased aggression, destructive behavioral manifestations and a decrease in empathy. A review of current research demonstrates that the impact of video games can vary significantly depending on the individual characteristics of players, their personal characteristics, the context of the gaming experience, the genre of video games and other factors. This makes the issue of the impact of aggressive content in video games extremely complex and multifaceted. The article emphasizes the need for further research in this area, including using a collegial and interdisciplinary approach to study the impact of aggressive video game content on the emotional and psychological state of players.</p>

Effects of Strength, Speed and Non-Specific Resistance Training on Athletic Performance And FVP Profile Characteristics of Youth Professional Soccer Players

This study explored the effects of strength-focused, speed-focused, and non-specific resistance training on the athletic performance and sprint biomechanics through force-velocity-power (FVP) profile in youth professional soccer players (age: 17.6 ± 0.9 years). In a 6-week randomized-controlled trial, 24 male participants were assigned to strength, speed, or control groups (n = 8 each). We assessed sprint performance, including sprint split times and the sprint FVP profile. Post-training, all groups showed significant enhancements in sprint times (p = 0.000-0.004, η² = 0.32-0.75) and FVP profile variables (p = 0.000-0.049; η² = 0.17-0.73). The strength group exhibited notable improvements in the maximal ratio of horizontal-to-resultant force (p = 0.026, d = 0.78) and maximal power (Phmax) (p = 0.013, d = 0.89) compared to controls. However, maximum velocity and maximum velocity at the end of acceleration phase did not significantly change in any group. These findings demonstrate that both strength and speed training significantly enhance force production capabilities in youth soccer players, influencing key FVP profile characteristics, without substantially affecting maximum velocity.

Fuzzy Logic-Based Dynamic Difficulty Adjustment for Adaptive Game Environments

Game players frequently seek video games that offer great replayability and unpredictable challenges, aiming to minimize anxiety and maximize fun. One of the most suitable game genres for achieving these objectives is the “shoot ’em up” genre, although it is mainly focused on experienced players. Given the latter, challenges should be balanced and adapted to player characteristics and style in an effort to strengthen their engagement with the game. In the present study, a fuzzy logic-based dynamic difficulty adjustment approach is proposed for dynamically tailoring challenges according to players’ behavior and strategies. The testbed of this approach is a shoot ’em up game where the players are faced with a challenging and adaptable opponent. The functionality of the proposed system is examined through game scenarios. The evaluation illustrates that fuzzy logic-based dynamic difficulty adjustment provides balanced challenges to players by easily defining the behavior of the game environment and opponents through a set of rules.

Positive clinical tests for medial epicondylalgia are more common than tests for lateral epicondylalgia in recreational pickleball players: A cross-sectional study.

Epicondylalgia is a common overuse injury in tennis. However, little is known regarding epicondylalgia in pickleball. This study examined the prevalence of positive epicondylalgia tests in recreational pickleball players and the relationship between positive tests and player characteristics. Cross-sectional study. Clinical tests for epicondylalgia were performed courtside on the dominant arm of 129 recreational pickleball players.Participants completed a survey with questions related to demographics and play characteristics. Descriptive data were reported for epicondylalgia testing and survey performance. Chi-squared analysis and Fisher's exact test were used to determine associations between testing and survey responses. Relative risk estimates for positive tests for epicondylalgia were calculated based on pickleball playing characteristics. The prevalence of positive tests was 7% for medial epicondylalgia, 5.4% for lateral epicondylalgia, and 2.3% for both medial epicondylalgia and lateral epicondylalgia. Ninety-two participants (71.3%) completed the survey. Those who participated in tournaments were less likely to have a positive test for medial epicondylalgia (Fisher's exact test, p=0.017). The relative risk of having a positive epicondylalgia test was lower for those who have played for at least 4 years (medial=0.875 [CI 0.81-0.95] and lateral 0.913 [CI 0.866-0.979]). Epicondylalgia testing was not associated with age, sex, hand dominance, level of play, location of play, warm-up performance, frequency of play, or length of play. Among pickleball players, there was a lower prevalence of positive tests for lateral epicondylalgia than for medial epicondylalgia. Compared to tennis, lateral epicondylalgia may be less common due to a lower elbow torque, while medial epicondylalgia may be more common due to methods to impart spin. Given the differences among sports, clinicians may need to utilize different prevention and intervention strategies when working with pickleball players.

