Character Structure Research Articles

Spectroscopically resolved competition between dissociation and detachment from nitrobenzene radical anion

We report the vibrational spectrum of the gas-phase isolated nitrobenzene radical anion. The spectrum has been acquired by infrared multiple-photon absorption induced dissociation and electron detachment using the FT mass spectrometer coupled to the infrared free-electron laser FELIX. Upon wavelength-dependent multiple-photon absorption of intense IR irradiation, the vibrational spectrum acquired by on-resonance dissociation to NO 2 − was shown to correlate with the more sensitive electron detachment channel which is indirectly observed by using SF 6 as electron scavenger. The spectrum is compared to previous spectroscopic studies and novel DFT calculations. The frequency and intensity changes of the vibrational bands for the radical anion with respect to the neutral are interpreted with the aid of molecular orbital calculations and mode projection analysis. The vibrations of the neutral and the anion are interpreted in terms of the component benzene modes. The anion shows a reversal of the familiar strongly deactivating meta-directing electrophilic aromatic substitution effect of the neutral due to a resonance effect placing electron density at the ortho- and para-positions, resulting in a structure of distonic character. The greater abundance of the electron detachment channel over the NO 2 − loss dissociation channel is interpreted in terms of statistical models of the energy-dependent unimolecular rates. The anion and neutral vibrational frequencies employed in a quasi-equilibrium theory (QET) model of electron detachment compare favorably to previous experimental results of metastable anion autodetachment lifetimes. The ratio of dissociation to detachment is investigated as a function of FEL power and the competition between these channels is in agreement with a statistical model.

A analysis of character structure of the 1970's korean historical film : the case of national policy film

A analysis of character structure of the 1970's korean historical film : the case of national policy film

Visual field differences in visual word recognition can emerge purely from perceptual learning: Evidence from modeling Chinese character pronunciation

In Chinese orthography, a dominant character structure exists in which a semantic radical appears on the left and a phonetic radical on the right (SP characters); a minority opposite arrangement also exists (PS characters). As the number of phonetic radical types is much greater than semantic radical types, in SP characters the information is skewed to the right, whereas in PS characters it is skewed to the left. Through training a computational model for SP and PS character recognition that takes into account of the locations in which the characters appear in the visual field during learning, but does not assume any fundamental hemispheric processing difference, we show that visual field differences can emerge as a consequence of the fundamental structural differences in information between SP and PS characters, as opposed to the fundamental processing differences between the two hemispheres. This modeling result is also consistent with behavioral naming performance. This work provides strong evidence that perceptual learning, i.e., the information structure of word stimuli to which the readers have long been exposed, is one of the factors that accounts for hemispheric asymmetry effects in visual word recognition.

A Gene-Phenotype Network for the Laboratory Mouse and Its Implications for Systematic Phenotyping

The laboratory mouse is the pre-eminent model organism for the dissection of human disease pathways. With the advent of a comprehensive panel of gene knockouts, projects to characterise the phenotypes of all knockout lines are being initiated. The range of genotype-phenotype associations can be represented using the Mammalian Phenotype ontology. Using publicly available data annotated with this ontology we have constructed gene and phenotype networks representing these associations. These networks show a scale-free, hierarchical and modular character and community structure. They also exhibit enrichment for gene coexpression, protein-protein interactions and Gene Ontology annotation similarity. Close association between gene communities and some high-level ontology terms suggests that systematic phenotyping can provide a direct insight into underlying pathways. However some phenotypes are distributed more diffusely across gene networks, likely reflecting the pleiotropic roles of many genes. Phenotype communities show a many-to-many relationship to human disease communities, but stronger overlap at more granular levels of description. This may suggest that systematic phenotyping projects should aim for high granularity annotations to maximise their relevance to human disease.

