Character Strings Research Articles

Extraction of Character Sequences from Signboards by Using Background Color Information

SUMMARYSmart phones, tablets, and mobile phones with built‐in cameras are very popular today because they are easy to use. It is important for image processors to be able to identify a signboard in an image and extract the character sequence. Techniques for extracting a character sequence from a signboard can be combined with various other systems to realize a diverse range of services. When utilization of such a system is assumed, it is necessary to take into consideration improvements in the accuracy of extraction of character sequence regions and improvements in processing speed. Therefore, this paper proposes an algorithm for extracting a character sequence from a signboard on the basis of scene image features. In order to improve the processing speed and accuracy, information about the background color of the signboard obtained in cooperation with a car navigation system or any other source was also utilized. In an experiment conducted on 319 color signboards, the proposed method detected 313 signboards (98.12%). Among 569 black and white signboards, the proposed method detected 513 signboards (90.16%). The average processing time in the proposed method was about 0.47 s for a color signboard and about 0.95 s for a black and white signboard. The experimental results revealed that the proposed method could accurately extract various types of character strings from signboards.

Dealing with commodities in Navigocorpus

From 2008 to 2011, we created Navigocorpus, an online data-base on shipping. While conceiving the data-base structure, we aimed at preserving data as close as possible to the way they appear in the sources – spelling and languages included – but also at developing a series of tools to handle the mass of data stored in the database. This paper deals with the way we processed cargoes and explains the three possibilities we offer to users. First, they can query a field containing a standardized English translation of cargo items. Secondly, they can create their own categories of classification in a on-the-way coding field, according to the specific needs of their research. Finally, they can query a permanent coding which provides, though a codified string of characters, information on the raw material, elaboration process and use of the product. A few concrete examples illustrate these features.

Topological characterization of neuronal arbor morphology via sequence representation: II--global alignment.

BackgroundThe increasing abundance of neuromorphological data provides both the opportunity and the challenge to compare massive numbers of neurons from a wide diversity of sources efficiently and effectively. We implemented a modified global alignment algorithm representing axonal and dendritic bifurcations as strings of characters. Sequence alignment quantifies neuronal similarity by identifying branch-level correspondences between trees.ResultsThe space generated from pairwise similarities is capable of classifying neuronal arbor types as well as, or better than, traditional topological metrics. Unsupervised cluster analysis produces groups that significantly correspond with known cell classes for axons, dendrites, and pyramidal apical dendrites. Furthermore, the distinguishing consensus topology generated by multiple sequence alignment of a group of neurons reveals their shared branching blueprint. Interestingly, the axons of dendritic-targeting interneurons in the rodent cortex associates with pyramidal axons but apart from the (more topologically symmetric) axons of perisomatic-targeting interneurons.ConclusionsGlobal pairwise and multiple sequence alignment of neurite topologies enables detailed comparison of neurites and identification of conserved topological features in alignment-defined clusters. The methods presented also provide a framework for incorporation of additional branch-level morphological features. Moreover, comparison of multiple alignment with motif analysis shows that the two techniques provide complementary information respectively revealing global and local features.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12859-015-0605-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Abstract gringo

AbstractThis paper defines the syntax and semantics of the input language of the ASP groundergringo. The definition covers several constructs that were not discussed in earlier work on the semantics of that language, including intervals, pools, division of integers, aggregates with non-numeric values, and lparse-style aggregate expressions. The definition is abstract in the sense that it disregards some details related to representing programs by strings of ASCII characters. It serves as a specification forgringofrom Version 4.5 on.

Use Social Media to Help Clients Practice Sorting and Summarizing

Use Social Media to Help Clients Practice Sorting and Summarizing

Molecular phylogeny and a modified approach of character-based barcoding refining the taxonomy of New Caledonian freshwater gastropods (Caenogastropoda, Truncatelloidea, Tateidae)