The relationship between biomechanical indicators of strokes and individual styles of play in tennis on the example of the best Ukrainian tennis players

Purpose. Study of the relationship between biomechanical indicators of striking technique and individual styles of play in tennis on the example of the best Ukrainian tennis players. Material and methods. For this study, 10 leading Ukrainian tennis players aged 18-30, who occupy high positions in national and international rankings, were selected. All participants of the study are professional athletes who regularly participate in international tournaments WTA and ITF. Official match statistics were obtained from tournament organizers, which used high-resolution video cameras positioned around the courts to capture movement from different angles and included pitch speed, unforced errors, first serve hit percentage, number of points won from first serve, and other technical metrics. The results of the study were processed using the IBM SPSS Statistics 23 statistical program. To check normality The chi-square criterion was used to assess the correspondence of the empirical distribution of the data to the theoretical normal distribution. Descriptive statistics were performed for each biomechanical parameter measured, including the arithmetic mean (x̄), standard deviation (S) and standard error of the mean (m). To visualize and analyze the biomechanical parameters of tennis players, the Python programming language with the Seaborn and Matplotlib libraries was used. Further, univariate analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to compare the mean values of biomechanical parameters between groups of tennis players with different styles of play. For an in-depth analysis of the data, a factor analysis was carried out using the principal component method and Varimax rotation with Kaiser normalization. This made it possible to identify the main factors that have the greatest impact on the technique and tactics of tennis players, as well as to determine the individual factor structure of results for each athlete. Results. In the work, an initial assessment of the technical training of athletes was made and differences between aggressive, defensive and universal styles of play of leading domestic tennis players were identified. Based on the data obtained, a heat map was created that visualizes the relationships between biomechanical indicators and playing styles of tennis players. The Single-Factor Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) revealed statistically significant differences between groups of female tennis players with different playing styles, highlighting the importance of individual indicators for of every style. Factor analysis using the principal component method and Varimax rotation with Kaiser normalization helped to isolate five key factors: the force and speed of the strokes, the technical precision and control, the flexibility and adaptability of the shots, the timing and preparation, and the accuracy and stability of the rotation. Each of these factors reflects important aspects of fitness that are crucial for the successful performance of female athletes. Conclusions. The study made it possible to identify key biomechanical indicators that affect the individual styles of play of tennis players, to determine the main components of fitness using factor analysis. Taking into account the unique biomechanical characteristics of tennis players will help improve technical training, increase the overall performance and competitiveness of athletes in competitions. An individual approach based on objective data will optimize the time and resources aimed at development of the most important aspects of the game, which will certainly have a positive impact on the success of tennis players' performances at a high level.

Associations of biomotor and physiological measures with anthropometric characteristics in field hockey players: a survey on pre-competitive period

Background and Study Aim: Field hockey is a dynamic sport that involves a combination of speed, agility, and endurance, with players having to satisfy particular physical and physiological demands in order to perform at their best. The primary goal of this study was to investigate the association between field hockey player's anthropometric characteristics and biomotor and physiological measures. Material and Methods: For the purpose of determining the biomotor measures, muscular strength (MS), speed, and change of direction (COD) were used. The VO2 max, anaerobic power (AP), muscular endurance (ME), and vital capacity (VC) were used to determine the physiological measures. In the game of field hockey, twenty forwards, sixteen half-backs and ten defenders fulfilled all the outcome measures. The intensity and directionality of the association between biomotor and physiological tests and anthropometrics characteristics were determined by using Pearson's product-moment correlation coefficients (r), and positional differences were tested using analysis of variance. Results: Body mass significantly affected performance metrics. Body mass was moderately negatively correlated with speed (p<0.05) and COD (p<0.05). MS (p<0.01), VC (p<0.01), AP (p<0.01) and VO2 max (p<0.05) were positively linked with body mass. Performance was also affected by height. Height is inversely correlated with speed (p<0.01) and COD (p<0.01). MS (p<0.01) and AP (p<0.05) had a moderate positive correlation with height. Body mass index (BMI) had a moderate positive correlation with speed (p<0.05), VC (p<0.01), and VO2 max, (p<0.05) but not with MS, COD, and ME. MS had a moderate negative correlation with COD (p<0.05) and a positive correlation with ME (p<0.05). Speed had a significant very large positive correlation with COD (p<0.05, r=.729), ME had a positive correlation with VO2 max, (p<0.05) and VC had a positive correlation with AP (p<0.05). There were no significant position differences in all the selected measures. Conclusion: The study concludes that body mass, height, and BMI greatly affect hockey players' strength, speed, and endurance. This study recommends that hockey coaches and trainers consider body mass, height, and BMI while training players. Performance may be increased by targeting anthropometric aspects, including strength, speed, and endurance.