Brain networks associated with sublexical properties of Chinese characters

Cognitive models of reading all assume some division of labor among processing pathways in mapping among print, sound and meaning. Many studies of the neural basis of reading have used task manipulations such as rhyme or synonym judgment to tap these processes independently. Here we take advantage of specific properties of the Chinese writing system to test how differential availability of sublexical information about sound and meaning, as well as the orthographic structure of characters, pseudo-characters and “artificial” control stimuli influence brain activation in the context of the same one-back task. Analyses combine a data-driven approach that identifies temporally coherent patterns of activity over the course of the entire experiment with hypothesis-testing based on the correlation of these patterns with predictors for different stimulus classes. The results reveal a large network of task-related activity. Both the extent of this network and activity in regions commonly observed in studies of Chinese reading are apparently related to task difficulty. Other regions, including temporo-parietal cortex, were sensitive to particular sublexical functional units in mapping among print, sound, and meaning.

Differential Hemispheric Processing in the Recognition of Chinese Characters with Different Structures in Foveal and Parafoveal Vision

Whether foveal representation in reading is initially split and contralaterally projected to different hemispheres or bilaterally projected remains a controversial issue. Here we examine visual field asymmetry effects in naming Chinese characters with different structures, with characters presented either to the left visual field or the right visual field (RVF), and either within or outside foveal vision (eccentricity). We show that overall the RVF advantage in naming characters was significant in both eccentricity conditions (fovea vs. parafovea), with a stronger effect in parafoveal vision. This suggests that foveal splitting may not be an all-or-none phenomenon but has a graded effect. When examining characters with different structures separately, this interaction between visual field and eccentricity was significant only in the dominant, right-heavy character structure type, but not in the minority left-heavy or symmetric structure types, suggesting a modulation of character structure or type frequency on the eccentricity effect. In addition, existence of a phonetic radical modulated the visual field asymmetry effect differentially in different character structure types; however this effect did not interact with eccentricity. This result thus suggests that character structure and existence of a phonetic radical have differential modulation on character processing in the foveal and parafoveal vision.

Enhancing orthographic knowledge helps spelling production in eight-year-old Chinese children at risk for dyslexia

We investigated the effects of enhancing orthographic knowledge on the spelling of Chinese characters and words in 131 eight-year-old Chinese children at risk for dyslexia. The traditional approach (37 children) emphasizing memory and repeated writing was the control condition. The analytic and synthetic approach (ASA, 33 children) stressed insight into character structure. The integrated analytic and synthetic approach added to ASA self-correction and metacognitive activities (INA, 61 children). The children were first asked to write down as many words as possible associated with pictures of home, school, and community; the correctly written words formed the baseline information. The children were then instructed by their classroom teachers in six especially designed short texts and assessed in eight measurable bujian or radical tasks subserving three constructs: morpheme completion, bujian analysis and synthesis and bujian compounding. Multivariate analyses of variance showed that the children in the INA condition outperformed those in the other conditions in three of the measurable bujian tasks. A confirmatory factor analysis verified the stability of the eight tasks and their clustering into three constructs. From these results, we tentatively propose a "bujian sensitivity hypothesis" as a means of helping young Chinese children at risk for spelling disorders.

A Fuzzy Clustering Algorithm for Virtual Character Animation Representation

The use of realistic humanoid animations generated through motion capture (MoCap) technology is widespread across various 3-D applications and industries. However, the existing compression techniques for such representation often do not consider the implicit coherence within the anatomical structure of a human skeletal model and lacks portability for transmission consideration. In this paper, a novel concept virtual character animation image (VCAI) is proposed. Built upon a fuzzy clustering algorithm, the data similarity within the anatomy structure of a virtual character (VC) model is jointly considered with the temporal coherence within the motion data to achieve efficient data compression. Since the VCA is mapped as an image, the use of image processing tool is possible for efficient compression and delivery of such content across dynamic network. A modified motion filter (MMF) is proposed to minimize the visual discontinuity in VCA's motion due to the quantization and transmission error. The MMF helps to remove high frequency noise components and smoothen the motion signal providing perceptually improved VCA with lessened distortion. Simulation results show that the proposed algorithm is competitive in compression efficiency and decoded VCA quality against the state-of-the-art VCA compression methods, making it suitable for providing quality VCA animation to low-powered mobile devices.