The islands of New Caledonia represent one of the world’s biodiversity hotspots with many endemic species including freshwater gastropods of the family Tateidae. A phylogenetic analysis based on the mitochondrial COI and 16S rRNA and the nuclear ITS2 genes revealed two cryptic genera, Crosseana gen. n. and Novacaledonia gen. n. In order to provide character-based diagnoses we modified a DNA barcoding approach identifying strings of pairwise diagnostic characters, i.e. alignment positions, at which two genera are alternatively fixed for different nucleotides. The combination or string of all pairwise diagnostic characters was unique for each genus. Inconsistent mitochondrial and nuclear topologies suggest that Hemistomia cockerelli Haase and Bouchet, 1998 and H. fabrorum Haase and Bouchet, 1998, two morphologically well-defined species, hybridize. The age of the most recent common ancestor of the New Caledonian radiation of Tateidae was estimated at 24.6±9.5MY. These findings are in line with the notion that New Caledonia is rather a Darwinian island that was colonized after an extended phase of submergence – in case of the tateids probably from Australia – despite being a fragment of Gondwanaland.

Dyslexia and configural perception of character sequences.

Developmental dyslexia is a complex and heterogeneous disorder characterized by unexpected difficulty in learning to read. Although it is considered to be biologically based, the degree of variation has made the nature and locus of dyslexia difficult to ascertain. Hypotheses regarding the cause have ranged from low-level perceptual deficits to higher order cognitive deficits, such as phonological processing and visual-spatial attention. We applied the capacity coefficient, a measure obtained from a mathematical cognitive model of response times to measure how efficiently participants processed different classes of stimuli. The capacity coefficient was used to test the extent to which individuals with dyslexia can be distinguished from normal reading individuals based on their ability to take advantage of word, pronounceable non-word, consonant sequence or unfamiliar context when categorizing character strings. Within subject variability of the capacity coefficient across character string types was fairly regular across normal reading adults and consistent with a previous study of word perception with the capacity coefficient—words and pseudowords were processed at super-capacity and unfamiliar characters strings at limited-capacity. Two distinct patterns were observed in individuals with dyslexia. One group had a profile similar to the normal reading adults while the other group showed very little variation in capacity across string-type. It is possible that these individuals used a similar strategy for all four string-types and were able to generalize this strategy when processing unfamiliar characters. This difference across dyslexia groups may be used to identify sub-types of the disorder and suggest significant differences in word level processing among these subtypes. Therefore, this approach may be useful in further delineating among types of dyslexia, which in turn may lead to better understanding of the etiologies of dyslexia.

Crypto-Compression System: An Integrated Approach using Stream Cipher Cryptography and Entropy Encoding

s faced in modern communications are not only just related to security but also concerned with the communication speed and content size.Now day's networks demand exchange of information with more security and reduction in both -data storage and the time for data transmission. This can be realized by adopting an integrated approach usingcompression and encryption techniques, such a system is termed as crypto- compression system. Encryption is a coding technique that provides security whereas data compression is also a coding technique, whose purpose is to reduce both the data storage size and ultimately the time for data transmission. In this paper, an algorithm has been proposed which uses the compression and data encryption techniques. Firstly, data size is reduced through various compression techniques in order to increase the data transfer rate. Then the compressed data is encrypted to raise its security. Thus, technique proposed in this paper is useful in reducing data size, raising data transfer rate and providing security during communication. In this proposed system, encoded string is created from an input string of symbols and characters based on entropy encoding technique like arithmetic coding that can be used to achieve high level of compression in the present network topologies for exchange of data with more security and compression. Keywordscoding, one-time pads, stream cipher cryptography, entropy encoding, crypto-compression system

PROPUESTA DE EXTRACCIÓN AUTOMÁTICA DE CANDIDATOS A TÉRMINO DEL DOMINIO MÉDICO PROCESANDO INFORMACIÓN LINGÜÍSTICA. DESCRIPCIÓN Y EVALUACIÓN DE RESULTADOS