SWOT Analysis of the Strawberry Music Festival: Assessing Internal and External Market Environment in the Chinese Market

Through an in-depth SWOT analysis of the Strawberry Music Festival, one of the most influential music festival brands in China, the typical characteristics of the main players in the domestic music festival market and the market environment faced by these market players are revealed. The diversity of music styles, the preferences of young consumers and the multi-regional coverage of music festivals are identified as the typical competitiveness of music festival brands, while the further application of electronic technology in live performances and the growing influence of overseas singers are new trends and opportunities in the music festival market. On the other hand, the analysis points out that the ability to control weather risks, the ability to control quality in different regions and the ability to control operating costs are shortcomings of Strawberry Music Festival, which deserves the attention of other market participants. At the same time, the growing concerns about personal and property safety in society and the participation of more competitors are becoming major market threats. While giving more support to the cultural industry, national policies have also put forward higher requirements for the approval, ticketing and on-site control of music performances, which promotes further competition in the market. Due to the singleness of the research object, future research should supplement the research on different types of music festival brands to obtain a more comprehensive insight into the Chinese music festival market.

Construction of college student’s volleyball functional physical training system based on 5G embedded analysis from the perspective of biomechanics

In volleyball, the movement and performance of athletes are closely related to biomechanical principles. The process of getting the ball beyond the opponent’s net and landing on the court involves complex biomechanical actions such as jumping, spiking, and blocking. These actions require appropriate muscle activation, joint movement, and force generation. Through a 5G embedded physical training system, college students’ biomechanical performance in volleyball can be effectively monitored and analyzed. For example, the Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) can be used to measure the forces exerted on the body during movements, such as the impact force on the fingers during spiking and blocking, and the stress on the lower back. By analyzing these biomechanical data, problems such as finger injuries and lower back pain can be better understood and addressed. Moreover, the 5G embedded system allows for a detailed analysis of the biomechanical characteristics of different teams and players, enabling coaches and athletes to optimize training strategies. The system can also provide visual feedback on biomechanical parameters, which helps students improve their overall coordination and muscle strength. By incorporating biomechanical analysis into the volleyball physical training system, students can better understand the scientific basis of their movements and improve their performance. Statistical analysis has been carried out effectively based on the study analysis with the existing open-source datasets, providing a quantitative basis for biomechanical research and training optimization.

Physical Characteristics of Swedish Female Professional Ice Hockey Players Allowed Body Checking.

Lahti, A, Grundberg, A, Stenman, E, and Sundquist, K. Physical characteristics of Swedish female professional ice hockey players allowed body checking. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2024-In ice hockey, physical characteristics impact sporting performance. This study aims to describe body height, body mass, and body mass index (BMI) in professional female ice hockey players in the Swedish Women's Hockey League (SDHL), which is unique as it is (so far) the only women's league in the world that allows body checking. This study also compares physical characteristics by players' position and the players in SDHL with the nonchecking female North American Elite League (PWHL). In addition, attitudes toward body checking are examined. All 225 players registered in SDHL 2023/2024 were invited to participate. Data from 159 included players (71%) aged (mean ± SD) 23.6 ± 4.5 years were analyzed. Body height, body mass, BMI, and attitudes toward body checking were assessed through a self-reported questionnaire. The mean body height was 169.1 ± 5.5 cm, body mass 68.4 ± 6.7 kg, and BMI 23.9 ± 1.9 kg·m-2. No significant differences were found by player position or between the players in SDHL and PWHL. In total, 88% believed that it was good to introduce body checking in women's ice hockey and 64% did not believe that introducing body checking would increase the number of injuries. The observed characteristics may represent baseline reference values of physical characteristics in female ice hockey players allowed body checking. There is currently no difference in physical characteristics by players' positions or between checking and nonchecking leagues although such differences may occur in the future. Most players were positive toward body checking in women's ice hockey and did not believe that the number of injuries would increase by introducing it.