Response to Capitalism and Christianity, American Style, by William Connolly

This article explores the significance of resonance as a mode of social causality in response to William Connolly's book, Capitalism and Christianity, American Style. While applauding Connolly's identification of "affinities of spirituality" as effective in forming American politics, it suggests that the character structure of ressentiment that is encountered in right-wing Christianity and politics may be the result of instability. Examining the economic basis for growth and instability in the creation of dollars in the form of debt lacking an underlying guarantee, it suggests that this instability is felt throughout American society in everyday experiences of credit and debt.

Fine structure of Longicollum pagrosomi (Acanthocephala: Pomphorhynchidae) and intestinal histopathology of the red sea bream, Pagrus major, infected with acanthocephalans

The results described the structure of Longicollum pagrosomi and histopathological characters of the intestine of the red sea bream, Pagrus major, infected with acanthocephalans, using the light and electron microscopes. Among the six samples of P. major, L. pagrosomi was identified in the posterior intestine of five fish samples. Adult L. pagrosomi (total length, 8-27 mm) is divided into the presoma (proboscis, anterior neck, and posterior neck) and metasoma (trunk). The proboscis had vertically arranged hooks (40 μm in length), with ten hooks per row, and the septum was observed between the posterior neck and trunk. The tegument thickness of the proboscis was approximately 15 μm, and it was composed of thin, circular muscle fibers. The outer fibrous membrane was approximately 1 μm, and the connective tissue layer was approximately 35 μm in thickness in the anterior neck. The tegument of the posterior neck enclosed the cephalic ganglion and had longitudinal and vertical muscle fibers, and the tegument thickness was approximately 45 μm. The tegument of the body, which was approximately 1 mm in thickness, was composed primarily of muscle and collagen fibers, and the structure of the tegument was different, depending on the body region. The acanthocephalans had ovaries and oval-shaped eggs with an eggshell (77.5 × 17.1 μm), floating within the body cavity of the trunk. In the infected posterior intestine of P. major, the presoma and the anterior part of the metasoma of L. pagrosomi passed through the intestinal wall and infected the intestinal tissue, perforating the loose connective tissue. In the inflammatory connective tissue, collagen and muscle fibers were fragmented and revealed partial necrosis. Lipid drops and eosinophilic granular cells aggregated in the connective tissue of the tissue capsule. In the vicinity of the acanthocephalan, the mucosal epithelia contained hypertrophied nuclei, and the epithelial layer was collapsed. In an extreme case, the mucosal fold was degenerated because of pressure from the acanthocephalan.

Temporal dynamics of the modulation of character structure and phonetic radical in Chinese character processing—an ERP study

Chinese orthography, with semantic and phonetic radicals configured in different character structures, provides a unique opportunity to examine visual word processing. Previous ERP research showed that when participants silently named centrally presented characters, there was greater left hemisphere lateralization in N170 amplitude for sP characters (right-heavy, with a semantic radical on the left and a phonetic radical on the right) than Ps characters (the opposite configuration), suggesting that characters with different structures are processed differently in the brain. Here we utilize four additional character types, sS (right-heavy, no phonetic radical); Ss (the opposite configuration); Syp and Sys characters (symmetric structure, with and without phonetic radical respectively) to further examine how phonetic radical and character structure influence Chinese character processing. A significant interaction was found between character structure and hemisphere in P120 latency, suggesting that the modulation of character structure happens as early as 120 ms after the stimulus onset. Furthermore, the hemispheric asymmetry effects in N170 and P200 were found to be influenced by both phonetic radical and character structure, while N350 appeared to be modulated by phonetic radical only. These findings demonstrate that the modulation of character structure and phonetic radical have different time courses in Chinese character processing.