Se presenta la descripción de un método de extracción automática de candidatos a términos del área médica a partir del procesamiento de información lingüística. Para ello, se trabajó con reglas en el nivel léxico, morfológico y sintáctico. En primer lugar, se realizó la detección aplicando un diccionario estándar, el cual asignó a las palabras consideradas términos, la etiqueta MED (MÉDICO). Luego, para las palabras que no estaban contempladas en el diccionario (PNCD), se dedujeron las categorías gramaticales apelando a reglas morfológicas y sintácticas. Posteriormente, se procedió a la conformación de sintagmas nominales que involucraban PNCD y MED, para extraerlos como candidatos a términos del dominio. Se utilizaron los softwares Smorph y Módulo Post Smorph (MPS), que trabajan en bloque, y Xfst. Smoprh realiza el análisis morfológico y MPS trabaja sobre gramáticas locales. Xfst, por su parte, es una herramienta de estados finitos que opera sobre cadenas de caracteres, a las que asigna categorías previamente declaradas. El método se probó en una parte del corpus de casos clínicos compilado por Burdiles (2012), que contenía 217258 palabras, y los resultados arrojaron una precisión de 92,58%, una cobertura de 95,02% y una medida f de 93,78%.

Review of Pisani, Michael V. 2005. Imagining Native America in Music . New Haven, CT, and London: Yale University Press

Pisani’s book traces the origins and development of the musical tropes for Native Americans in several contexts: European court entertainments from 1550 to 1760; anti-colonial British-American theater and songs from 1710 to 1808; parlor songs, musical theater, and concert works from 1795 to 1860 that addressed colonial conquest; ethnographic representations of Native American music in the mid-nineteenth and early twentieth centuries; American instrumental character pieces, string quartets, and symphonic works at the turn of the twentieth century; early twentieth-century parlor songs, concert songs, American operas, and Broadway musicals; and Native American music in film, especially in Hollywood Westerns. As this list of contents demonstrates, Imagining Native America in Music will appeal to scholars from various academic fields working on a variety of topics and areas. The monograph bridges musicology, performance practice studies, ethnomusicology, history, indigenous studies, theater studies, and film studies. Pisani’s research is impressively thorough. His detailed examination of hundreds of scores of art music, antiquated popular music, and musical theater compositions took him to a number of archives including the British Library, the Library of Congress, the American Folklife Center, and the Smithsonian Institution. His book offers evocative sonic descriptions of rarely performed American art music from the turn of the twentieth century, as well as comprehensive repertoire lists and over thirty-two music transcriptions and reprints (though the large number of musical examples and analyses may deter the non-musically trained scholar).

PiCAPTion: Picture CAPTCHAs for Internet Authentication

CAPTCHAs are tests that distinguish humans from software robots in an online environment. The most commonly encountered CAPTCHAs today take the form of a garbled string of words or characters. Unfortunately, existing text based CAPTCHAs suffer from several automated attacks. Thus, with the demonstration that character recognition CAPTCHAs are vulnerable to computer vision based attacks, this paper proposes alternatives to the traditional „Text based CAPTCHAs‟, in the form of „Image based CAPTCHAS‟, which require users to identify simple objects in the images presented, the argument is that object recognition is typically considered a more challenging problem than character recognition, due to the limited domain of characters and digits in the English alphabet.

Punch card programmable microfluidics.

Small volume fluid handling in single and multiphase microfluidics provides a promising strategy for efficient bio-chemical assays, low-cost point-of-care diagnostics and new approaches to scientific discoveries. However multiple barriers exist towards low-cost field deployment of programmable microfluidics. Incorporating multiple pumps, mixers and discrete valve based control of nanoliter fluids and droplets in an integrated, programmable manner without additional required external components has remained elusive. Combining the idea of punch card programming with arbitrary fluid control, here we describe a self-contained, hand-crank powered, multiplex and robust programmable microfluidic platform. A paper tape encodes information as a series of punched holes. A mechanical reader/actuator reads these paper tapes and correspondingly executes operations onto a microfluidic chip coupled to the platform in a plug-and-play fashion. Enabled by the complexity of codes that can be represented by a series of holes in punched paper tapes, we demonstrate independent control of 15 on-chip pumps with enhanced mixing, normally-closed valves and a novel on-demand impact-based droplet generator. We demonstrate robustness of operation by encoding a string of characters representing the word “PUNCHCARD MICROFLUIDICS” using the droplet generator. Multiplexing is demonstrated by implementing an example colorimetric water quality assays for pH, ammonia, nitrite and nitrate content in different water samples. With its portable and robust design, low cost and ease-of-use, we envision punch card programmable microfluidics will bring complex control of microfluidic chips into field-based applications in low-resource settings and in the hands of children around the world.