A096: Analysis of Knee Joint Load Characteristics in Different Angle of Stride Movements in Table Tennis

Objectives: Stride is a typical type of footwork found in table tennis. During the game, athletes need to repeat stride movements at different angles according to the direction of the incoming ball, which makes the knee joint twist and flex, increases the burden on the knee joint, and increases the risk of knee injury. However, the effect of different angle stride movements on the load characteristics of athletes' knee joints is still unclear and needs further research. Therefore, this study used biomechanical research methods to explore the effects of 180° and 45° stride movements on the knee load characteristics of table tennis players. Methods: Sixteen male table tennis athletes were selected to collect kinematic and dynamic data using Qualisys 3D motion capture system and AMTI 3D force plate at a frequency of 1000Hz, and the knee joint moment, anterior shear force, knee joint contact force and ACL force were calculated by using Opensim musculoskeletal simulation system, and these indices were standardized. The independent sample t-test was used to analyze the knee joint load characteristics of athletes with different angles of stride. Result: The front shear force of the 45° step was 10.53±2.07 N/kg, the extension moment was 4.26±0.27 N·m/kg, the abduction moment was 4.52±0.78 N·m/kg, the medial compartment contact force was 12.9±3.27 N/kg, and the ACL force was 12.87±3.08 N/kg. The front shear force of the 180° step was 5.30±0.49 N/kg, the extension moment was 2.62±0.30 N·m/kg, the abduction moment was 3.52±0.32 N·m/kg, the medial compartment force was 6.35±1.67 N/kg, and the ACL force was 9.46±3.81 N/kg. The front shear force, extension moment, medial compartment contact force and ACL force of the 45° step were significantly greater than those of the 180° step (P < 0.05). Conclusion: There are significant differences in the biomechanical results between different angles strides, and the 45° stride affects the knee joint load more, and potentially produces greater tension on the ACL, resulting in an increased risk of knee joint injury, suggesting that athletes have higher requirements for lower limb strength when performing 45° strides.

Basic Anthropological Characteristics of Elite U17 Youth Serbian Female Volleyball Players According to Playing Position

This study examines the differences in the anthropometric characteristics and motor abilities of young elite female volleyball players depending on their playing position. This study was conducted with 114 U17 female players of the Serbian national team (age: 15.4 ± 0.4 years; body mass: 65.8 ± 7.8 kg; height: 176.8 ± 7.7 cm). All participants had at least four years of volleyball experience. A one-way ANOVA revealed significant differences (p ≤ 0.05) in body mass (BM), body height (BH), body mass index (BMI), one-arm standing reach (1ARS), two-arm standing reach (2ARS), arm span, a medicine ball throw (MT), standing long jump (SLJ), squat jump (SJ), countermovement jump without an arm swing (CMJ), 5 m sprint (S5), 15 m sprint with a flying start (S15), 20 m sprint (S20), and t-test (TT). The results show that a player’s position significantly impacts their anthropometric characteristics and motor abilities, with liberos requiring agility and flexibility, while middle blockers and opposite hitters focus on strength and explosiveness. Outside hitters and setters achieved high results in jump tests, while outside hitters, although agile, had slightly lower results in the long jump. The results confirm that BH and BM, 1ARS, 2ARS, arm span, explosive power, agility, speed, and flexibility significantly impact performance, indicating that a player’s position affects their anthropometric characteristics and motor abilities.

Comparative Analysis of the Physical, Tactical, Emotional, and Mood Characteristics of Under-13 Soccer Players by Performance Level.