Redescription of Hierodula coarctata Saussure (Mantodea: Mantidae) from Maharashtra, India

In the current study a mantid species, Hierodula coarctata (Saussure, 1869) is redescribed. The study is based on 15 male and 5 female specimens (live and preserved) collected from different parts of Maharashtra, India during 2002-2004. Striking color variations, structure of male genitalia and other important morphological characters are discussed and illustrated. The species is redescribed as the previous reported description was insufficiently short and does not provide any information on color variations and character-based differences between the sexes.

Cross-modal compensation between name and visual aspect in socially active avatars

Avatars serve for humans immersed in virtual settings as the interface between real and virtual worlds. The avatar-creation process involves numerous choices, including choice of visual representation, and choices to imbue the character with personality. Here, we hypothesised that these choices are not independent, and that a cross-modal talk may occur between the different components of the avatar identity. Specifically, we investigated whether name properties may be affected by the visual aspect (human vs. non-human) of the avatar. We analyzed names structure of players characters from the popular massively multiplayer online role-playing game (MMORPG) World of Warcraft, which display both human and non-human avatars. We selected 1261 names of characters actively engaged in the in-game and out-game social networks. Analysis of the names revealed that female names presented more variability than male names, and contained systematically more vowels than male names. However, the strategy used to enrich the vowel composition of female names differed between human-like and non-human characters, suggesting that a lesser proximity with human regular appearance was compensated by an increase of “feminization” of the name. Altogether, our results suggest that a cross-modal compensation occurs between name and visual aspect in the creation of socially active avatars.

Cyclobutane Pyrimidine Photodimerization of DNA/RNA Nucleobases in the Triplet State

The photoinduced formation of cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers in the triplet excited state of the DNA/RNA pyrimidine nucleobases pairs has been studied at the CASPT2 level of theory. A stepwise mechanism through the triplet state of the homodimer is proposed for the pairs of nucleobases cytosine, thymine, and uracil involving a singlet−triplet crossing intermediary structure of biradical character representing the most favorable triplet state conformation of the nucleobases as found in the DNA environment. The efficiency of the mechanism will be modulated by two factors: the effectiveness of the triplet−triplet energy transfer process from a donor photosensitizer molecule, which relates to the relative position of the intermediate in the three acceptor systems, determined here to be lower in energy in the thymine and uracil dimers than in the cytosine pairs, and that of the intersystem crossing process toward the ground state of the photoproduct.

El "autoconcepto" en Residentes de Medicina Familiar Intervención educativa participativa

<span style="font-size: 14pt; color: #231f20; font-family: Garamond-Bold; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond-Bold; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-fareast-language: ES; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #231f20; font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-fareast-language: ES; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"><strong>Introducción: </strong></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #231f20; font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-fareast-language: ES; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">el autoconcepto es una estructura mental de carácter psicosocial, ligada a la personalidad, que se construye con base en la experiencia, compuesta por tres elementos; el físico, el conductual y el afectivo. <strong>Objetivo: </strong>analizar el autoconcepto en residentes de Medicina Familiar (MF) posterior a una intervención educativa activa participativa. <strong>Material y métodos: </strong>en un diseño de pre-posprueba se aplicó la estrategia educativa a 20 residentes de primer grado de MF, durante 14 sesiones, cada una de dos horas de duración. Mediante una escala de diferencial semántico se midió el autoconcepto en cinco dimensiones. <strong>Resultados: </strong>el grupo de estudio presentó un promedio de 27.2 años ± 2.9 con un intervalo de 24 a 38 años. En la dimensión Social Normativa (SN) predominó la característica de: amable, honesto, leal, respetuoso y trabajador. Para Social Expresivo (SE) fue de sincero. Expresivo Afectivo (EA): sentimental, detallista, cariñoso y romántico. Para Intelectual (I) fue la de aplicado y ordenado. En la dimensión Rebelde (R) predominó la percepción de enojón, travieso y voluble. El autoconcepto no mostró diferencias grupales estadísticamente significativas antes y después de la intervención, sin embargo, al comparar por género, la U de Mann Whitney mostró significancia en la que la mujer se percibe más así misma como: trabajadora, responsable, cariñosa, sentimental y menos rebelde que el hombre. <strong>Conclusiones: </strong>la intervención educativa no mostró cambios grupales significativos en el desarrollo del autoconcepto, pero si en cuanto al género en algunas dimensiones y características, fue más evidente para el sexo femenino que para el masculino.</span></span></span>