IJARCCE - Computer and Communication Engineering

In this digital globe, the need of successful generation and transmission of data in numeric form is highly desirable. Images have always gathered attention as the data can be represented in a more appreciable format as compared to long strings of characters, so is the necessity of excellent image compression. The theory below demonstrates various image compression techniques available and briefly compares them all on the basis of certain parameters like PSNR, Compression Ratio, MSE and Code Energy. We have also proposed an innovative development in the arena of lossy image compression called as Lattice Vector Quantization which is supposed to reduce the average computational time required for image compression as well as the memory requirement for the same.

독창적인 지역문화 형성을 위한 축제캐릭터 제작 가이드라인

지역이미지 향상을 통한 지역 활성화 전략으로서 경쟁력 있는 세계적 축제로 발돋움하기 위한 지자체와 축제간의 경쟁은 심화되어가고 있으며 각 지자체는 경쟁적으로 축제와 상징물을 양산해오고 있다. 이러한 상황에서 차별화 된 축제 이미지를 소비자에게 전달할 수 있는 효율적인 커뮤니케이션을 하여 독창적인 지역문화형성에 기여할 수 있는 캐릭터에 대한 연구가 필요하다. 캐릭터를 축제에 대한 상징적 기호 표현활동이라고 볼 때, 기호학은 직관이나 아이디어에 의존하던 캐릭터 창작과는 구별되는 논리적인 틀을 제공해 줄 수 있다. 따라서 본 논문에서는 캐릭터의 커뮤니케이션 효율성 제고를 위하여 캐릭터를 기호학적으로 분석하고 캐릭터 컨셉, 축제 개최취지, 지역문화의 상관관계를 분석하였다. 소비자 이미지 실증분석 결과, 캐릭터의 기호학적인 해석 요소가 지역문화 형성에 미치는 영향은 캐릭터에 반영된 각 지역문화 특성과 캐릭터 컨셉의 기표에 따라 각각 다른 요인에 영향을 미치고 있는 것을 확인할 수 있었으며 실증분석 결과를 바탕으로 소비자에게 의미공유 될 수 있는 캐릭터 제작의 가이드라인을 제시하였다. Competition among local governments in a competitive global festival and the festival is going to become the intensify regional strategies as enabled by the improved local image production and has been a symbol of the festival and each municipality is competitive. Is required as a symbol for the symbol can be passed to the consumer in this situation differentiated festive images efficient communication studies on the character. When viewed as a symbolic sign for the character representation of activities for the festival, Can provide a logical framework that is distinct from the idea of a character who relies on intuition and the creative semiotics. In this research paper a semiotic analysis of the character and the character string to enhance communication efficiency concept, Festival effect, we analyzed the correlation of the local culture. Empirical analysis of consumer images, Shared on the basis of empirical results to the consumer means, the paper shows that the influence of each of the other factors is reflected in the character according to the signifier local cultural characteristics and a character region on the concept of a character form culture semiotics interpretation element influences the guidelines of the characters that may be produced.

Similarity sets: A new concept of sets to seamlessly handle similarity in database management systems

Besides integers and short character strings, current applications require storing photos, videos, genetic sequences, multidimensional time series, large texts and several other types of “complex” data elements. Comparing them by equality is a fundamental concept for the Relational Model, the data model currently employed in most Database Management Systems. However, evaluating the equality of complex elements is usually senseless, since exact match almost never happens. Instead, it is much more significant to evaluate their similarity. Consequently, the set theoretical concept that a set cannot include the same element twice also becomes senseless for data “sets” that must be handled by similarity, suggesting that a new, equivalent definition must take place for them. Targeting this problem, this paper introduces the new concept of “similarity sets”, or SimSets for short. Specifically, our main contributions are: (i) we highlight the central properties of SimSets; (ii) we develop the basic algorithm required to create SimSets from metric datasets, ensuring that they always meet the required properties; (iii) we formally define unary and binary operations over SimSets; and (iv) we develop an efficient algorithm to perform these operations. To validate our proposals, the SimSet concept and the tools developed for them were employed over both real world and synthetic datasets. We report results on the adequacy, stability, speed and scalability of our algorithms with regard to increasing data sizes.