Background and Objectives: Soccer is a sport characterized by various unpredictable situations in which physical abilities are associated with athletic performance. There are several capabilities that young soccer players must develop to adapt to the needs of the competition. This study analyzes the physical characteristics, tactical knowledge, emotional intelligence, and mood states of youth soccer players at different competitive levels. Materials and Methods: The sample consisted of 36 male soccer players with an average age of 12.65 ± 0.48 years, weight of 44.92 ± 7.49 kg, and height of 157.2 ± 0.08 cm. A cross-sectional correlational study design was selected. Inferential analysis was conducted via the RV coefficient to assess relationships between groups. Two-sample tests (Student's t test or the Mann-Whitney U test) were used to assess the distribution of the samples. Standardized mean differences (i.e., Cohen's d) were calculated as effect sizes. Results: For the yo-yo intermittent endurance test level 1, the Premier category showed higher speed (p = 0.01, d = 0.40) and superior estimated VO2max (p = 0.01, d = -0.91). The statistically significant variables included the hamstring strength exercise of the hamstrings for the angle of rupture (p = 0.04, d = -0.04, d = -0.72), the COD-Timer 5-0-5 for contact time-5-0-5 (ms) (p = 0.04, d = 0.69) and 10 m-5-0-5 (s) (p = 0.02, d = 0.79), tactical knowledge of in-game performance (p = 0.01, d = -1.19), support level (p = 0.01, d = -1.27), decision-making ability (p = 0.01, d = 0.59), melancholy (p = 0.01, d = 0.59), confusion (p = 0.01, d = 0.56), and emotional intelligence (p = 0.04, d = 0.77). The Premier category presented slightly higher averages than did category A. In the assessment of running-based anaerobic sprint test power (p < 0.05, d = 0.83) and mood states (p < 0.05, d = 0.59), players in category A presented higher results. Conclusions: The performance capacity of youth soccer players encompasses a multidimensional complexity that includes physical, tactical, emotional, and psychological aspects, which vary among players of the same age.

Physiological and Nutritional Considerations for Elite Squash: A Systematic Review

Abstract Purpose To systematically review all the physiological and nutritional research conducted in squash to guide practitioners and researchers on how best to interpret the data, while identifying gaps in the literature to determine future directions of research within squash. Methods Following PRISMA guidelines, studies investigating an aspect of physiology or nutrition within squash were identified using scientific databases CINAHL, MEDLINE, PUBMED, and SPORTDiscus, from March 2022 to October 2023. Results Of the 1208 studies identified, 35 met the inclusion criteria across a variety of physiological and nutritional topics, such as the physiological demands of squash, anthropometric and physiological characteristics of squash players, squash-specific performance tests, training demands of squash, nutritional requirements of squash, hydration demands of squash, nutrition knowledge of squash players, and nutritional supplements for squash players. Ten studies had poor methodological quality, 19 as fair, four as good, and two as excellent. Seventeen out of 35 studies included were undertaken post the 2009 rule change, and 14 studies were conducted on either elite or world class players. Twenty-nine of the studies involved male players, with 15 involving female players. Conclusion Much of the physiological and nutritional literature is of low quality and outdated. We present future research focuses throughout the review, such as quantifying the game characteristics of male and female players, the energy expenditures during a training and competition microcycle, and the efficacy of certain nutritional supplements. These efforts aim to create sport specific guidelines and advance evidence-based practice within squash.

Individual dynamics mathematical patterns of qualified basketball players competitive performance

Background and purpose Since the goal in sport is to overcome one's limitations and take one's functional state to a qualitatively new level, forecasting is an integral part of managing any process, including the athlete's training process. Purpose: to develop an algorithm and identify patterns of individual dynamics in competitive performance of eligible basketball players. Materials and methods The main team players of the men's basketball team of H.S. Skovoroda Kharkiv National Pedagogical University. Twelve matches of the experimental team playing against national teams of other universities were analyzed. Observations were made on the players during the championships played by student teams from Kharkiv. For each player, the number of shots and hits from short, mid and long range, goal assists, shots and hits from the penalty line, and turnovers were recorded. To identify individual patterns of competitive performance dynamics, indicators such as 'total positive points in a match', which most accurately reflect a player's 'positive' contribution to the outcome of a match, were used. To identify individual regularities in competitive performance dynamics, indicators such as 'total positive points in the match', which most accurately reflect the 'positive' contribution of players to the outcome of the match, were used. Results It was determined that the process of change in competitive performance should be treated as a variable process. The most appropriate function to describe this model is the sine function. It was shown that the regression model of the individual dynamics of competitive activity of the players of the Ukrainian national basketball team has a sine dependence, which is defined by the regression equation S + = a + bsin ((2π / t) (Т-c)). Where the coefficient a is the average value of a player's match performance, b is the amplitude of the change in a player's match performance, t is the previous period of a player's match performance and c is the value period in the first analyzed match. Conclusion The application of the regression sinusoidal model proved to be effective in practical studies. This is because, using only data from technical reports, it is possible to very quickly predict periods of 'rise' and 'fall' in an individual's game performance, which is useful for adjusting training programs and identifying psychophysiological individual characteristics of players.