Atlantic cod Gadus morhua (Gadiformes: Gadidae) from the Gulf of Ura: Morphobiological characteristic

Analysis of variation of biological and morphometric characteristics of cod Gadus morhua from the Gulf of Ura-a water area in the composition of Motovskii Bay of the Barents Sea was performed. The material was collected from 1999 to 2006 during spawning of the Atlantic cod. Parameters such as length, weight, sex composition, maturity stage, age, otolith structure, and variation of plastic characters were analyzed. It was shown that the Gulf of Ura, parallel to individuals of junior age groups, is inhabited by cod in the spawning state aged 5–6 months and older with coastal and Atlantic types of otolith.

Promotion of Well-Being in Person-Centered Mental Health Care.

An understanding of the mechanisms of personality development provides a systematic way to promote health as an integrated state of physical, mental, social, and spiritual well-being. Individual differences in personality are causal antecedents of the full range of psychopathology. The maturation with integration of personality appears to be an important mechanism by which diverse modalities of treatment promote wellness and reduce illness. First, the authors review the relationship between personality and a wide range of psychiatric disorders. Second, the authors evaluate the impact of character structure on a wide range of measures of well-being, including positive emotions, negative emotions, life satisfaction, perceived social support, and perceived health. Third, the authors describe a practical and inexpensive clinical method for facilitating the maturation and integration of personality based on an understanding of the processes of human thought, which underlie changes in personality and well-being.

Special Issue on Advances on Intelligent Multimedia Processing

As computer and sensor technology advances make increasing amounts of multimedia data available, multimedia processing methodologies are needed for multimodal data fusion, efficient data processing, information extraction, and added-value data generation. This special issue introduces the following latest practical developments in image processing, acoustical signal processing, pattern recognition, data mining, and visualization: S. Kobashi et al. propose a robust algorithm for reconstructing total knee arthroplasty implants from X-ray cone-beam images. Y. Hatakeyama et al. propose an algorithm for classifying ultrasonic abdominal images with the help of reports in text format. T. Miyazaki et al. analyze breathy and rough speech by the elderly. M. Nii et al. present a genetic algorithm for classifying nursing-care text. These papers provide useful insights into medical diagnosis and nursing care in the aging society coming to dominate 21st century. T. Toyota et al. visualize Japanese law networks based on granular computing. K. Sawase et al. present a management system for large databases of tagged images. These graphical user interface techniques will be helpful to those who are not computer experts. H. Kawano et al. propose a classification algorithm for segmenting range data into multiple quadric surfaces. Y. Arai et al. propose a nearest-neighbor method for personal authentication. H. Kawano et al. present an algorithm for extracting the structure of decorative characters based on graph spectral decomposition. These classification and discriminant algorithms provide a basis for multimedia data processing. G. Tanaka et al. propose a color transfer algorithm. H. Orii et al. present an image completion algorithm. G. Tanaka et al. present an image enhancement algorithm to noisy images. M. Mizumachi et al. propose a stochastic algorithm for estimating sound source direction. These image and acoustical processing algorithms improve the quality of digital data and will provide new applications in these areas. We thank the authors and referees whose invaluable work and kind comments have made this special issue possible and improved overall paper quality.