SMS Spam Filterinig Using Keyword Frequency Ratio

As the amount of cellphone text message use has increased, spam text messages also have increased. Presently in mobile devices, spam filtering methods are in a very basic level such as simple character string comparison or specific number blocking. Typical filtering methods such as bayesian classifier, logistic regression and decision tree for detecting spam messages take quite a long time. In order to perform spam filtering with these methods, high performance computer resources and lots of SMS samples are required. In addition, if servers come to store normal messages, the problem of personal information infringement could arise. For mobile devices to independently perform spam filtering, there are many limitations in the aspects of storage space, memory, and CPU processing capability. Thus, this study tries to propose light and quick algorithm through which SMS filtering can be performed within mobile devices independently.

Thresholds of visibility for masked lexical, non-lexical, and non-linguistic items in aphasia

Thresholds of visibility for masked lexical, non-lexical, and non-linguistic items in aphasia

DNA 분석에 효율적인 서픽스 트리 재구성 알고리즘

서픽스 트리는 주어진 모든 문자열의 모든 서픽스를 트리 형태로 나타내는 자료구조로서 선형시간에 구성할 수 있으며 문자열에 대한 많은 문제를 효율적으로 해결할 수 있다. 하지만 이런 효용성에도 불구하고 서픽스 트리로 구성한 문자열을 삽입/삭제하는 경우 트리를 구성하는데 상당히 많은 시간이 소비된다. 본 논문은 이러한 문제를 해결하기 위한 서픽스 트리 재구성 알고리즘을 제안한다. 제안하는 알고리즘은 부 문자열을 삽입하는 경우와 삭제하는 경우로 나눈 다음, 발생할 수 있는 모든 경우의 수를 감안해서 설계했다. 알고리즘의 성능을 평가하기 위해서 기존의 Ukkonen 알고리즘과 비교실험 해 본 결과 서픽스 트리 재구성 시 30% 이상 시간이 절약됨을 알 수 있었다. This paper introduces a new algorithms for reconstructing the suffix tree of character string, when a substring id deleted from the string or a string is inserted into the string as a substring. The algorithem has two main functions, delete-structure and insert-structure. The main objective of this algorithm is to save the time for constructing the suffix tree of an edited string, when the suffix tree of the original string is available. We tested the performance of this algorithm with some DNA sequences. This test shows that delete-reconstructing can save time when the length of the subsequence deleted is less than 30% of the original sequence, and the insert-reconstructing takes less time with regard to the length of inserted sequence.

Errors in DOI indexing by bibliometric databases

DOI—i.e., Digital Object Identifier—is a character string, which univocally identifies entities that are object of intellectual property. In bibliometrics, DOIs are used for univocally identifying scientific papers. The aim of this short communication is to raise the reader’s awareness of bibliometric database errors in DOI indexing, in particular, the incorrect assignment of a single DOI to multiple papers. This error is quite interesting since DOI is commonly regarded as an effective means to identify scientific articles unambiguously. For the purpose of example, a short list of DOIs, which have been wrongly assigned by the Scopus database to multiple papers, is shown. Although being relatively rare, DOI indexing errors should be considered by bibliometricians when querying bibliometric databases by DOI.

Segmentation of Handwritten Chinese Character Strings Based on improved Algorithm Liu

Algorithm Liu attracts high attention because of its high accuracy in segmentation of Japanese postal address. But the disadvantages, such as complexity and difficult implementation of algorithm, etc. have an adverse effect on its popularization and application. In this paper, the author applies the principles of algorithm Liu to handwritten Chinese character segmentation according to the characteristics of the handwritten Chinese characters, based on deeply study on algorithm Liu.In the same time, the author put forward the judgment criterion of Segmentation block classification and adhering mode of the handwritten Chinese characters.In the process of segmentation, text images are seen as the sequence made up of Connected Components (CCs), while the connected components are made up of several horizontal itinerary set of black pixels in image. The author determines whether these parts will be merged into segmentation through analyzing connected components. And then the author does image segmentation through adhering mode based on the analysis of outline edges. Finally cut the text images into character segmentation. Experimental results show that the improved Algorithm Liu obtains high segmentation accuracy and produces a satisfactory segmentation result.