PEOPLE'S AGGRESSIVE REACTIONS WHEN THEY BECOME FRUSTRATED BECAUSE OF VIDEO GAMES

Video games exist in a wide variety of formats and subcategories, and they can affect people differently. Although many researchers have focused on how players' aggression levels are affected by the video game experience, very few researchers have studied what kind of aggressive reactions are given by gamers. The People-Game- model explains how video game playing affects well-being, drawing attention to key factors such as affected player characteristics, game mechanics, and gaming experience. This study aims to identify the aggressiveness level and aggressive reaction categories, and what people do when they become frustrated because of games. To achieve this goal, qualitative methodology used to gather information. The electronic survey applied in the field research with open ended short questions. Narratives used in aggressive reaction categorization. While devices, weekly playing hours, game categories, competition, and violence levels were asked with closed-ended questions, the type of aggressive reactions was asked with one open-ended short question. 49% of the 136 people who participated in the research declared that they reacted aggressively while playing video games. It was determined that these reactions were most intense in the categories of verbal, followed by physical, third by anger and finally hostility.

Human vs. Machine: Behavioral Differences between Expert Humans and Language Models in Wargame Simulations

To some, the advent of artificial intelligence (AI) promises better decision-making and increased military effectiveness while reducing the influence of human error and emotions. However, there is still debate about how AI systems, especially large language models (LLMs) that can be applied to many tasks, behave compared to humans in high-stakes military decision-making scenarios with the potential for increased risks towards escalation and unnecessary conflicts. To test this potential and scrutinize the use of LLMs for such purposes, we use a new wargame experiment with 107 national security experts designed to examine crisis escalation in a fictional US-China scenario and compare the behavior of human player teams to LLM-simulated team responses in separate simulations. Wargames have a long history in the development of military strategy and the response of nations to threats or attacks. Here, we find that the LLM-simulated responses can be more aggressive and significantly affected by changes in the scenario. We show a considerable high-level agreement in the LLM and human responses and significant quantitative and qualitative differences in individual actions and strategic tendencies. These differences depend on intrinsic biases in LLMs regarding the appropriate level of violence following strategic instructions, the choice of LLM, and whether the LLMs are tasked to decide for a team of players directly or first to simulate dialog between a team of players. When simulating the dialog, the discussions lack quality and maintain a farcical harmony. The LLM simulations cannot account for human player characteristics, showing no significant difference even for extreme traits, such as “pacifist” or “aggressive sociopath.” When probing behavioral consistency across individual moves of the simulation, the tested LLMs deviated from each other but generally showed somewhat consistent behavior. Our results motivate policymakers to be cautious before granting autonomy or following AI-based strategy recommendations.

Comparative Analysis of Motor Skills and Morphological Characteristic of the Young Female Athletes

Handball and volleyball are quite different sports. Thus, this research was inspired by these differences, by similar previous research, and the aspire to see if there are differences between the performances of young female athletes that play handball and volleyball. The aim of this research is to perform a comparative analysis of motor skills and morphological characteristics of young female athletes, handball and volleyball players. The complete sample consisted of 50 female athletes. One study group is composed of 25 female handball players, who are members of the womenʼs handball club „Niksic“. And the second study group is composed of 25 female volleyball players, who are members of the womenʼs volleyball club „Volley Star“. All female athletes are aged 12 to 14 and they have been training handball or volleyball for at least 2 years. In order to assess morphological characteristics and motor abilities, fourteen measures were applied to the sample. A t-test was used to determine statistically significant differences between study groups. In conclusion, there are statistically significant differences in terms of motor skills and morphological characteristics between young female handball and volleyball players.