Remembering One's Analysis: A Caveat

Remembering One's AnalysisA Caveat Warren S. Poland "I trust that in the future more analysts will tell us about their [own] analytic experiences." These are the closing words of a warm and thoughtfully incisive recollection by Stanley Stern of "My Experience of Analysis with Loewald" (2009). While Stern's memoir is a reflective contribution and his hopeful attitude worthy of respect, a post-analytic experience of my own leaves me more wary of such reports. A bewildered and stunningly immature psychiatric resident in my early twenties, feeling underwater in a sea of anxiety, I turned eagerly to a personal analysis as offering a reed to the air of sanity. Calm was more than I thought possible. Already greatly in debt and with only minimal income, the only way I could arrange a personal analysis was as the control case of a beginning candidate, one willing to see me at the end of my work day and for a fee that would not have covered her monthly postage. I had the good fortune to find such a willing student analyst, and in the retrospect of a half century, I have a sense of profound gratitude for my good fortune in having found her, for her willingness to work with me. However at that time, I confronted her harshly and for a long time relentlessly with all the provocative doubt and even disdain that I then unknowingly tried to deflect from myself. In simple terms, I now think she was a lifesaver, but I gave her a hell of a run for the little money I paid. After she and I had worked together over two years, my obligations to then-current public service laws required me to move to another city. There I quickly resumed analytic work, this time with a training analyst since there was no doubt in my mind of my intention to pursue analytic training and I now had a beginning income. [End Page 117] Whatever the differences I felt between the two contrasting analysts, the first a woman and a beginner and the second a man and one of professional seniority and prestige, whether those differences were distorted by transference or based on differences in actuality, eventually that second analysis came to its termination. By the time of that ending, I not only had begun analytic training but was near the completion of its formal period. I had embarked on a full-time psychoanalytic practice, fully engaged with my lifetime career of trying to learn what I could about psychoanalysis. About a decade after I had finished my second analysis, I happened to cross paths for the first time with my original analyst as we both were registering for a meeting of the American Psychoanalytic Association in Boston. We greeted each other with what seemed apparent and perhaps nostalgic warmth. The disdain that colored my early work was not in the air. After our initial hellos, we asked of each other's welfare, and then with genuine respect I wondered whether she would be interested in a follow-up about how my analytic work had unfolded after we had parted. She was interested; we both were free; and so we decided to take a walk then and there around the Boston Commons. I began by telling her that I did not know whether it was a coincidence of the gender difference between my two analysts or whether it was a function of how with my character structure I had related to such difference in analysts, but I said that while my analysis with her had primarily centered on what I called "mother stuff," the gist of my work in the subsequent phase was about "father stuff." Unlike during our clinical work, she interrupted me, saying that in fact our work together had indeed been about father issues. I began to feel a touch saddened. Perhaps she didn't remember me, or—an even more distressing possibility—she had me confused with another patient. I went on, but again she interrupted me. "Don't you remember a turning point came in your analysis when you visited your father's grave?" My heart sank. She clearly didn...

Mandarin and English initial stops produced by Mandarin-English bilinguals.

This study investigates the relationship between the way Mandarin-English bilinguals and native speakers of English pronounce English initial stop consonants, and between the way Mandarin-English bilinguals pronounce Mandarin and English stops, with respect to voice onset time. Twelve Mandarin subjects who had learned English as their second language and were studying at a US university were asked to read randomized lists of 72 Mandarin characters and of 72 English words; twelve English subjects read only the list of English words. The syllable structure of each Mandarin character and of each English word in this study was CV. The Mandarin consonants were initial aspirated and unaspirated /p, t, k/; the English consonants were initial /p, t, k/ and /b, d, g/. The vowels used in both lists were high vowels. Significant differences are found between the Mandarin-speaking subjects’ articulation of all the Mandarin stops and their minimally paired English equivalents produced by the English-speaking subjects. Significant differences are found between Mandarin and English speakers’ articulation of the same English stops, except for that of /t/. When comparing the Mandarin-speakers’ articulation of Mandarin stops and their minimally paired English counterparts, a significant difference is found only between English and Mandarin aspirated /p/.